By ALEXANDRA MIDDLEWOOD Insight Kansas

In the 2025 state legislative session, the legislature overrode 14 of Governor Kelly’s 18 vetoes, the most overrides during her time as governor. What should be a rare, constitutionally serious step has become routine — an unmistakable sign that one branch of Kansas’s government now wields outsized power.

With a legislative supermajority firmly in place, the system of checks and balances meant to protect Kansans from government overreach is in jeopardy.

Kansas’s Constitution, like the federal one, is built on the idea of separation of powers. The legislature writes laws, the governor can sign or veto them, and the courts interpret them. Each branch was designed to serve as a check on the others, ensuring no single part of government could dominate the rest.

But when one party secures a supermajority in the legislature — enough seats to override gubernatorial vetoes and unilaterally propose constitutional amendments — this balance is fundamentally disrupted.

A supermajority removes the need for negotiation and compromise.

With two-thirds control, lawmakers can push through legislation without concern for the executive branch or the political minority. In recent years, the Kansas legislature has used this power to bypass Governor Kelly on high-stakes issues ranging from education policy to reproductive healthcare.

Even when the governor exercised her constitutional role to veto, lawmakers reversed her decisions in rapid succession. Often doing so with limited debate and minimal public input.

This isn't just a clash of partisan agendas. It’s an erosion of checks and balances. Supermajorities often lead to extreme policy swings, discourage compromise, and undermine democratic responsiveness.

The normal push-and-pull that leads to moderate, widely supported policies has been replaced with a one-sided rush to enact partisan priorities. In other words, supermajorities further partisan polarization by removing the incentives to listen, negotiate, and build consensus across ideological lines.

Unchecked legislative power also puts judicial independence at risk. Lawmakers in Kansas have proposed changes to how judges are selected and sought to restrict the courts’ ability to block or review legislation. With a supermajority, those proposals don’t face the usual constitutional friction — they can move quickly, and potentially permanently, reshaping how justice is administered in the state.

Political science tells us this is not unique to Kansas. States with long-standing supermajorities — of either party — often see declining voter trust, increased polarization, and stagnant civic engagement. When people believe outcomes are predetermined by one party’s dominance, they disengage from the political system, which only deepens the imbalance.

Kansas voters should take this seriously. Checks and balances aren’t about left versus right — they’re about making sure no one has too much power for too long.

Checks and balances exist to protect everyone from government overreach regardless of party affiliation. That’s how we keep our government grounded, accountable, and focused on solving real problems, not scoring political points.

Defending that balance doesn’t require radical reform. It just means standing up for fair-minded policies — like fair redistricting — protecting judicial independence, supporting candidates who value consensus over confrontation, and showing up at the ballot box in every single election.

Most Kansans don’t want government by extremes. They want pragmatism. They want thoughtful debate. They want leaders who listen.

The Kansas Constitution wasn’t written to let any one party push through its full agenda unchecked. It was written with the understanding that no group, however popular, should govern without limits and to make sure every voice has a seat at the table.

Alexandra Middlewood, PhD is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1740007073583.jpeg" alt="Alexandra Middlewood&nbsp;s an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University.&nbsp;Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alexandra Middlewood&nbsp;s an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University.&nbsp;Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALEXANDRA MIDDLEWOOD Insight KansasIn the 2025 state legislative session, the legislature overrode 14 of Governor Kelly’s 18 vetoes, the most overrides during her time as governor. What should be a rare, constitutionally serious step has become routine — an unmistakable sign that one branch of Kansas’s government now wields outsized power.With a legislative supermajority firmly in place, the system of checks and balances meant to protect Kansans from government overreach is in jeopardy.Kansas’s Constitution, like the federal one, is built on the idea of separation of powers. The legislature writes laws, the governor can sign or veto them, and the courts interpret them. Each branch was designed to serve as a check on the others, ensuring no single part of government could dominate the rest.But when one party secures a supermajority in the legislature — enough seats to override gubernatorial vetoes and unilaterally propose constitutional amendments — this balance is fundamentally disrupted.A supermajority removes the need for negotiation and compromise.With two-thirds control, lawmakers can push through legislation without concern for the executive branch or the political minority. In recent years, the Kansas legislature has used this power to bypass Governor Kelly on high-stakes issues ranging from education policy to reproductive healthcare.Even when the governor exercised her constitutional role to veto, lawmakers reversed her decisions in rapid succession. Often doing so with limited debate and minimal public input.This isn't just a clash of partisan agendas. It’s an erosion of checks and balances. Supermajorities often lead to extreme policy swings, discourage compromise, and undermine democratic responsiveness.The normal push-and-pull that leads to moderate, widely supported policies has been replaced with a one-sided rush to enact partisan priorities. In other words, supermajorities further partisan polarization by removing the incentives to listen, negotiate, and build consensus across ideological lines.Unchecked legislative power also puts judicial independence at risk. Lawmakers in Kansas have proposed changes to how judges are selected and sought to restrict the courts’ ability to block or review legislation. With a supermajority, those proposals don’t face the usual constitutional friction — they can move quickly, and potentially permanently, reshaping how justice is administered in the state.Political science tells us this is not unique to Kansas. States with long-standing supermajorities — of either party — often see declining voter trust, increased polarization, and stagnant civic engagement. When people believe outcomes are predetermined by one party’s dominance, they disengage from the political system, which only deepens the imbalance.Kansas voters should take this seriously. Checks and balances aren’t about left versus right — they’re about making sure no one has too much power for too long.Checks and balances exist to protect everyone from government overreach regardless of party affiliation. That’s how we keep our government grounded, accountable, and focused on solving real problems, not scoring political points.Defending that balance doesn’t require radical reform. It just means standing up for fair-minded policies — like fair redistricting — protecting judicial independence, supporting candidates who value consensus over confrontation, and showing up at the ballot box in every single election.Most Kansans don’t want government by extremes. They want pragmatism. They want thoughtful debate. They want leaders who listen.The Kansas Constitution wasn’t written to let any one party push through its full agenda unchecked. It was written with the understanding that no group, however popular, should govern without limits and to make sure every voice has a seat at the table.Those are principles worth protecting.Alexandra Middlewood, PhD is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University.

Insight Kansas: The danger of a supermajority in Kansas

By Congressman Tracey Mann R-KS, First District

This past November, Kansas rejected the nonsense of the Biden-Harris Administration and demanded that Washington, D.C. restore common sense, secure our border, make America safe again, get our fiscal house in order, grow our economy, and get our country back on track. In a little more than 100 days, President Trump has done just that.

The only way to describe the start of President Trump’s historic second term is promises made, promises kept.

Our border is the most secure it has been in our nation’s history and the data speaks for itself. This past March, apprehensions along the southern border dropped 95% from the average daily encounters under President Biden. In California, chaos unfolded along the border when President Biden rescinded Title 42.

 This week, the Los Angeles Times reports that crossings along that segment of the border had nearly come to a halt under President Trump. Along our northern border, Customs and Border Patrol agents apprehended a total 54 migrants in March, down 95% from March 2024. Promises made, promises kept.

House Republicans and President Trump did what many Democrats were afraid to do—enforce the law and enact bills like the&nbsp;Laken Riley Act&nbsp;that make it clear there is no place for violent criminals who are illegally in the United States of America.

While President Trump and his administration have worked tirelessly to remove bad actors from our country, it has been a different story on the left. The same Democrats outraged by President Trump’s removal of terrorists, gang members, and criminals were silent when the Biden Administration abandoned&nbsp;actual&nbsp;American citizens in Afghanistan after his botched withdrawal. The contrasts in priorities for Democrats and Republicans could not be clearer.

President Trump promised to revive the American dream and usher in the golden age of America. Over the last 100 days, he and his administration announced more than $5 trillion in new American investments, including right here in Kansas. Fiserv recently announced a $175 million investment that will create good-paying job opportunities for individuals in the eastern part of our state.

The Consumer Price Index continues to show inflation is cooling and prices are falling. Because of the leadership of Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins and President Trump, wholesale egg prices have fallen, and we anticipate retail prices will soon follow suit. Americans are feeling far less pain at the pump compared to the Biden years because we have a President who has finally decided to embrace an all of the above energy approach. House Republicans have also repealed Biden-era rules that tried to implement&nbsp;electric vehicle mandates because we know they only drive-up costs for rural Americans like those in the Big First District. Promises made, promises kept.

President Trump made a promise to restore common sense and get our country back on track. He is not afraid to state the obvious—there are&nbsp;two&nbsp;genders, and biological men should not play in women’s sports. One of the first bills President Trump signed during his second term was the Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act.

President Trump has uprooted wasteful, fraudulent, and abusive spending, going line by line through our federal budget to make sure taxpayer dollars are being spent wisely. While Democrats are advocating for American families to have the largest tax hike in history, President Trump has spent the last 100 days working tirelessly with Congressional Republicans to extend his 2017 tax cuts. Promises made, promises kept.

It feels great to have real leadership back at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue that fights for America’s families and a brighter future for our country.&nbsp;One hundred days of winning and I look forward to many, many more.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698091063975.png" alt="Image by Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Image by Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>By Congressman Tracey Mann R-KS, First DistrictThis past November, Kansas rejected the nonsense of the Biden-Harris Administration and demanded that Washington, D.C. restore common sense, secure our border, make America safe again, get our fiscal house in order, grow our economy, and get our country back on track. In a little more than 100 days, President Trump has done just that.The only way to describe the start of President Trump’s historic second term is promises made, promises kept.Our border is the most secure it has been in our nation’s history and the data speaks for itself. This past March, apprehensions along the southern border dropped 95% from the average daily encounters under President Biden. In California, chaos unfolded along the border when President Biden rescinded Title 42. This week, the Los Angeles Times reports that crossings along that segment of the border had nearly come to a halt under President Trump. Along our northern border, Customs and Border Patrol agents apprehended a total 54 migrants in March, down 95% from March 2024. Promises made, promises kept.House Republicans and President Trump did what many Democrats were afraid to do—enforce the law and enact bills like the&nbsp;Laken Riley Act&nbsp;that make it clear there is no place for violent criminals who are illegally in the United States of America. While President Trump and his administration have worked tirelessly to remove bad actors from our country, it has been a different story on the left. The same Democrats outraged by President Trump’s removal of terrorists, gang members, and criminals were silent when the Biden Administration abandoned&nbsp;actual&nbsp;American citizens in Afghanistan after his botched withdrawal. The contrasts in priorities for Democrats and Republicans could not be clearer.President Trump promised to revive the American dream and usher in the golden age of America. Over the last 100 days, he and his administration announced more than $5 trillion in new American investments, including right here in Kansas. Fiserv recently announced a $175 million investment that will create good-paying job opportunities for individuals in the eastern part of our state.The Consumer Price Index continues to show inflation is cooling and prices are falling. Because of the leadership of Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins and President Trump, wholesale egg prices have fallen, and we anticipate retail prices will soon follow suit. Americans are feeling far less pain at the pump compared to the Biden years because we have a President who has finally decided to embrace an all of the above energy approach. House Republicans have also repealed Biden-era rules that tried to implement&nbsp;electric vehicle mandates because we know they only drive-up costs for rural Americans like those in the Big First District. Promises made, promises kept.President Trump made a promise to restore common sense and get our country back on track. He is not afraid to state the obvious—there are&nbsp;two&nbsp;genders, and biological men should not play in women’s sports. One of the first bills President Trump signed during his second term was the Protection of Women and Girls in Sports Act.President Trump has uprooted wasteful, fraudulent, and abusive spending, going line by line through our federal budget to make sure taxpayer dollars are being spent wisely. While Democrats are advocating for American families to have the largest tax hike in history, President Trump has spent the last 100 days working tirelessly with Congressional Republicans to extend his 2017 tax cuts. Promises made, promises kept.It feels great to have real leadership back at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue that fights for America’s families and a brighter future for our country.&nbsp;One hundred days of winning and I look forward to many, many more.

OPINION: Congressman Mann: Promises made, promises kept

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

State forestry and horticulture experts are urging patience and persistence when trying to manage bagworms, noting that caterpillars may emerge from eggs from late spring through early summer, depending on weather conditions.

Shad Hufnagel, forest health coordinator with the Kansas Forest Service, and Raymond Cloyd, extension specialist in horticultural entomology with K-State Research and Extension, advise that homeowners scout for bagworms from early- to mid-May and apply insecticides when young bagworms are present.

Once bagworms are detected, they said, homeowners might need to treat with an insecticide weekly for up to four weeks.

Cloyd said that in addition to emergence over time, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ - called ‘ballooning’ - from neighboring plants on silken threads, thus increasing the importance of treating multiple times during the growing season.

“Once the caterpillars emerge from eggs, they begin feeding on the host tree or shrub, creating a protective bag, hence the common name,” Cloyd said. “The plant material fed upon is used to build a protective covering that provides protection from predators and insecticide treatments, which can influence the effectiveness of insecticide applications.”

Hufnagel added “The larger and more robust the caterpillars and their cases become, the more difficult they are to control chemically.”

Bagworm feeding is commonly associated with such conifers as juniper, arborvitae, pine, and spruce, but Hufnagel said the caterpillars also feed on numerous deciduous host plants. Although defoliation of deciduous trees and shrubs typically does not result in long-term plant damage, extreme defoliation of conifers can cause significant plant stress and even plant mortality.

He said insecticides can be effective in mitigating damage to trees and shrubs. However, bagworm infestations are often cyclical; consequently, bagworm infestations may be low enough that spraying an insecticide may not be needed.

For increased effectiveness and to prevent bagworms from causing substantial plant damage, Hufnagel advises judicious treatment of windbreaks, Christmas trees, and ornamental landscape trees as soon as bagworms are present.

“Thorough coverage is important when treating for bagworms, including penetration into the interior plant canopy and upper branches,” he said. “Commercial treatments may be more effective for large trees or established windbreaks where applications from common household sprayers cannot reach the upper canopy of trees.”

Many insecticides are labeled for bagworms, but timing of application and thorough coverage will ensure the effectiveness of insecticides in managing bagworms. When bagworm caterpillars are small (1/8 to 1/4 of an inch long), products containing Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) or spinosad as the active ingredient can be effective in managing bagworms.

Cloyd said the recommended insecticides have minimal direct impact on beneficial insects compared to broad-spectrum insecticides, which could lead to outbreaks of spider mites or scale insects that can cause damage to treated trees and shrubs.

If insecticides are not applied when bagworm caterpillars are 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch in length, then broad-spectrum insecticides -- including those containing malathion, acephate, or cyfluthrin as the active ingredients -- can be applied. Be sure to read the product label and follow directions.

Hand removing and destroying bagworm bags is an option for smaller infestations. For more information on controlling bagworms, reference the publication, <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/bagworm-insect-pest-of-trees-and-shrubs_MF3474">Bagworm: Insect Pest of Trees and Shrubs</a>, written by Cloyd.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor&nbsp;s an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor&nbsp;s an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictState forestry and horticulture experts are urging patience and persistence when trying to manage bagworms, noting that caterpillars may emerge from eggs from late spring through early summer, depending on weather conditions.Shad Hufnagel, forest health coordinator with the Kansas Forest Service, and Raymond Cloyd, extension specialist in horticultural entomology with K-State Research and Extension, advise that homeowners scout for bagworms from early- to mid-May and apply insecticides when young bagworms are present.Once bagworms are detected, they said, homeowners might need to treat with an insecticide weekly for up to four weeks.Cloyd said that in addition to emergence over time, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ - called ‘ballooning’ - from neighboring plants on silken threads, thus increasing the importance of treating multiple times during the growing season.“Once the caterpillars emerge from eggs, they begin feeding on the host tree or shrub, creating a protective bag, hence the common name,” Cloyd said. “The plant material fed upon is used to build a protective covering that provides protection from predators and insecticide treatments, which can influence the effectiveness of insecticide applications.”Hufnagel added “The larger and more robust the caterpillars and their cases become, the more difficult they are to control chemically.”Bagworm feeding is commonly associated with such conifers as juniper, arborvitae, pine, and spruce, but Hufnagel said the caterpillars also feed on numerous deciduous host plants. Although defoliation of deciduous trees and shrubs typically does not result in long-term plant damage, extreme defoliation of conifers can cause significant plant stress and even plant mortality.He said insecticides can be effective in mitigating damage to trees and shrubs. However, bagworm infestations are often cyclical; consequently, bagworm infestations may be low enough that spraying an insecticide may not be needed.For increased effectiveness and to prevent bagworms from causing substantial plant damage, Hufnagel advises judicious treatment of windbreaks, Christmas trees, and ornamental landscape trees as soon as bagworms are present.“Thorough coverage is important when treating for bagworms, including penetration into the interior plant canopy and upper branches,” he said. “Commercial treatments may be more effective for large trees or established windbreaks where applications from common household sprayers cannot reach the upper canopy of trees.”Many insecticides are labeled for bagworms, but timing of application and thorough coverage will ensure the effectiveness of insecticides in managing bagworms. When bagworm caterpillars are small (1/8 to 1/4 of an inch long), products containing Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) or spinosad as the active ingredient can be effective in managing bagworms.Cloyd said the recommended insecticides have minimal direct impact on beneficial insects compared to broad-spectrum insecticides, which could lead to outbreaks of spider mites or scale insects that can cause damage to treated trees and shrubs.If insecticides are not applied when bagworm caterpillars are 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch in length, then broad-spectrum insecticides -- including those containing malathion, acephate, or cyfluthrin as the active ingredients -- can be applied. Be sure to read the product label and follow directions.Hand removing and destroying bagworm bags is an option for smaller infestations. For more information on controlling bagworms, reference the publication, <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/bagworm-insect-pest-of-trees-and-shrubs_MF3474">Bagworm: Insect Pest of Trees and Shrubs</a>, written by Cloyd.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Managing bagworms starts in early to mid-May

By STACY CAMBELL Cottonwood Extension

Effective weed control is essential for Kansas grain sorghum producers to achieve strong yields. 

One of the best management practices for effective weed control is planting grain sorghum into clean, weed-free fields. Grain sorghum planted in a weed-free field, coupled with a strong residual program up front, will start strong and outcompete late-emerging weeds. Also, the chances of chemical weed control failures after crop establishment are higher if grain sorghum is established in an already weed-infested field.

In dryland production systems of western Kansas, conservation tillage is a common practice. 

This practice helps retain more soil water and increases crop residue on the soil surface, which supports crop intensification. Higher residue amounts also benefit soil health by reducing soil erosion from wind and water, improving soil organic carbon accumulation, and enhancing soil structure. Conservation tillage systems rely on herbicides for effective preplant management of existing weeds, making subsequent weed management strategies more effective.

Preplant herbicide options ahead of grain sorghum are limited, and atrazine has been the basis of most chemical weed control programs in Kansas grain sorghum.

 Some of the options available can be found below.

Atrazine can be applied as early preplant, PPI, PRE, and POST. It has some activity on grasses like foxtails, but is considered a broadleaf herbicide. It will control susceptible populations of kochia, pigweeds, morningglories, mustards, and ragweeds.

2,4-D. For preplant burndown applications, low-volatile esters are more effective in controlling weeds and are preferably used over amine formulations. But, sorghum can be injured by carryover from preplant 2,4-D. Therefore, growers should follow label guidelines.

Dicamba provides control of susceptible emerged broadleaves and has a moderate residual control of germinating weeds (pigweeds, wild buckwheat, and lambsquarters). Mixtures of dicamba (8 to 16 oz/a) and atrazine (1 to 2 pints/a) in early spring are good options for kochia control.

Glyphosate provides a broad-spectrum control of glyphosate-susceptible weeds present in the field. Glyphosate resistance is widespread in the state, and the herbicide is often mixed with 2,4-D or dicamba for a broader spectrum and increased control.

Sharpen provides control of many broadleaf weeds like common lambsquarters, marestail, mustards, nightshade, Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, wild sunflower, and velvetleaf.

Gramoxone can only be handled and applied by certified applicators and is a nonselective, nonresidual contact herbicide often used for preplant burndown of weeds.

Reviton is a new group 14 (PPO-inhibiting) contact herbicide developed for nonselective broadleaf and grass weed control or suppression when applied to actively growing weeds.

Group 15 herbicides. Residual control of weeds that have not emerged can be achieved by including a Group 15 herbicide with a burndown application. S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, others) can be applied up to 45 days before planting seed treated with Concep III safener. Similarly, if safened seed is used, acetochlor (Warrant, others) or dimethenamid-P (Outlook, others) can be applied. Products that contain pyroxasulfone (Zidua, others) are not labeled for use in grain sorghum.

The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. 

Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements and follow all label instructions. 

For more detailed information, see the <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/2025-chemical-weed-control-for-field-crops-pastures-rangeland-and-noncropland_CHEMWEEDGUIDE">“2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland”</a> guide or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.

Information provided by Jeremie Kouame, Weed Scientist – Agricultural Research Center, Hays.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMBELL Cottonwood ExtensionEffective weed control is essential for Kansas grain sorghum producers to achieve strong yields. One of the best management practices for effective weed control is planting grain sorghum into clean, weed-free fields. Grain sorghum planted in a weed-free field, coupled with a strong residual program up front, will start strong and outcompete late-emerging weeds. Also, the chances of chemical weed control failures after crop establishment are higher if grain sorghum is established in an already weed-infested field.In dryland production systems of western Kansas, conservation tillage is a common practice. This practice helps retain more soil water and increases crop residue on the soil surface, which supports crop intensification. Higher residue amounts also benefit soil health by reducing soil erosion from wind and water, improving soil organic carbon accumulation, and enhancing soil structure. Conservation tillage systems rely on herbicides for effective preplant management of existing weeds, making subsequent weed management strategies more effective.Preplant herbicide options ahead of grain sorghum are limited, and atrazine has been the basis of most chemical weed control programs in Kansas grain sorghum. Some of the options available can be found below.Atrazine can be applied as early preplant, PPI, PRE, and POST. It has some activity on grasses like foxtails, but is considered a broadleaf herbicide. It will control susceptible populations of kochia, pigweeds, morningglories, mustards, and ragweeds.2,4-D. For preplant burndown applications, low-volatile esters are more effective in controlling weeds and are preferably used over amine formulations. But, sorghum can be injured by carryover from preplant 2,4-D. Therefore, growers should follow label guidelines.Dicamba provides control of susceptible emerged broadleaves and has a moderate residual control of germinating weeds (pigweeds, wild buckwheat, and lambsquarters). Mixtures of dicamba (8 to 16 oz/a) and atrazine (1 to 2 pints/a) in early spring are good options for kochia control.Glyphosate provides a broad-spectrum control of glyphosate-susceptible weeds present in the field. Glyphosate resistance is widespread in the state, and the herbicide is often mixed with 2,4-D or dicamba for a broader spectrum and increased control.Sharpen provides control of many broadleaf weeds like common lambsquarters, marestail, mustards, nightshade, Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, wild sunflower, and velvetleaf.Gramoxone can only be handled and applied by certified applicators and is a nonselective, nonresidual contact herbicide often used for preplant burndown of weeds.Reviton is a new group 14 (PPO-inhibiting) contact herbicide developed for nonselective broadleaf and grass weed control or suppression when applied to actively growing weeds.Group 15 herbicides. Residual control of weeds that have not emerged can be achieved by including a Group 15 herbicide with a burndown application. S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, others) can be applied up to 45 days before planting seed treated with Concep III safener. Similarly, if safened seed is used, acetochlor (Warrant, others) or dimethenamid-P (Outlook, others) can be applied. Products that contain pyroxasulfone (Zidua, others) are not labeled for use in grain sorghum.The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements and follow all label instructions. For more detailed information, see the <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/2025-chemical-weed-control-for-field-crops-pastures-rangeland-and-noncropland_CHEMWEEDGUIDE">“2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland”</a> guide or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.Information provided by Jeremie Kouame, Weed Scientist – Agricultural Research Center, Hays.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Get ahead of weeds: Preplant herbicide options for grain sorghum

By TISA MASON FHSU President

Few embody the spirit of resilience and innovation like Honesty Beaton, a senior Computer Science major at Fort Hays State University (FHSU). A first-generation college student from Wichita, Honesty’s educational journey is a tribute to her determination, a shining example of what can be achieved when passion meets opportunity.

From an early age, Honesty was a tech-savvy problem solver who was always ready to tackle any technology-related challenge. It was this natural inclination towards technology that sparked her interest in the field of computer science, eventually guiding her to FHSU.

"I didn’t think college was an option until my high school advisor, Cammie Kennedy, encouraged me to explore it," Honesty recalls. After her initial visit to Fort Hays, she was drawn to the friendly and supportive atmosphere of the campus, where she felt a sense of belonging.

As she navigated her college experience, Honesty faced obstacles common among many of our students. Balancing two jobs while managing her coursework was no small feat, yet she found solace in the strong support networks at FHSU. Friends from freshman orientation became lifelong companions, while dedicated peers and mentors boosted her confidence and encouraged her to reach new heights.

One pivotal moment in Honesty's FHSU journey was participating in a course on "Video Game Creation." Under the guidance of Dr. Gordon Carlson, Honesty and her team developed a game from scratch, sparking a passion within her for programming and design. This course honed her technical skills and opened doors to exciting research opportunities. Dr. Carlson recognized her enthusiasm and invited her to collaborate on a year-long research project called Realtime Video Underlay, culminating in a presentation about the project at the 2024 Faulkner Challenge—a milestone Honesty never imagined when she began her college career.

Her accomplishments didn’t stop there. As one of the first undergraduate Student Mixed Reality Developers at the Institute for New Media Studies, Honesty was at the forefront of technological innovation on campus, working alongside her peers to tackle complex problems.

"FHSU encourages exploration and creativity," she notes. "I've had the chance to work with augmented reality, virtual reality, and projection mapping, ideas that expand our understanding of technology’s impact on education and society."

Honesty’s future is bright and filled with promise. She plans to graduate in December 2025 with her Bachelor of Science degree and transition into an FHSU master’s degree program in cybersecurity and a new role as a Graduate Research Assistant with the Institute. She also plans to gain real-world professional experience as a data engineering intern at Centene, a Missouri-based healthcare solutions company.

As Honesty reflects on her journey, she acknowledges the challenges and the invaluable lessons learned along the way. "College will test you in ways you never expect." She emphasizes the importance of surrounding oneself with a supportive community. "Making&nbsp;mistakes is okay; it’s about the passion, effort, and support that turns uncertainty into achievement."&nbsp;

Her experience isn’t just a personal triumph; it serves as a larger narrative about the FHSU experience. The university is a model of innovation and support, where students like Honesty are empowered to pursue their dreams. As FHSU continues to thrive and adapt to the changing landscape of education, it remains steadfast in its mission to nurture talent and creativity.

The story of Honesty Beaton is more than just a chronicle of her journey; it encapsulates the essence of Fort Hays State University—a place where dreams are nurtured, boundaries are broken, and futures are forged. In this close-knit community, everyone is bound by a shared belief in the transformative power of education, working together to ensure that every student who walks through its doors can achieve their aspirations, just as Honesty has done.

This is Fort Hays State University, where students become innovators, leaders, and change-makers. Honesty’s journey is a powerful reminder that anything is possible with grit, determination, and the right support.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1575301942236.jpeg" alt="Tisa Mason, FHSU president. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Tisa Mason, FHSU president. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By TISA MASON FHSU PresidentFew embody the spirit of resilience and innovation like Honesty Beaton, a senior Computer Science major at Fort Hays State University (FHSU). A first-generation college student from Wichita, Honesty’s educational journey is a tribute to her determination, a shining example of what can be achieved when passion meets opportunity.From an early age, Honesty was a tech-savvy problem solver who was always ready to tackle any technology-related challenge. It was this natural inclination towards technology that sparked her interest in the field of computer science, eventually guiding her to FHSU."I didn’t think college was an option until my high school advisor, Cammie Kennedy, encouraged me to explore it," Honesty recalls. After her initial visit to Fort Hays, she was drawn to the friendly and supportive atmosphere of the campus, where she felt a sense of belonging.As she navigated her college experience, Honesty faced obstacles common among many of our students. Balancing two jobs while managing her coursework was no small feat, yet she found solace in the strong support networks at FHSU. Friends from freshman orientation became lifelong companions, while dedicated peers and mentors boosted her confidence and encouraged her to reach new heights.One pivotal moment in Honesty's FHSU journey was participating in a course on "Video Game Creation." Under the guidance of Dr. Gordon Carlson, Honesty and her team developed a game from scratch, sparking a passion within her for programming and design. This course honed her technical skills and opened doors to exciting research opportunities. Dr. Carlson recognized her enthusiasm and invited her to collaborate on a year-long research project called Realtime Video Underlay, culminating in a presentation about the project at the 2024 Faulkner Challenge—a milestone Honesty never imagined when she began her college career.Her accomplishments didn’t stop there. As one of the first undergraduate Student Mixed Reality Developers at the Institute for New Media Studies, Honesty was at the forefront of technological innovation on campus, working alongside her peers to tackle complex problems."FHSU encourages exploration and creativity," she notes. "I've had the chance to work with augmented reality, virtual reality, and projection mapping, ideas that expand our understanding of technology’s impact on education and society."Honesty’s future is bright and filled with promise. She plans to graduate in December 2025 with her Bachelor of Science degree and transition into an FHSU master’s degree program in cybersecurity and a new role as a Graduate Research Assistant with the Institute. She also plans to gain real-world professional experience as a data engineering intern at Centene, a Missouri-based healthcare solutions company.As Honesty reflects on her journey, she acknowledges the challenges and the invaluable lessons learned along the way. "College will test you in ways you never expect." She emphasizes the importance of surrounding oneself with a supportive community. "Making&nbsp;mistakes is okay; it’s about the passion, effort, and support that turns uncertainty into achievement."&nbsp;Her experience isn’t just a personal triumph; it serves as a larger narrative about the FHSU experience. The university is a model of innovation and support, where students like Honesty are empowered to pursue their dreams. As FHSU continues to thrive and adapt to the changing landscape of education, it remains steadfast in its mission to nurture talent and creativity.The story of Honesty Beaton is more than just a chronicle of her journey; it encapsulates the essence of Fort Hays State University—a place where dreams are nurtured, boundaries are broken, and futures are forged. In this close-knit community, everyone is bound by a shared belief in the transformative power of education, working together to ensure that every student who walks through its doors can achieve their aspirations, just as Honesty has done.This is Fort Hays State University, where students become innovators, leaders, and change-makers. Honesty’s journey is a powerful reminder that anything is possible with grit, determination, and the right support.

Heart of a Tiger: Meet Honesty Beaton - innovator, leader, change-maker

Many of us grew up watching “Sesame Street” and learning from Big Bird. Over 50 years later, I still remember my favorite songs from the show: Kermit the frog singing “It’s Not Easy Bein’ Green”, Ernie singing “Rubber Duckie”, and Big Bird singing the alphabet.

For over 40 years, kids in central and western Kansas have been able to learn reading, math, science, and social skills by watching “Sesame Street”, “Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood”, “Clifford the Big Red Dog”, “Curious George”, and many others on Smoky Hills Public TV (also called Smoky Hills PBS). 

· Issued an executive order to immediately defund PBS, which provides these shows to Smoky Hills PBS;

· Eliminated funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) in its Fiscal Year 2026 budget; and

· Plans to ask Congress to rescind already-appropriated funding for the CPB.

The CPB is the Congressionally-created private, nonprofit corporation that allocates federal funding appropriated by Congress to local PBS stations and provides key infrastructure needed for local public TV stations to operate.

CPB funding is critical for a station like Smoky Hills PBS that serves 51 rural counties with relatively small populations, requiring 4 transmitters to broadcast its programming. These transmitters are expensive to operate and maintain. 

Serving areas with small populations likely means having lower potential revenue (i.e., fewer individual and corporate donors). Conversely, urban stations like the one in Kansas City can serve 5 times more people with just 1 transmitter.

Defunding CPB would financially devastate Smoky Hills PBS and defunding PBS would cut off kids’ access to these educational shows that are available at no charge, unlike those on cable, satellite, and streaming services. 

During the past 5 years, 48% of Smoky Hills PBS’ revenue has come from CPB. CPB costs Americans about $1.60 per person and comprises roughly 0.01% of the federal budget.

If you value Smoky Hills PBS’ educational shows for kids or like watching the 3-2-1A Boys &amp; Girls State Wrestling Championships, “Real Ag”, “Doctors On Call”, “Cottonwood Connections”, “All Creatures Great and Small”, “Austin City Limits” or nature and historical documentaries, please tell <a href="https://www.moran.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/contact-info">Senator Jerry Moran</a>, <a href="https://www.marshall.senate.gov/contact/">Senator Roger Marshall</a>, and <a href="https://mann.house.gov/contact/offices">Congressman Tracey Mann</a> to maintain funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and PBS.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698091063975.png" alt="Image by Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Image by Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>Many of us grew up watching “Sesame Street” and learning from Big Bird. Over 50 years later, I still remember my favorite songs from the show: Kermit the frog singing “It’s Not Easy Bein’ Green”, Ernie singing “Rubber Duckie”, and Big Bird singing the alphabet.For over 40 years, kids in central and western Kansas have been able to learn reading, math, science, and social skills by watching “Sesame Street”, “Daniel Tiger’s Neighborhood”, “Clifford the Big Red Dog”, “Curious George”, and many others on Smoky Hills Public TV (also called Smoky Hills PBS). But the White House has:· Issued an executive order to immediately defund PBS, which provides these shows to Smoky Hills PBS;· Eliminated funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) in its Fiscal Year 2026 budget; and· Plans to ask Congress to rescind already-appropriated funding for the CPB.The CPB is the Congressionally-created private, nonprofit corporation that allocates federal funding appropriated by Congress to local PBS stations and provides key infrastructure needed for local public TV stations to operate.CPB funding is critical for a station like Smoky Hills PBS that serves 51 rural counties with relatively small populations, requiring 4 transmitters to broadcast its programming. These transmitters are expensive to operate and maintain. Serving areas with small populations likely means having lower potential revenue (i.e., fewer individual and corporate donors). Conversely, urban stations like the one in Kansas City can serve 5 times more people with just 1 transmitter.Defunding CPB would financially devastate Smoky Hills PBS and defunding PBS would cut off kids’ access to these educational shows that are available at no charge, unlike those on cable, satellite, and streaming services. During the past 5 years, 48% of Smoky Hills PBS’ revenue has come from CPB. CPB costs Americans about $1.60 per person and comprises roughly 0.01% of the federal budget.If you value Smoky Hills PBS’ educational shows for kids or like watching the 3-2-1A Boys &amp; Girls State Wrestling Championships, “Real Ag”, “Doctors On Call”, “Cottonwood Connections”, “All Creatures Great and Small”, “Austin City Limits” or nature and historical documentaries, please tell <a href="https://www.moran.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/contact-info">Senator Jerry Moran</a>, <a href="https://www.marshall.senate.gov/contact/">Senator Roger Marshall</a>, and <a href="https://mann.house.gov/contact/offices">Congressman Tracey Mann</a> to maintain funding for the Corporation for Public Broadcasting and PBS.Helen Hands Hays

LETTER: Tell Congress to keep funding free access to kids’ educational TV programs

Yes, you read that right.&nbsp;We had several worm days recently following a couple of soaking rains.

&nbsp;Hard, dry dirt or super fine dust became all too common for those who live near the 100th Meridian. Most of us hadn’t seen a worm unless we bought it in a Styrofoam box at the bait shop, so these overnight rains not only turned our hardpack to mud, it brought soggy wigglers to the surface where they could soak up sun and dry out.

Years ago, I read a story about first grade girls greeting one another on the playground before school started one rainy morning with jubilant cries of, “It’s a worm day! Yea.” Every since then, when we get a good soaking, I wake up thinking, “Yea! It’s a worm day!” How can I not celebrate.

First things first on such occurrences—still in jammies, I raced from window to window making sure bushes, trees, flowers, garden plants, and patio pots celebrated as joyfully as I did. 

I hadn’t measured before the rain, but I’m sure our hollyhocks grew six inches overnight. Either that or increased hydraulic pressure due to extra ground moisture made them stand taller and prouder than they had the day before. The asparagus for sure grew enough to require harvesting. We dined well that night. Nearby, strawberry plants stretched their tendrils into new territory. One growing an actual strawberry looked more vibrant than usual. Around the corner, floppy horseradish perked up and looked like it flexed leafy muscles.

As I inventoried plantings, I spied joyous robins hopping around the yard. I had to check out front to see if as many lingered there as in the backyard. Yep, they like worm days too. For the next several hours I watched them score one delectable nightcrawler after another. They can’t store them so they must’ve eaten til they about burst.

Even the chickens seemed excitable. Perhaps they lucked out and found worms seeking dry ground in their pen. If sodden creatures emerged within reach of our four tiny dinosaurs, they didn’t last long. That might explain some of the squawks and flapping wings I observed. It might also explain extra muddy footprints on that day’s egg collection.

Later that day, a friend found multiple soaked earthworms attempting to dry out by lining his concrete driveway,. Neighborhood robins spied them before they crawled back underground. I’m guessing those stuffed birds resorted to an after-feast nap to recover from their gluttonous overindulgence.

Years ago, a student asked me how bored I was to focus on so many little details my yard. That caught me unawares. I’d never thought of my observations defining boredom. I always thought they enriched each day and offered more to be grateful for. 

Worm days add additional layers to everyday blessings. Besides spying water-logged vermiculture, I see unexpected bird interactions—this is wooing time so I might see a worm become a tenderly delivered courtship offering.

Some might consider attention to detail boring, but it’s not—especially on worm days. What a thrill to witness minute details about how plants, birds, and insects respond to a long-prayed for rain.

Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746547367943.jpeg" alt="Robin with worm. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Robin with worm. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORIN Yes, you read that right.&nbsp;We had several worm days recently following a couple of soaking rains.&nbsp;Hard, dry dirt or super fine dust became all too common for those who live near the 100th Meridian. Most of us hadn’t seen a worm unless we bought it in a Styrofoam box at the bait shop, so these overnight rains not only turned our hardpack to mud, it brought soggy wigglers to the surface where they could soak up sun and dry out.Years ago, I read a story about first grade girls greeting one another on the playground before school started one rainy morning with jubilant cries of, “It’s a worm day! Yea.” Every since then, when we get a good soaking, I wake up thinking, “Yea! It’s a worm day!” How can I not celebrate.First things first on such occurrences—still in jammies, I raced from window to window making sure bushes, trees, flowers, garden plants, and patio pots celebrated as joyfully as I did. I hadn’t measured before the rain, but I’m sure our hollyhocks grew six inches overnight. Either that or increased hydraulic pressure due to extra ground moisture made them stand taller and prouder than they had the day before. The asparagus for sure grew enough to require harvesting. We dined well that night. Nearby, strawberry plants stretched their tendrils into new territory. One growing an actual strawberry looked more vibrant than usual. Around the corner, floppy horseradish perked up and looked like it flexed leafy muscles.As I inventoried plantings, I spied joyous robins hopping around the yard. I had to check out front to see if as many lingered there as in the backyard. Yep, they like worm days too. For the next several hours I watched them score one delectable nightcrawler after another. They can’t store them so they must’ve eaten til they about burst.Even the chickens seemed excitable. Perhaps they lucked out and found worms seeking dry ground in their pen. If sodden creatures emerged within reach of our four tiny dinosaurs, they didn’t last long. That might explain some of the squawks and flapping wings I observed. It might also explain extra muddy footprints on that day’s egg collection.Later that day, a friend found multiple soaked earthworms attempting to dry out by lining his concrete driveway,. Neighborhood robins spied them before they crawled back underground. I’m guessing those stuffed birds resorted to an after-feast nap to recover from their gluttonous overindulgence.Years ago, a student asked me how bored I was to focus on so many little details my yard. That caught me unawares. I’d never thought of my observations defining boredom. I always thought they enriched each day and offered more to be grateful for. Worm days add additional layers to everyday blessings. Besides spying water-logged vermiculture, I see unexpected bird interactions—this is wooing time so I might see a worm become a tenderly delivered courtship offering.Some might consider attention to detail boring, but it’s not—especially on worm days. What a thrill to witness minute details about how plants, birds, and insects respond to a long-prayed for rain.Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.

MADORIN: It’s a worm day

WASHINTON, D.C.&nbsp; —&nbsp; No matter the region of the state or the size of the community, one of the most common challenges I hear is a lack of affordable housing.

 I am proud to support the&nbsp;Affordable Housing Credit Improvement Act,&nbsp;which would create more housing options for hard-working families and workers by expanding and strengthening the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, our country’s most successful affordable housing program.

The Housing Credit has proven invaluable in helping create millions of affordable housing units across the U.S. 

In Kansas, the tax credit has funded the construction of 33,866 housing units. That means more Kansans have been able to secure housing, communities have welcomed new residents and employers have strengthened their workforce.&nbsp;

Nearly every community in Kansas struggles to meet the needs for affordable housing. The Affordable Housing Credit Improvement Act brings together public and private investment to deliver must-needed housing in communities of all sizes. This legislation will help more Kansans achieve their dreams of home ownership.

The&nbsp;Affordable Housing Credit Improvement Act&nbsp;would: &gt; Increase the number of credits available to states by 50 percent for the next two years and make the temporary 12.5 percent increase&nbsp;secured in 2018 permanent—which has already helped build more than 59,000 additional affordable housing units nationwide. &gt; Stabilize financing for workforce housing projects built using private activity bonds by decreasing the amount of private activity bonds needed to secure Housing Credit funding. As a result, projects would have to carry less debt, and more projects would be eligible to receive funding. &gt; Improve the Housing Credit program to better serve veterans, victims of domestic violence, formerly homeless students, Native American communities, and rural Americans.&nbsp;

Full text of the legislation can be found&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://outreach.senate.gov/iqextranet/iqClickTrk.aspx?&amp;cid=SenMarshall&amp;crop=14110.65572839.7325470.401732&amp;report_id=&amp;redirect=https%3a%2f%2fwww.young.senate.gov%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2fAHCIA-119th-Congress-Text.pdf&amp;redir_log=068351173671523">HERE</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746206765391.jpeg" alt="Sen. Roger Marshall, R-KS. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Sen. Roger Marshall, R-KS. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Office of Sen. MarshallWASHINTON, D.C.&nbsp; —&nbsp; No matter the region of the state or the size of the community, one of the most common challenges I hear is a lack of affordable housing. I am proud to support the&nbsp;Affordable Housing Credit Improvement Act,&nbsp;which would create more housing options for hard-working families and workers by expanding and strengthening the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit, our country’s most successful affordable housing program.The Housing Credit has proven invaluable in helping create millions of affordable housing units across the U.S. In Kansas, the tax credit has funded the construction of 33,866 housing units. That means more Kansans have been able to secure housing, communities have welcomed new residents and employers have strengthened their workforce.&nbsp;Nearly every community in Kansas struggles to meet the needs for affordable housing. The Affordable Housing Credit Improvement Act brings together public and private investment to deliver must-needed housing in communities of all sizes. This legislation will help more Kansans achieve their dreams of home ownership.The&nbsp;Affordable Housing Credit Improvement Act&nbsp;would: &gt; Increase the number of credits available to states by 50 percent for the next two years and make the temporary 12.5 percent increase&nbsp;secured in 2018 permanent—which has already helped build more than 59,000 additional affordable housing units nationwide. &gt; Stabilize financing for workforce housing projects built using private activity bonds by decreasing the amount of private activity bonds needed to secure Housing Credit funding. As a result, projects would have to carry less debt, and more projects would be eligible to receive funding. &gt; Improve the Housing Credit program to better serve veterans, victims of domestic violence, formerly homeless students, Native American communities, and rural Americans.&nbsp;Full text of the legislation can be found&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://outreach.senate.gov/iqextranet/iqClickTrk.aspx?&amp;cid=SenMarshall&amp;crop=14110.65572839.7325470.401732&amp;report_id=&amp;redirect=https%3a%2f%2fwww.young.senate.gov%2fwp-content%2fuploads%2fAHCIA-119th-Congress-Text.pdf&amp;redir_log=068351173671523">HERE</a>.

Sen. Marshall: Supporting housing solutions for Kansas communities

During the 2025 legislative session, approximately 775 bills and resolutions were introduced during the 90-day session. Over one hundred of these passed both chambers and reached the Governor’s desk, with many signed into law and a few becoming law without the Governor’s signature. The Kansas Legislature officially adjourned sine die on April 11, 2025, following a brief two-day veto session held April 10–11. "Sine die" (Latin for “without day”) marks the formal end of the session, with no further meetings scheduled.

During the summer and fall, standing and special joint committees will meet to study key policy issues and develop recommendations. When the legislature reconvenes on January 12, 2026, lawmakers may resume work on bills from the 2025 session that were not passed or removed from consideration. Measures that advanced partway through the legislative process do not need to start over.

During the two-day veto session, the Kansas Senate voted to override 46 vetoes issued by the Governor, following two earlier overrides from previous weeks. These actions addressed a wide range of legislative priorities. Of the 46 overrides, 13 were individual bills—12 of which were also overridden by the House and have now become law. The remaining 33 were line-item vetoes within larger bills, and the House concurred on 15 of those.

Legislation Enacted Through Veto Overrides and Final Passage

<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb125/">SB 125</a>: Enacts the annual budget for fiscal years.&nbsp; The veto overrides restore funding for key programs, including the Pregnancy Compassion Awareness Program, cerebral palsy research, aging support services to help seniors live independently, interpreter services for the deaf and hard of hearing, and the School Safety Mapping Grant Program.

<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb5/">SB 5</a>&nbsp;– Prohibits election officials from accepting federal funds unless approved by state law.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.org/li/b2025_26/measures/sb29/">SB 29</a>&nbsp;– Protects the right to assemble by preventing public health officials from prohibiting gatherings and enhances due process protections.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.org/li/b2025_26/measures/sb269/">SB 269</a>&nbsp;– Establishes a process to return revenue growth to Kansans through lower and simpler individual income tax rates.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb14/">SB 14</a>&nbsp;– Ensures continuous operation of state agencies, including public schools, by providing for funding continuity if a budget agreement is not reached by the end of the fiscal year.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2062/">HB 2062</a>&nbsp;– Creates a child tax credit for pregnant women and establishes child support obligations beginning during pregnancy.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2311/">HB 2311</a>&nbsp;– Affirms the protection of religious freedom for foster parents, helping ensure more placement opportunities for children in need.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.org/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2291/">HB 2291</a>&nbsp;– Creates a “regulatory sandbox” allowing small businesses to apply for relief from certain regulations to support innovation and growth.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2217/">HB 2217</a>&nbsp;– Requires an audit of state assistance programs to detect and prevent waste, fraud, and abuse.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2240/">HB 2240</a>&nbsp;– Prohibits state agencies, beginning July 1, 2025, from seeking or implementing federal waivers that would expand eligibility or increase state costs for public assistance programs. It also requires legislative approval for certain changes affecting services for individuals with intellectual or developmental disabilities.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.org/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2382/">HB 2382</a>&nbsp;– Requires school districts offering instruction on human growth, development, or sexuality to include content on human fetal development.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.org/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2033/">HB 2033</a>&nbsp;– Adds nonprofit organizations accredited by the International Multisensory Structured Language Education Council (IMSLEC) to the list of approved providers eligible to receive funding for at-risk educational programs.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2284/">HB 2284</a>&nbsp;– Directs the Department of Administration to adopt written policies for the negotiated procurement of Medicaid services and creates an appeals process overseen by a legislative committee.

A conference committee is a small group of House and Senate members who work out differences between versions of a bill passed by both chambers. If they reach a compromise, the revised bill—called a conference committee report—is sent back for a final vote before going to the governor.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2231_01_0327noon.pdf">HB 2231</a>&nbsp;would modify Kansas income tax personal exemption provisions, redefine “income” for a refund option within the Homestead Property Tax Refund Act, amend the apportionment of income of multistate corporations and make associated changes, and exempt certain personal property from taxation.&nbsp; The bill would beginning in tax year 2024, head-of-household filers and 100% permanently disabled veterans receive an additional $2,320 personal exemption; starting in 2025, “income” for Homestead Property Tax Refunds will be defined as Kansas adjusted gross income; beginning in 2027, multistate corporations must apportion Kansas income based on in-state sales; the bill also includes a corporate tax rate reduction and a deferred tax deduction.&nbsp;&nbsp;HB&nbsp;2231 passed the Senate 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb156_01_0000.pdf">SB 156</a>&nbsp;would increase the reimbursement limit for inmate claims paid by the Secretary of Corrections from $500 to $750.&nbsp; For claims exceeding $750, the bill would require an inmate to provide notice to the Secretary of the nature, time, date, and place of the claim.&nbsp;&nbsp;SB 156 passed the Senate 40-0.&nbsp; Having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb186_00_0000.pdf">SB 186</a>&nbsp;would amend criminal procedure laws related to the availability of probable cause information, issuance of search warrants, setting bond for persons charged with certain sex offenses, forfeiture of appearance bonds, and the regulation of compensated sureties.&nbsp; The bill also would revise the Kansas Criminal Code definition of certain sex crimes to include conduct related to artificially generated visual depictions and define related terms.&nbsp;&nbsp;SB 186 passed 40-0.&nbsp; Having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb204_01_0326.pdf">SB 204</a>&nbsp;would require the sealing of certain records relating to case information, warrants, and subpoenas in certain criminal and juvenile cases; and amend law concerning the selection of attorney members of county law library (CLL) boards of trustees and fees that may be used for enhancing and facilitating the functions of the district court in the county.&nbsp;&nbsp;SB 204 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb237_01_0000.pdf">SB 237</a>&nbsp;would amend the Scrap Metal Theft Reduction Act by authorizing Kansas law enforcement officers to conduct investigations of violations of the Act.&nbsp; The bill would require, upon an investigation’s conclusion, investigative reports to be submitted to the Attorney General, regardless of whether any local action was taken.&nbsp;&nbsp;SB 237 passed 38-2; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2045_01_04102025.pdf">HB 2045</a>&nbsp;would establish the Kansas Office of Early Childhood, update law regulating child care centers and child care homes, and provide certain definitions, staffing requirements, and requirements for professional development training.&nbsp;&nbsp;HB 2045 passed 30-10; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2335_01_04101030am.pdf">HB 2335</a>&nbsp;<a>would authorize issuance of the Hunter Nation distinctive license plate on and after January 1, 2026, for use on a passenger vehicle or truck registered for a gross weight of 20,000 pounds or less.&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>HB 2335 passed 39-1; having also passed the House, it’s now headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb24_02_3262025.pdf">SB 24</a>&nbsp;would expand the eligibility requirements for postsecondary education institutions to participate in the Kansas Promise Scholarship Program and increase the maximum amount that could be appropriated to the program.&nbsp;&nbsp;SB 24 passed the Senate 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2125_02_0410am.pdf">HB 2125</a>&nbsp;would reauthorize the statewide school finance mill levy, modify certain dates related to municipal budgeting, modify the form required for revenue neutral rate notices and continue the state reimbursement of printing and postage costs associated with such notices, and prohibit filing fees at the State Board of Tax Appeals when prior appeals remain pending.&nbsp;&nbsp;HB 2125 passed 39-1; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor.&nbsp;I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2275_01_0324259pm.pdf">HB 2275</a>&nbsp;would authorize the submission of local sales taxes to voters in Finney, Jackson, Pawnee, and Seward counties; modify the apportionment of countywide sales taxes; and specify that a sales tax exemption certificate is not required for the sales tax exemption for certain custom meat processing services.&nbsp;&nbsp;HB 2275 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sr1716/">SR 1716</a>&nbsp;approves an amendment to the gaming compact with the Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska concerning sports wagering.&nbsp;&nbsp;SR 1716 passed 39-1. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2007_01_0410.pdf">HB 2007</a>&nbsp;would reconcile amendments to statutes that were amended more than once during the current and prior legislative sessions.&nbsp;&nbsp;HB 2007 passed 40-0; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2289_01_04119am.pdf">HB 2289</a>&nbsp;would&nbsp;<a>make changes to the Kansas Affordable Housing Tax Credit and Kansas Housing Investor Tax Credit programs and provide for the incremental discontinuation of the Kansas Affordable Housing Tax Credit Program.&nbsp;&nbsp;</a>HB 2289 passed 33-7; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb98_01_041112pm.pdf">SB 98</a>&nbsp;would provide a sales tax exemption to certain firms making eligible investments in a qualified data center, as defined by the bill.&nbsp;&nbsp;SB 98 passed 26-8; having also passed the House, it’s headed to the governor. I voted yes.

Below are several noteworthy bills that were signed into law:

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb125_01_0000.pdf">SB 125</a>&nbsp;– Annual Budget.&nbsp; While the governor line-itemed many items, the annual budget was signed into law.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb35_01_0325251130am.pdf">SB 35</a>&nbsp;removes the state from the business of directly assessing property taxes by eliminating the statewide mill levies of 1.0 mills for state educational buildings and 0.5 mills for state institution buildings.&nbsp;

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2022_01_1115.pdf">HB 2022</a>&nbsp;requires all special elections (often to pass a bond or a sales tax hike) to be held in March on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March or on the same day as a primary or general election.

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb9_01_20250325pm.pdf">SB 9</a>&nbsp;creates the Kansas Land and Military Installation Protection Act, which prevents foreign adversaries from owning land within 100 miles of a military installation in Kansas.&nbsp; The legislation was designed to cover most of Kansas.&nbsp; It also prohibits government agencies from purchasing or acquiring drones whose critical components were produced in a country of concern, or whose critical components were produced or owned by a foreign principal.&nbsp;

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb250_01_032520250930am.pdf">SB 250</a>&nbsp;is the Right to Try bill.&nbsp; The bill authorizes a manufacturer operating in an eligible facility to make available individualized investigative treatments and allow individuals with life-threatening or severely debilitating illnesses to request an individualized investigational drug, biologic product, or device from such manufacturers.&nbsp;

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/supp_note_hb2228_01_0000.pdf">HB 2228</a>&nbsp;requires any political subdivision to hold an open meeting before approving a contingent fee contract for legal services and require such contract to be approved by the Attorney General before becoming effective.&nbsp;

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_sb114_01_0325253pm.pdf">SB 114</a>&nbsp;authorizes non-public school students and virtual school students participating in a school activity governed by the Kansas State High School Activities Association (KSHSAA) to also participate in certain ancillary school district activities.&nbsp; Current law allows for non-public school and virtual students who meet the requirements of law to participate in activities that are regulated, supervised, promoted, and developed by the KSHSAA.&nbsp;

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/documents/ccrb_hb2054_01_3262025.pdf">HB 2054</a>&nbsp;modernizes our campaign finance statutes by increasing contribution limits to candidates and political parties.&nbsp;

ADDITIONAL BILLS SIGNED – APRIL 25TH

SB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb186/">186</a>&nbsp;– protects Kansans by combating online sexual crimes and strengthens protections for survivors of sexual assault, among other related public safety issues.

Senate Sub HB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2007/">2007</a>&nbsp;– reconciles multiple amendments to certain statutes for 2025 legislative session.

Senate Sub HB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2125/">2125</a>&nbsp;– modifies the deadline for mailing property tax statements to taxpayers and the deadline for governing bodies to certify the amount of property tax to be levied to the county clerk. Also provides for the country clerk’s use of the previous year’s budget when a taxing subdivision fails to file its budget in a timely manner, among other changes.

<a>HB&nbsp;</a><a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2289/">2289</a>&nbsp;– modifies the Kansas Affordable Housing Tax Credit and Housing Investor Tax Credit programs.

HB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2231/">2231</a>&nbsp;– provides personal exemption for head of household tax filers and increases the personal exemption for certain disabled veterans for purposes of income tax, modifies the definition of household income and increases the household income and the appraised value thresholds for eligibility of older adults/disabled veterans related to increased property tax homestead refund claims.

Senate Sub HB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2125/">2125</a>&nbsp;– authorizes certain local governments to submit local sales tax proposals to voters for various projects.

HB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/hb2335/">2335</a>&nbsp;– authorizes the issuance of the Hunter Nation distinctive license plate starting January&nbsp;1, 2026.&nbsp;

SB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb98/">98</a>&nbsp;– creates a sales tax exemption for qualifying data center projects. Also gives the state another tool to bring jobs and infrastructure to Kansas communities through economic development.

SB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb156/">156</a>&nbsp;– increases the reimbursement amount the Kansas Department of Corrections may make to compensate inmates for losses for personal injury or property damage.

SB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb204/">204</a>&nbsp;– creates a new process for the appointment of trustees to county law libraries. Senate Bill 204 also requires that certain sensitive information about cases, warrants and subpoenas in criminal and juvenile cases be kept confidential to protect the privacy of Kansans.

SB&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb237/">237</a>&nbsp;– authorizes law enforcement officers to conduct investigations of violations of the Scrap Metal Theft Reduction Act.

Vetoed bill&nbsp;-&nbsp;&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/b2025_26/measures/sb24/">SB 24</a>&nbsp; would expand the postsecondary educational institutions eligible to participate in the Kansas Promise Scholarship Program and raise the maximum annual appropriation limit.

By a vote of 40-0, the Senate confirmed Rebecca Dickinson to the Kansas Crime Victims Compensation Board.

<a target="_blank" href="http://www.kslegislature.org/">Kansas Legislature Website</a>&nbsp;- Home page of the Kansas Legislature

<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_0NO-Pb96CFABvxDwXAq8A">Kansas Legislature Streaming</a>&nbsp;– Follow the legislature in committee and on the floor

<a target="_blank" href="http://www.whitehouse.gov/">WhiteHouse.gov</a>&nbsp;– President Trump’s Executive Actions are included here.

<a target="_blank" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/remarks/2025/03/remarks-by-president-trump-in-joint-address-to-congress/">Transcript</a>&nbsp;– President Trump’s Address to Congress

<a target="_blank" href="https://kslegislature.gov/li/kansascoge/">COGE Portal</a>&nbsp;– Committee on Government Efficiency Portal

WATCH RE-RUNS OF LEGISLATIVE CHAMBER AND COMMITTEE ACTION

If you would like to review the past session - Senate and House floor activity or watch committee hearings from each Chamber – you are able to find many choices at&nbsp;&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_0NO-Pb96CFABvxDwXAq8A?view_as=subscriber">Kansas Legislature YouTube</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="http://sg001-harmony.sliq.net/00287/Harmony/en/View/Calendar/">Kansas Legislature Audio</a>.

The 2026 Kansas Legislative Session will begin on&nbsp;January 12 at 2:00 p.m., when we return to our offices at the Capitol in Topeka.

During the summer and fall months, I can be reached at my legislative email,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:elaine.bowers@senate.ks.gov">elaine.bowers@senate.ks.gov</a>, &nbsp;or at my work email,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:elaine@concordiaautomart.com">elaine@concordiaautomart.com</a>. My office is located at 212 E. 6th St., Concordia, KS 66901, and if you’re in the area, feel free to stop by. You can also reach me during the day at 785-243-3325, ext. 2.

Please don’t hesitate to contact me with questions, concerns, or ideas for legislation for the upcoming session. For more information during the interim, I encourage you to visit&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kslegislature.org/">www.kslegislature.org</a>, which offers helpful resources on legislators, committees, current and past bills, internships, and more.

It is truly an honor to serve you in the&nbsp;36th Kansas Senate District, and I welcome the opportunity to hear from you anytime.

&nbsp; Senator Elaine BowersKansas State Capitol Building Room 223-E300 SW 10th St.Topeka, KS&nbsp;66612

BOWERS: Senate Scene 2025 legislative wrap-up

Bill Faflick, KSHSAA Executive Director

When students are involved in education-based activities, they are better! We all know the connection with peers, with coaches and sponsors, and to the community support their academic success as well as their physical health and mental wellness. However, can some students take it too far and be doing too much? 

Earlier in April, I listened intently to the doctors, athletic trainers, school nurses and school leaders serving on the KSHSAA Sports Medicine Academy as they talked about a significant concern becoming more prevalent in their work with students. That topic is burnout. While the discussion was focused on supporting the many students who experience overuse injury, it also included students who have lost the love of the game. It was reported:

Over 50% of high school athletes report training related injuries which contribute to mental and physical exhaustion which can lead to burnout.

Teenagers who overtrain are also at a higher risk of eating disorders and sleep problems.

36% of high school student-athletes report feeling burned out because they feel pressure to succeed from their coaches and parents.

30-40% of young athletes experience burnout at some point in their sports careers and 70% of kids drop out of organized sports by age 13.

Overtraining and burnout are linked to higher rates of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.

Bill Faflick, KSHSAA Executive DirectorWhen students are involved in education-based activities, they are better! We all know the connection with peers, with coaches and sponsors, and to the community support their academic success as well as their physical health and mental wellness. However, can some students take it too far and be doing too much? Earlier in April, I listened intently to the doctors, athletic trainers, school nurses and school leaders serving on the KSHSAA Sports Medicine Academy as they talked about a significant concern becoming more prevalent in their work with students. That topic is burnout. While the discussion was focused on supporting the many students who experience overuse injury, it also included students who have lost the love of the game. It was reported:Over 50% of high school athletes report training related injuries which contribute to mental and physical exhaustion which can lead to burnout.Teenagers who overtrain are also at a higher risk of eating disorders and sleep problems.36% of high school student-athletes report feeling burned out because they feel pressure to succeed from their coaches and parents.30-40% of young athletes experience burnout at some point in their sports careers and 70% of kids drop out of organized sports by age 13.Overtraining and burnout are linked to higher rates of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem.While I support the notion of learning to work hard to achieve at the highest level, many of our students are exhausted. We need to teach our students to work smarter, not necessarily more! As we prepare for summer, which has been transformed from an opportunity for students and coaches to recharge and pursue options not possible during the school year, into a fight for more training and more competition. Is it too much?The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends students not spend more than 5 days a week playing or practicing one sport and 2-3 months per year of no organized sports. The KSHSAA SMAC suggested a general rule of thumb for a student is for the maximum hours of training, practice and competition per week to not exceed the age of the student or 16 hours per week (whichever is less).As you head to summer, I encourage you to lead the discussion on how less can be more. Thank you for supporting the healthy development of students.

Opinion