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Ellis County Fair board members have been busy the last few months reaching out to old and potential new sponsors. Even with their efforts, fundraising has fallen short of their goal this year by $25,000.

The Ellis County Fair is one of the longest standing events in Ellis County starting back in the late 1800s. 

County fairs were a way to unite all the cities, towns, and villages to celebrate those that lived within the county lines. They also displayed their best harvest and crafts. 

The Ellis County Fair started in the now city limits of Hays, at one time the south end on Main Street. Land was donated to the county by the Schenk family and now sits on its current location.

The present Ellis County Fair provides entertainment to go along with all the entries so it will draw people to come view all the exhibits. The Ellis County 4-H club members work hard on not only their livestock exhibits, but other entries such as needlework, foods, arts and crafts, woodworking, and photography. They are judged on their entries teaching youth important life skills that will help them evolve into well-rounded adults.

While the fair has grandstand entertainment that requires a ticket for attendance, there are a number of family-orientated events that are offered free to the public, but still cost money to bring them in. Some of those are the petting zoo, live music on the midway, contests such as cornhole, hot dog eating contest, pie eating contest, kids’ games, Lego contest, wagon rides from Clydesdales, and a balloon artist, to name a few. 

The few fair board members also work on updating the fairgrounds every year to make it a nice facility. They have donated countless hours and personal equipment and supplies to make the fairgrounds a great attraction.

What we ask of the community is to support the fair. If you are able to donate to help, make this long-standing tradition continue operating and growing, it would be a great benefit to our community. There is no donation too big or small. We have a large number of businesses and individuals that have sponsored the county fair for countless years already, and for that we are grateful for their generosity to support this tradition.

If you are able to support the Ellis County Fair, please contact a board member; member listing is found on their website: <a href="https://ellisco.net/681/Ellis-County-Fair">Another Day in Fairadise! </a>&nbsp;You can also email them at elliscountyfair@gmail.com.

The Ellis County fair runs from July 11-19, 2025. If you are not able to donate, consider entering and competing at the fair!

Jill Pfannenstiel Vice-President, Ellis County Fair Association

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698091063975.png" alt="Image by Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Image by Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>Ellis County Fair board members have been busy the last few months reaching out to old and potential new sponsors. Even with their efforts, fundraising has fallen short of their goal this year by $25,000.The Ellis County Fair is one of the longest standing events in Ellis County starting back in the late 1800s. County fairs were a way to unite all the cities, towns, and villages to celebrate those that lived within the county lines. They also displayed their best harvest and crafts. The Ellis County Fair started in the now city limits of Hays, at one time the south end on Main Street. Land was donated to the county by the Schenk family and now sits on its current location.The present Ellis County Fair provides entertainment to go along with all the entries so it will draw people to come view all the exhibits. The Ellis County 4-H club members work hard on not only their livestock exhibits, but other entries such as needlework, foods, arts and crafts, woodworking, and photography. They are judged on their entries teaching youth important life skills that will help them evolve into well-rounded adults.While the fair has grandstand entertainment that requires a ticket for attendance, there are a number of family-orientated events that are offered free to the public, but still cost money to bring them in. Some of those are the petting zoo, live music on the midway, contests such as cornhole, hot dog eating contest, pie eating contest, kids’ games, Lego contest, wagon rides from Clydesdales, and a balloon artist, to name a few. The few fair board members also work on updating the fairgrounds every year to make it a nice facility. They have donated countless hours and personal equipment and supplies to make the fairgrounds a great attraction.What we ask of the community is to support the fair. If you are able to donate to help, make this long-standing tradition continue operating and growing, it would be a great benefit to our community. There is no donation too big or small. We have a large number of businesses and individuals that have sponsored the county fair for countless years already, and for that we are grateful for their generosity to support this tradition.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1744623053908.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>If you are able to support the Ellis County Fair, please contact a board member; member listing is found on their website: <a href="https://ellisco.net/681/Ellis-County-Fair">Another Day in Fairadise! </a>&nbsp;You can also email them at elliscountyfair@gmail.com.The Ellis County fair runs from July 11-19, 2025. If you are not able to donate, consider entering and competing at the fair!Jill Pfannenstiel Vice-President, Ellis County Fair Association

LETTER: Ellis County Fair short $25,000 on fundraising efforts

Sixteen months from now Kansans will vote on a state constitutional amendment that will, if passed, institute popular elections for state supreme court justices. This possibility disturbs many Kansans, and it’s worth trying to understand why.

Today, Kansas has a mostly merit-based system for choosing supreme court justices; while the governor makes the appointment, they are required to choose from list of candidates prepared by a non-partisan committee of lawyers. It’s a fairly unique process, though some other states also take a similarly mixed approach to the filling of state judicial positions.

The idea of shifting to straightforward competitive elections for choosing justices is hardly unknown, however; 21 states have that system (which was also the selection process for judges that Thomas Jefferson preferred, for whatever that’s worth). So what is the fear?

Most say they’re concerned that judicial elections would result in huge amounts of money flowing into Kansas to influence voters one way or another, as was the case recently in Wisconsin, where over $100 million was spent in the last Supreme Court election. 

The focus here is on the profound inequality and potential corruption which comes along with such expensive political races. These elements of contemporary politics are especially inappropriate for the judicial system, or so the argument goes, since it needs to stand as a neutral, non-partisan arbiter of constitutional disputes.

The first part of that fear of indisputably true; while direct connections between large campaign donations and quid-pro-quo-type corruption are rare, the reality of money’s indirect influence on the choices which elected leaders make is all but impossible to deny. But that said, I don’t know if the second part of that concern matters as much as some believe.

Basically, I’m dubious that the judicial branches of our state governments (much like the federal judiciary) have ever been or could ever be the entirely “neutral, non-partisan arbiters” of the law that many want to believe them to be. 

It’s not as though Governor Kelly, when there was a vacancy of the Kansas Supreme Court, didn’t carefully investigate the suggested nominees, so as to avoid choosing someone ideologically committed to an agenda she opposed.

Which I think points to the real problem with adopting judicial elections in our current environment of essentially unregulated campaign money.

 Put frankly: who are the sorts of people who are going to want to serve in the highest levels of our state’s judicial system if doing so will require extensive commitments to raising money and campaigning? Obviously, it’s more likely to appeal to those who, like most politicians generally, desire to promote specific political and legal agendas. So the result of electing justices may not be a corrupting of the judiciary, but rather simply making more obvious the political biases that everyone involved already possesses.

Maintaining a constitutional place for unelected judges in a democratic republic is no easy feat. There needs to be a role for public input; leaving justices entirely unaccountable to those whom their decisions affect is, I think, a sure recipe for discontent. 

But on the other hand, inviting people entirely committed to their political agendas to put themselves forward as the judicial candidates we choose from could undermine the dispositions upon which the courts’ legitimacy depends. 

In Kansas, state judges are already subject to retention votes, though they are almost never removed for that reason. Perhaps taking more seriously that aspect of the judicial selection process—by, for example, imposing term limits—could make for a more balanced reform of the system, rather than replacing it entirely?

Dr. Russell Arben Fox teaches politics at Friends University in Wichita.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/7/1690389122282.jpeg" alt="Dr. Russell Arben Fox teaches politics at Friends University in Wichita. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Dr. Russell Arben Fox teaches politics at Friends University in Wichita. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Sixteen months from now Kansans will vote on a state constitutional amendment that will, if passed, institute popular elections for state supreme court justices. This possibility disturbs many Kansans, and it’s worth trying to understand why.Today, Kansas has a mostly merit-based system for choosing supreme court justices; while the governor makes the appointment, they are required to choose from list of candidates prepared by a non-partisan committee of lawyers. It’s a fairly unique process, though some other states also take a similarly mixed approach to the filling of state judicial positions.The idea of shifting to straightforward competitive elections for choosing justices is hardly unknown, however; 21 states have that system (which was also the selection process for judges that Thomas Jefferson preferred, for whatever that’s worth). So what is the fear?Most say they’re concerned that judicial elections would result in huge amounts of money flowing into Kansas to influence voters one way or another, as was the case recently in Wisconsin, where over $100 million was spent in the last Supreme Court election. The focus here is on the profound inequality and potential corruption which comes along with such expensive political races. These elements of contemporary politics are especially inappropriate for the judicial system, or so the argument goes, since it needs to stand as a neutral, non-partisan arbiter of constitutional disputes.The first part of that fear of indisputably true; while direct connections between large campaign donations and quid-pro-quo-type corruption are rare, the reality of money’s indirect influence on the choices which elected leaders make is all but impossible to deny. But that said, I don’t know if the second part of that concern matters as much as some believe.Basically, I’m dubious that the judicial branches of our state governments (much like the federal judiciary) have ever been or could ever be the entirely “neutral, non-partisan arbiters” of the law that many want to believe them to be. It’s not as though Governor Kelly, when there was a vacancy of the Kansas Supreme Court, didn’t carefully investigate the suggested nominees, so as to avoid choosing someone ideologically committed to an agenda she opposed.Which I think points to the real problem with adopting judicial elections in our current environment of essentially unregulated campaign money. Put frankly: who are the sorts of people who are going to want to serve in the highest levels of our state’s judicial system if doing so will require extensive commitments to raising money and campaigning? Obviously, it’s more likely to appeal to those who, like most politicians generally, desire to promote specific political and legal agendas. So the result of electing justices may not be a corrupting of the judiciary, but rather simply making more obvious the political biases that everyone involved already possesses.Maintaining a constitutional place for unelected judges in a democratic republic is no easy feat. There needs to be a role for public input; leaving justices entirely unaccountable to those whom their decisions affect is, I think, a sure recipe for discontent. But on the other hand, inviting people entirely committed to their political agendas to put themselves forward as the judicial candidates we choose from could undermine the dispositions upon which the courts’ legitimacy depends. In Kansas, state judges are already subject to retention votes, though they are almost never removed for that reason. Perhaps taking more seriously that aspect of the judicial selection process—by, for example, imposing term limits—could make for a more balanced reform of the system, rather than replacing it entirely?Dr. Russell Arben Fox teaches politics at Friends University in Wichita.

INSIGHT KANSAS: What’s the real problem with electing justices?

Last week it was Veto Session for the Legislature, as it was the last week of the 2025 regular session. During this week the House of Representatives and Senate voted to override bills vetoed by the Governor. Overall the House of Representatives overrode vetoes on 13 bills, detailed below is a sample of four bills from that list.

· First is House Bill (HB) 2240. This bill prohibits state agencies from seeking or implementing any public assistance program waiver, or other authorization, from the federal government that expands eligibility for public assistance programs or increases costs to the state. The bill also prohibits potential changes to services for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities without express consent or approval from either the Legislature or the Legislative Coordinating Council.

· Second is HB 2217. This legislation expands the scope of the investigatory powers of the Inspector General within the Office of the Attorney General to all state cash, food, and health assistance programs. The bill also grants the Inspector General the power to subpoena, administer oaths, and execute search warrants. The bill would also add and amend several definitions and make technical, clarifying, and conforming amendments to state law.

· Third is Senate Bill (SB) 125, the state’s budget bill for fiscal years (FY) 2025 and 2026. The Governor made 40 line-item vetoes, and the Legislature overrode 15 of these.

First is the $3 million State General Fund (SGF) for the Pregnancy Compassion Awareness Program in FY 2026. Second is $1 million SGF for Purple UAS certification innovation grant in FY 2026, aimed at growing the drone manufacturing industry in Kansas. Third and last is the bonding authority for construction of a new State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, critical to agriculture in our state.

· Fourth is SB 29. This piece of legislation would make several changes to current law. First is that it would require the Secretary of Health and Environment to have probable cause, supported by evidence, before taking action to prevent the spread or introduction of infectious diseases. Second, parties aggrieved by said actions would be permitted to pursue civil action against the Secretary of Health and Environment, or any local health officer. Third, local health officers and joint boards would be limited to issuing recommendations against public gatherings to control the spread of disease. Fourth and last would be eliminating the ability for either the Secretary of Health and Environment, or local health officers, from ordering&nbsp;law enforcement assistance regarding those orders.

I voted in favor of overriding the Governor’s veto for each of these bills.

Even though it was Veto Session both chambers of the Legislature were still conferencing on bills. When the conference committees on said bills are finished, and significant changes to the bill are made, a conference committee report (CCR) is created, which is the final version of the bill before enrollment to the Governor. The topics of these CCRs ranged from changing tax policy to streamlining childcare regulations. Ten conference committee reports were voted on this week and detailed below is a sample of four.

First is the CCR for House Bill 2045. This legislation creates the Office of Early Childhood, which will serve as the sole office charged with regulating early childcare in Kansas and consolidates current efforts by several state agencies.

Second is the CCR for House Bill 2125. This bill reauthorizes the statewide school property mill levy, changes certification dates for property tax filings at the county level, extends state reimbursements for mailing and printing costs incurred by county clerks on tax notifications, and eliminates filing fees for repeat appeals, over different years, with the State Board of Tax Appeals.

Third is the CCR for House Bill 2335. This legislation creates a cap on several housing tax credits and enables transference of the Kansas Housing Investor Tax Credit, even retroactively back to tax year 2022.

Fourth and last is the CCR for House Bill 2007. This is the aforementioned reconciliation bill for the 2025 legislative session, which means that the bill extends authority to the Office of Revisors, the legal team that drafts laws for the legislature, to reconcile potential contradictions created by laws passed during the session.

Two weeks ago, my office had mailed constituents that the State Treasurer’s office had identified as possessing right to unclaimed property. Such property ranges from bank accounts to dividends, which had been forgotten and unclaimed. However, a significant number of letters mailed were returned to my office by the postal service due to the recipient no longer residing at the address. Due to this I am noting it here on the newsletter. To verify if you have unclaimed property and to initiate the claim process, please visit the unclaimed property website at: <a href="https://unclaimedproperty.ks.gov/">https://unclaimedproperty.ks.gov/</a>.

It is a distinct honor to serve as your representative for the 109th Kansas House District and the state of Kansas. Please contact me with your thoughts, concerns, and questions. I always appreciate hearing from the residents of the 109th House District and others from the state of Kansas, as well.

Contact My Office Representative Troy L. Waymaster 300 SW 10th&nbsp;Street Topeka,&nbsp;Kansas&nbsp;66612 troy.waymaster@house.ks.gov <a href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/">www.kslegislature.org</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/3/1741110863614.png" alt="State Rep. Troy Waymaster, R-Bunker Hill, 109th Dist. Photo by Sherman Smith/Kansas Reflector" />
 <figcaption>State Rep. Troy Waymaster, R-Bunker Hill, 109th Dist. Photo by Sherman Smith/Kansas Reflector</figcaption>
 </figure>April 13, 2025 TopekaGOVERNOR VETO OVERRIDESLast week it was Veto Session for the Legislature, as it was the last week of the 2025 regular session. During this week the House of Representatives and Senate voted to override bills vetoed by the Governor. Overall the House of Representatives overrode vetoes on 13 bills, detailed below is a sample of four bills from that list.· First is House Bill (HB) 2240. This bill prohibits state agencies from seeking or implementing any public assistance program waiver, or other authorization, from the federal government that expands eligibility for public assistance programs or increases costs to the state. The bill also prohibits potential changes to services for people with intellectual or developmental disabilities without express consent or approval from either the Legislature or the Legislative Coordinating Council.· Second is HB 2217. This legislation expands the scope of the investigatory powers of the Inspector General within the Office of the Attorney General to all state cash, food, and health assistance programs. The bill also grants the Inspector General the power to subpoena, administer oaths, and execute search warrants. The bill would also add and amend several definitions and make technical, clarifying, and conforming amendments to state law.· Third is Senate Bill (SB) 125, the state’s budget bill for fiscal years (FY) 2025 and 2026. The Governor made 40 line-item vetoes, and the Legislature overrode 15 of these. I will highlight a few of them here. First is the $3 million State General Fund (SGF) for the Pregnancy Compassion Awareness Program in FY 2026. Second is $1 million SGF for Purple UAS certification innovation grant in FY 2026, aimed at growing the drone manufacturing industry in Kansas. Third and last is the bonding authority for construction of a new State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, critical to agriculture in our state.· Fourth is SB 29. This piece of legislation would make several changes to current law. First is that it would require the Secretary of Health and Environment to have probable cause, supported by evidence, before taking action to prevent the spread or introduction of infectious diseases. Second, parties aggrieved by said actions would be permitted to pursue civil action against the Secretary of Health and Environment, or any local health officer. Third, local health officers and joint boards would be limited to issuing recommendations against public gatherings to control the spread of disease. Fourth and last would be eliminating the ability for either the Secretary of Health and Environment, or local health officers, from ordering&nbsp;law enforcement assistance regarding those orders.I voted in favor of overriding the Governor’s veto for each of these bills.CONFERENCE COMMITTEE REPORTSEven though it was Veto Session both chambers of the Legislature were still conferencing on bills. When the conference committees on said bills are finished, and significant changes to the bill are made, a conference committee report (CCR) is created, which is the final version of the bill before enrollment to the Governor. The topics of these CCRs ranged from changing tax policy to streamlining childcare regulations. Ten conference committee reports were voted on this week and detailed below is a sample of four.First is the CCR for House Bill 2045. This legislation creates the Office of Early Childhood, which will serve as the sole office charged with regulating early childcare in Kansas and consolidates current efforts by several state agencies. Second is the CCR for House Bill 2125. This bill reauthorizes the statewide school property mill levy, changes certification dates for property tax filings at the county level, extends state reimbursements for mailing and printing costs incurred by county clerks on tax notifications, and eliminates filing fees for repeat appeals, over different years, with the State Board of Tax Appeals.Third is the CCR for House Bill 2335. This legislation creates a cap on several housing tax credits and enables transference of the Kansas Housing Investor Tax Credit, even retroactively back to tax year 2022. Fourth and last is the CCR for House Bill 2007. This is the aforementioned reconciliation bill for the 2025 legislative session, which means that the bill extends authority to the Office of Revisors, the legal team that drafts laws for the legislature, to reconcile potential contradictions created by laws passed during the session.UNCLAIMED PROPERTYTwo weeks ago, my office had mailed constituents that the State Treasurer’s office had identified as possessing right to unclaimed property. Such property ranges from bank accounts to dividends, which had been forgotten and unclaimed. However, a significant number of letters mailed were returned to my office by the postal service due to the recipient no longer residing at the address. Due to this I am noting it here on the newsletter. To verify if you have unclaimed property and to initiate the claim process, please visit the unclaimed property website at: <a href="https://unclaimedproperty.ks.gov/">https://unclaimedproperty.ks.gov/</a>.It is a distinct honor to serve as your representative for the 109th Kansas House District and the state of Kansas. Please contact me with your thoughts, concerns, and questions. I always appreciate hearing from the residents of the 109th House District and others from the state of Kansas, as well.Contact My Office Representative Troy L. Waymaster 300 SW 10th&nbsp;Street Topeka,&nbsp;Kansas&nbsp;66612 troy.waymaster@house.ks.gov <a href="https://www.kslegislature.gov/li/">www.kslegislature.org</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;

WAYMASTER: From the Dome to Home, April 13, 2025

By STEVE GILLILAND Explore Kansas Outdoors

Well, it’s time again for both the largest and the smallest birds in Kansas to make their spring appearances. 

Turkey Vultures, being of course the largest, are here already. There are probably more yet to come as they make their way back from their winter digs in South America. 

Ruby Throated Hummingbirds, being the smallest, also winter in South America and are due back in Kansas around the middle of April; the earliest sighting last spring was on April 14 in Wichita. 

I have written about turkey vultures in Kansas numerous times over the years, and about their importance as God’s cleanup-crew; with digestive enzymes that can safely digest even the sourest and rankest roadkill, they provide a necessary service to our environment. They are also mesmerizing to watch as they soar and float on the Kansas winds. 

But today I want to concentrate more on the smallest birds among us, the hummingbirds.

At the annual McPherson Spring Garden Show a couple years back, Mike Daniels, owner of Brook’s Landscape LLC spoke about “Gardening for Friends,” and his main topic was hummingbirds and gardening to attract them. 

With wings that beat over 50 times per second, hummingbirds can make the trip across the Gulf of Mexico back to the US in 18 – 22 hours, resting on boats and oil derricks if necessary. It’s always been said that hummingbirds are attracted to the color red, but Daniels said that because of the way they see colors, any color using red in its spectrum will attract them, so orange, yellow and purple should all work as well.

We often design our entire back yards foliage to attract hummingbirds and hang nectar feeders to cater to their “sweet tooth,” and are sometimes rewarded with “close encounters” as the little blighters become comfortable with our presence. 

Hummingbirds were much more prevalent in Ohio where I grew up, and we often saw three or four at once at our feeders. One feeder hung in front of a back porch near our kitchen, and the little hummers learned to hover outside a nearby window to get our attention when the feeder was empty. Once after filling the feeder, I slipped quietly out onto the porch and one hungry little hummer actually drank from it as I stood there motionless, holding the feeder at arm’s length.

Hummingbirds also have a voracious appetite for insects and have actually been observed robbing trapped bugs from spider webs. They make nests from thistle down and dandelion leaves and weave it all together with spider silk from spider webs. The female usually sits on two jellybean-sized eggs and they can have two broods a year.

Daniels suggests trying to attract them with plants and using feeders as a backup. He says to keep the feeders clean and free from mold and dirt, and when mixing the nectar, boil the water and add sugar at the rate of 1 part sugar to 4 parts water to make a syrup that does not sour as quickly as thicker sugar water. 

Hang feeders in partial shade several feet apart to help keep the males from fighting and hang them where cats can’t get to them. We’ve all heard it said that keeping feeders out too late in the fall might encourage hummingbirds to stay later than they should and miss their fall migration. Daniels told us that is not a problem, as the little guys’ God-given instinct and the absence of insects will send them on their way south right on time. 

Hummingbirds love petunias and trumpet vine, and salvia, angelonia, morning glory, beard tongue, coral bells and bee balm are also very attractive to them; these plants will&nbsp;all attract butterflies as well.

 Stay away from insecticides and pesticides if possible and use herbicides sparingly.

Yes, it’s time for the greatest and the smallest in the Kansas skies to appear once again from their winter homes far to the south. 

Look to the sky as the air warms on spring mornings and you’re bound to spot vultures effortlessly soaring above as they ride the rising columns of warm air known as thermals. 

Get your hummingbird feeders cleaned and ready and spruce up your lawn with a few new plants, and prepare to be entertained by the buzzing sound of little wings and the chattering of jousting hummingbirds as they chase each other across your back yard. 

What&nbsp;a great time to Explore Kansas Outdoors!

Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="Steve Gilliland. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Steve Gilliland. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STEVE GILLILAND Explore Kansas OutdoorsWell, it’s time again for both the largest and the smallest birds in Kansas to make their spring appearances. Turkey Vultures, being of course the largest, are here already. There are probably more yet to come as they make their way back from their winter digs in South America. Ruby Throated Hummingbirds, being the smallest, also winter in South America and are due back in Kansas around the middle of April; the earliest sighting last spring was on April 14 in Wichita. I have written about turkey vultures in Kansas numerous times over the years, and about their importance as God’s cleanup-crew; with digestive enzymes that can safely digest even the sourest and rankest roadkill, they provide a necessary service to our environment. They are also mesmerizing to watch as they soar and float on the Kansas winds. But today I want to concentrate more on the smallest birds among us, the hummingbirds.At the annual McPherson Spring Garden Show a couple years back, Mike Daniels, owner of Brook’s Landscape LLC spoke about “Gardening for Friends,” and his main topic was hummingbirds and gardening to attract them. With wings that beat over 50 times per second, hummingbirds can make the trip across the Gulf of Mexico back to the US in 18 – 22 hours, resting on boats and oil derricks if necessary. It’s always been said that hummingbirds are attracted to the color red, but Daniels said that because of the way they see colors, any color using red in its spectrum will attract them, so orange, yellow and purple should all work as well.We often design our entire back yards foliage to attract hummingbirds and hang nectar feeders to cater to their “sweet tooth,” and are sometimes rewarded with “close encounters” as the little blighters become comfortable with our presence. Hummingbirds were much more prevalent in Ohio where I grew up, and we often saw three or four at once at our feeders. One feeder hung in front of a back porch near our kitchen, and the little hummers learned to hover outside a nearby window to get our attention when the feeder was empty. Once after filling the feeder, I slipped quietly out onto the porch and one hungry little hummer actually drank from it as I stood there motionless, holding the feeder at arm’s length.Hummingbirds also have a voracious appetite for insects and have actually been observed robbing trapped bugs from spider webs. They make nests from thistle down and dandelion leaves and weave it all together with spider silk from spider webs. The female usually sits on two jellybean-sized eggs and they can have two broods a year.Daniels suggests trying to attract them with plants and using feeders as a backup. He says to keep the feeders clean and free from mold and dirt, and when mixing the nectar, boil the water and add sugar at the rate of 1 part sugar to 4 parts water to make a syrup that does not sour as quickly as thicker sugar water. Hang feeders in partial shade several feet apart to help keep the males from fighting and hang them where cats can’t get to them. We’ve all heard it said that keeping feeders out too late in the fall might encourage hummingbirds to stay later than they should and miss their fall migration. Daniels told us that is not a problem, as the little guys’ God-given instinct and the absence of insects will send them on their way south right on time. Hummingbirds love petunias and trumpet vine, and salvia, angelonia, morning glory, beard tongue, coral bells and bee balm are also very attractive to them; these plants will&nbsp;all attract butterflies as well. Stay away from insecticides and pesticides if possible and use herbicides sparingly.Yes, it’s time for the greatest and the smallest in the Kansas skies to appear once again from their winter homes far to the south. Look to the sky as the air warms on spring mornings and you’re bound to spot vultures effortlessly soaring above as they ride the rising columns of warm air known as thermals. Get your hummingbird feeders cleaned and ready and spruce up your lawn with a few new plants, and prepare to be entertained by the buzzing sound of little wings and the chattering of jousting hummingbirds as they chase each other across your back yard. What&nbsp;a great time to Explore Kansas Outdoors!Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Explore Kansas Outdoors: The greatest and the smallest in the Kansas sky

Spring sprang in all her splendor, triggering a purple sea to inundate yards, city park acres, roadside ditches, farm fields, and pastures. Tiny lavender blooms set among frilly leaves welcome warming temperatures every year, but current conditions have cranked its performance.

Commonly called henbit, this vegetation sporting tiny orchid-like flowers blends cheerfully with dandelions that brighten green lawns and irritate weed haters. This North African/Eurasian immigrant has outdone itself recently, creating a divided populace—those who hate it and those who don’t.

As daylight lengthens and greenery unfurls, a pinkish-purple carpet has overtaken what should be verdant lawns in every area town. 

People like my mom despise this invasion into well-tended grass. I, however, forgive these tiny buds their trespasses and welcome them. Once I researched this relative newcomer to the plains, I found it had practical uses to match its eye-catching appearance as well as a few negative qualities.

Henbit or Lamium amplexicaule L. belongs to the mint family. Although a member of Lamiaceae or mint clan, henbit doesn’t smell or taste like its more refreshing relatives. 

It comes by its common name because chickens love to eat it. Apparently, cranes and storks savor it as well because some regions of the country identify it as cranesbill, heronsbill, and storksbill. In addition to hens and other birds gobbling this gourmet treat, some say hummingbirds love to sip its nectar.

For humans with exotic tastes, this plant offers interesting dining options. Homo sapiens can nibble cleaned stems, flowers, and leaves harvested from unsprayed fields. It crunches raw in salads, blends in smoothies, sautés like kale or spinach, or brews into teas. These greens, which some claim taste either like kale or mushrooms, are rich in iron, vitamins, and fiber, all positives for nutrition enthusiasts. With such recommendations, it’s surprising to see it overtaking lawns.

The explanation regarding such abundance might have something to do with the species ability to reproduce like … it’s a member of the mint family. 

A single plant can produce 2,000 seeds a season, which makes me wish I had a savings account offering such returns. Like its relatives carelessly seeded in a garden, these plants reproduce as prolifically as cottontail bunnies. Begin with two and in a couple of seasons, thousands overtake an area. This cousin to wintergreen, catnip, and spearmint excels in this department, which a drive through town confirms.

The failure of this plant to thrive in the open market may relate to its negative qualities.

 I mentioned how easily it spreads. It has additional downsides. According to one source, field infestation results in diminished yields in small grain crops. In addition, authorities explain that it hosts disease-causing nematodes and fungi in soybeans and other cultivated plantings. Learning about these objectionable qualities makes it clear why agriculturists don’t promote it.

As much as this early season bloomer brightens yards and spirits, my mother’s weed diagnosis is realistic. Anyone living close to farm fields shouldn’t let it reproduce. Those desiring to eat or feed it to livestock can’t spray it. It’s a quandary for sure.

Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658158626307.png" alt="Karen Madorin. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karen Madorin. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINSpring sprang in all her splendor, triggering a purple sea to inundate yards, city park acres, roadside ditches, farm fields, and pastures. Tiny lavender blooms set among frilly leaves welcome warming temperatures every year, but current conditions have cranked its performance.Commonly called henbit, this vegetation sporting tiny orchid-like flowers blends cheerfully with dandelions that brighten green lawns and irritate weed haters. This North African/Eurasian immigrant has outdone itself recently, creating a divided populace—those who hate it and those who don’t.As daylight lengthens and greenery unfurls, a pinkish-purple carpet has overtaken what should be verdant lawns in every area town. People like my mom despise this invasion into well-tended grass. I, however, forgive these tiny buds their trespasses and welcome them. Once I researched this relative newcomer to the plains, I found it had practical uses to match its eye-catching appearance as well as a few negative qualities.Henbit or Lamium amplexicaule L. belongs to the mint family. Although a member of Lamiaceae or mint clan, henbit doesn’t smell or taste like its more refreshing relatives. It comes by its common name because chickens love to eat it. Apparently, cranes and storks savor it as well because some regions of the country identify it as cranesbill, heronsbill, and storksbill. In addition to hens and other birds gobbling this gourmet treat, some say hummingbirds love to sip its nectar.For humans with exotic tastes, this plant offers interesting dining options. Homo sapiens can nibble cleaned stems, flowers, and leaves harvested from unsprayed fields. It crunches raw in salads, blends in smoothies, sautés like kale or spinach, or brews into teas. These greens, which some claim taste either like kale or mushrooms, are rich in iron, vitamins, and fiber, all positives for nutrition enthusiasts. With such recommendations, it’s surprising to see it overtaking lawns.The explanation regarding such abundance might have something to do with the species ability to reproduce like … it’s a member of the mint family. A single plant can produce 2,000 seeds a season, which makes me wish I had a savings account offering such returns. Like its relatives carelessly seeded in a garden, these plants reproduce as prolifically as cottontail bunnies. Begin with two and in a couple of seasons, thousands overtake an area. This cousin to wintergreen, catnip, and spearmint excels in this department, which a drive through town confirms.The failure of this plant to thrive in the open market may relate to its negative qualities. I mentioned how easily it spreads. It has additional downsides. According to one source, field infestation results in diminished yields in small grain crops. In addition, authorities explain that it hosts disease-causing nematodes and fungi in soybeans and other cultivated plantings. Learning about these objectionable qualities makes it clear why agriculturists don’t promote it.As much as this early season bloomer brightens yards and spirits, my mother’s weed diagnosis is realistic. Anyone living close to farm fields shouldn’t let it reproduce. Those desiring to eat or feed it to livestock can’t spray it. It’s a quandary for sure.Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.

MADORIN: Purple season

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. 

Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; 

Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; 

Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;

Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.

Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. 

Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). 

Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. 

However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictCrabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Crabgrass preventers

By STACY CAMPELL Cottonwood Extension District

For irrigated growers the following can serve as a good refresher or reminder. 

Giving your irrigation system a thorough check-up and tune-up this spring can lead to more effective water application and potentially, to fewer breakdowns or problems during the heart of the irrigation season. 

Even if irrigation has started in places like southwestern Kansas, it’s important to go through this checklist to potentially save energy and costs while irrigating to the best of the system’s abilities. The above-average seasonal temperatures might have made it where some have jumped into irrigation already, though the nights are still cold.

Here are some areas to check before irrigation starts or when the first irrigation occurs. These areas include the pump and pivot itself, but there may be additional areas to consider as this is not an exhaustive list. Some of this checklist might have been done in the fall.

· Clean pipes and structure of animal nests and check for any damage on the wires.

· Check all panel or pump wires for rodent damage.

· Change all lubricants, associated filters, and fluids if not done in the fall: engine, fuel, cooling system.

·  Refill the drip oil reservoir and allow oil to drain into the drip line based on pump column length.

· Grease drive shafts on the pump and motor.

· Check spark plugs on gas, propane, or natural gas motors.

· Ensure that the right-angle gear head is free moving and clean and lubricate non-reverse pins.

· Blow out any in line filters of debris and check for damage

· Flush system thoroughly with drains removed/open to prevent plugging nozzles and pressure regulators.

· Close any drains/ valves that were opened.

·  Most newer pivots have automatic frost drains that do not need maintenance, but it’s a water loss orifice that shouldn’t be overlooked.

·  Tighten all pressure valves back into operation if loosened or removed for winter months

· Run the motor at the normal operating speed for 45 minutes and walk along the system looking for faulty sprinklers. Look for plugging, broken sprinklers, partially opened valves (if present), unusual distribution/movement, and leaks. If no faulty sprinklers, then any hoses and sprinklers that might have fallen off in the winter.

·  Check the pressure at the pivot point and at the end of the system, particularly at the highest point of the field. Compare this to the design pressure indicated in the pivot chart and adjust accordingly.

· Nozzle wear depends on the quality of the water and the system operating pressure. As a rule of thumb, sprinkler replacement should be considered after approximately 10,000-12,000 hours of operation.

·  Be sure to replace malfunctioning nozzles with ones listed on the computer printout you received from the manufacturer (i.e. pivot chart).

·  Visually inspecting the sprinkler in operation before the irrigation season starts can help identify whether water application is uniform and adequate and whether repairs are needed.

· If in an area with water quality concerns, grab some water samples for water quality testing to anticipate necessary mitigation.

· Check the chemigation pump and safety equipment operation.

·  Check hoses and replace them if cracking is noticeable.

· Check for correct air pressure and extreme wear and tear in each pivot tire

Performing a preseason checkup of your irrigation equipment this spring should be part of your regular maintenance schedule. Component wear happens, resulting in less uniform water application, increased energy use, and untimely breakdowns during your irrigation season. Identify and replace worn components now to have your system ready when you need it.

Information provided by Tina Sullivan, Northeast Area Agronomist and Jonathan Aguilar, Water Resources Engineer.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictFor irrigated growers the following can serve as a good refresher or reminder. Giving your irrigation system a thorough check-up and tune-up this spring can lead to more effective water application and potentially, to fewer breakdowns or problems during the heart of the irrigation season. Even if irrigation has started in places like southwestern Kansas, it’s important to go through this checklist to potentially save energy and costs while irrigating to the best of the system’s abilities. The above-average seasonal temperatures might have made it where some have jumped into irrigation already, though the nights are still cold.Here are some areas to check before irrigation starts or when the first irrigation occurs. These areas include the pump and pivot itself, but there may be additional areas to consider as this is not an exhaustive list. Some of this checklist might have been done in the fall.· Clean pipes and structure of animal nests and check for any damage on the wires.· Check all panel or pump wires for rodent damage.· Change all lubricants, associated filters, and fluids if not done in the fall: engine, fuel, cooling system.· Refill the drip oil reservoir and allow oil to drain into the drip line based on pump column length.· Grease drive shafts on the pump and motor.· Check gearboxes for each pivot tower.· Check spark plugs on gas, propane, or natural gas motors.· Ensure that the right-angle gear head is free moving and clean and lubricate non-reverse pins.· Blow out any in line filters of debris and check for damage· Flush system thoroughly with drains removed/open to prevent plugging nozzles and pressure regulators.· Close any drains/ valves that were opened.· Most newer pivots have automatic frost drains that do not need maintenance, but it’s a water loss orifice that shouldn’t be overlooked.· Tighten all pressure valves back into operation if loosened or removed for winter months· Run the motor at the normal operating speed for 45 minutes and walk along the system looking for faulty sprinklers. Look for plugging, broken sprinklers, partially opened valves (if present), unusual distribution/movement, and leaks. If no faulty sprinklers, then any hoses and sprinklers that might have fallen off in the winter.· Check the pressure at the pivot point and at the end of the system, particularly at the highest point of the field. Compare this to the design pressure indicated in the pivot chart and adjust accordingly.· Nozzle wear depends on the quality of the water and the system operating pressure. As a rule of thumb, sprinkler replacement should be considered after approximately 10,000-12,000 hours of operation.· Be sure to replace malfunctioning nozzles with ones listed on the computer printout you received from the manufacturer (i.e. pivot chart).· Visually inspecting the sprinkler in operation before the irrigation season starts can help identify whether water application is uniform and adequate and whether repairs are needed.· If in an area with water quality concerns, grab some water samples for water quality testing to anticipate necessary mitigation.· Check the chemigation pump and safety equipment operation.· Check hoses and replace them if cracking is noticeable.· Check for correct air pressure and extreme wear and tear in each pivot tirePerforming a preseason checkup of your irrigation equipment this spring should be part of your regular maintenance schedule. Component wear happens, resulting in less uniform water application, increased energy use, and untimely breakdowns during your irrigation season. Identify and replace worn components now to have your system ready when you need it.Information provided by Tina Sullivan, Northeast Area Agronomist and Jonathan Aguilar, Water Resources Engineer.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Pre-season irrigation checklist: Maximize efficiency and minimize issues

A classic case of good versus evil is coming to Fort Hays State University this week.

Jekyll &amp; Hyde, the 1990 musical based on Robert Louis Stevenson’s 1886 novella, will run Friday and Saturday at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday, April 13 at 2:30 p.m. in FHSU’s Felten-Start Theatre. 

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, Jeff Leiker, host of The Morning Blend on KAYS Radio, talks with&nbsp;Dr. Terry Crull, professor of music and director of Jekyll &amp; Hyde. &nbsp;

<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: 'Jekyll & Hyde' musical presented by FHSU" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=8s6zx-1876f8f-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>A classic case of good versus evil is coming to Fort Hays State University this week.Jekyll &amp; Hyde, the 1990 musical based on Robert Louis Stevenson’s 1886 novella, will run Friday and Saturday at 7:30 p.m. and Sunday, April 13 at 2:30 p.m. in FHSU’s Felten-Start Theatre. On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, Jeff Leiker, host of The Morning Blend on KAYS Radio, talks with&nbsp;Dr. Terry Crull, professor of music and director of Jekyll &amp; Hyde. &nbsp;

🎙Post Podcast: 'Jekyll & Hyde' musical presented by FHSU this weekend

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

Our HAPp program began in January 2025 and is going strong! 

Participants are learning the basics about hypertension, how to take their blood pressure at home and be in dialogue with their health care provider about the data. They are also learning about lifestyle choices that can affect their blood pressure such as diet, exercise, and stress management.

HAPp offers office hours twice a month that coach participants and answer questions around hypertension. They are also setting goals in relationship to the health goals they want to accomplish. In addition to the office hours, participants, as well as the public, are invited to the nutrition workshops.

We have had two of our nutrition workshops that also include a food demonstration. At our first workshop we discussed the role of fat in our diet and learned about how to read food labels. Our program assistant conducted a food demonstration, and participants were able to taste test a couple of delicious recipes.

The second workshop included a special guest speaker, Dr. Travis Haneke, a cardiologist from Hays Medical Center. Dr. Haneke gave an overview of hypertension from a cardiologist’s point of view and was able to answer detailed questions about what hypertension is and how it affects the body! He was a great addition to the night as we further explored how salt in our diet affects blood pressure. 

We finished the night with another food demonstration from Cottonwood District program assistant, Jacy, and she broke down the numbers for us on how using reduced sodium products in recipes affects the bottom line. We also tasted a couple of great recipes! Black bean soup and a lentil recipe were outstanding!

The participants are reporting great successes including lowered blood pressure readings and just an overall feeling of wellness after a couple months into the program. They enjoy the office hours to troubleshoot specifics for themselves as well as the group support offered at the nutrition programs. 

Most importantly, participants regularly monitor their blood pressure at home to enjoy better health in the long term.

It’s not too late to join us! We have two nutrition programs left scheduled for April 29 and May 27. In April we will discuss cooking with herbs and spices and in May we will explore ways to eat healthy when out and about. Both nights will include food demonstrations and tasting new recipes and foods.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictOur HAPp program began in January 2025 and is going strong! Participants are learning the basics about hypertension, how to take their blood pressure at home and be in dialogue with their health care provider about the data. They are also learning about lifestyle choices that can affect their blood pressure such as diet, exercise, and stress management.HAPp offers office hours twice a month that coach participants and answer questions around hypertension. They are also setting goals in relationship to the health goals they want to accomplish. In addition to the office hours, participants, as well as the public, are invited to the nutrition workshops.We have had two of our nutrition workshops that also include a food demonstration. At our first workshop we discussed the role of fat in our diet and learned about how to read food labels. Our program assistant conducted a food demonstration, and participants were able to taste test a couple of delicious recipes.The second workshop included a special guest speaker, Dr. Travis Haneke, a cardiologist from Hays Medical Center. Dr. Haneke gave an overview of hypertension from a cardiologist’s point of view and was able to answer detailed questions about what hypertension is and how it affects the body! He was a great addition to the night as we further explored how salt in our diet affects blood pressure. We finished the night with another food demonstration from Cottonwood District program assistant, Jacy, and she broke down the numbers for us on how using reduced sodium products in recipes affects the bottom line. We also tasted a couple of great recipes! Black bean soup and a lentil recipe were outstanding!The participants are reporting great successes including lowered blood pressure readings and just an overall feeling of wellness after a couple months into the program. They enjoy the office hours to troubleshoot specifics for themselves as well as the group support offered at the nutrition programs. Most importantly, participants regularly monitor their blood pressure at home to enjoy better health in the long term.It’s not too late to join us! We have two nutrition programs left scheduled for April 29 and May 27. In April we will discuss cooking with herbs and spices and in May we will explore ways to eat healthy when out and about. Both nights will include food demonstrations and tasting new recipes and foods.

KOERNER: Hypertension Awareness and Prevention program (HAPp) update

Imagine the years of the Dust Bowl and Depression in western Kansas--hard times for the toughest. Residents in Trego County with a little cash could escape in their local theatre. Owner C. B. Kelly made sure his patrons got their money’s worth when they attended movies.

When Kelly rebuilt the theatre, he included heating and cooling systems in its basement so audiences could watch in comfort any time of the year. By 1936, he added a new “washed cooling system.” Based on the description, it may have worked like an evaporative cooler with the local newspaper reporting in the summer of ‘36, “The system had a good workout and keeps temperatures at a low point.”

In addition to regularly updating business infrastructure and adding a marquee in 1936, Kelly invited vaudeville acts to perform during intermissions between his popular Hollywood productions. In the early '30s, Kansan Milburn Stone (later Gunsmoke’s Doc Adams) performed a vaudeville act in the Kelly Theatre with his partner--one-time WaKeeney resident J.O. Strain.

Not only did Kelly hire vaudeville performers to attract crowds, CB encouraged locals to share talent, which resulted in a series of short movies about Trego County life. 

By the late 1930s, one of Kelly’s employees, Avon Gregg accessed a home movie camera. Kelly encouraged him to film current events in the area which were screened along with professional films. 

One production involved Richard Owen’s family near Voda celebrating a 50th wedding anniversary. Gregg also snapped and shared candid street scenes. Another film documented building a bridge over the Smoky Hill south of Voda. One more captured footage of Chas Phillips and Roy Parsons displaying large fish from Seattle while another revealed a local business unloading oranges. The movie of fireman fighting Clifton Brown’s garage fire on Julia Marshall’s property undoubtedly had the crowd holding their breath in alarm. (If anyone has these films, please share them with Trego County Historical Society so they can be digitized and saved.)

A rabbit drive on the Hille Farm southwest of WaKeeney received considerable publicity. According to the Western Kansas World, a crowd of 7,000 from the area and eastern parts of Kansas participated. CB’s employee capitalized and filmed it. According to the Feb. 14, 1935 Western Kansas World, Kelly showed these at the “Kelly Theatre each night for the balance of the week in connection with the rest of the show.”

In addition to showcasing local films, Kelly hired performers such as Buck Owens and his Cowboy Movie Band, The Dixie Ramblers, and “Rita Ty Bel--Hollywood’s Famous Lady Double Actress” to accompany features such as "Storm Over Bengal." His efforts kept his theatre open.

Many consider rabbit drives a sign of hard times. In 1939, Kelly responded with a reduction in admission rates. He dropped Saturday night movie fees to 10 cents each for adults and children. Tuesday and Wednesday attendance required 25 cents for two. No mention appeared regarding Kelly reducing staff, but a July article referenced that CB now “devoted his entire time to the Kelly Theatre and quit managing the Staatz Hotel.”

Though local families struggled throughout the Depression, CB Kelly made certain that the WaKeeney region could forget their troubles at his theatre. 

As a bonus, he encouraged local talent to document residents’ lives and share those films. What a thrill to attend movies and see yourself on screen.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1743778744328.jpeg" alt="Kelley Theatre marquee in WaKeeney. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Kelley Theatre marquee in WaKeeney. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINImagine the years of the Dust Bowl and Depression in western Kansas--hard times for the toughest. Residents in Trego County with a little cash could escape in their local theatre. Owner C. B. Kelly made sure his patrons got their money’s worth when they attended movies.When Kelly rebuilt the theatre, he included heating and cooling systems in its basement so audiences could watch in comfort any time of the year. By 1936, he added a new “washed cooling system.” Based on the description, it may have worked like an evaporative cooler with the local newspaper reporting in the summer of ‘36, “The system had a good workout and keeps temperatures at a low point.”In addition to regularly updating business infrastructure and adding a marquee in 1936, Kelly invited vaudeville acts to perform during intermissions between his popular Hollywood productions. In the early '30s, Kansan Milburn Stone (later Gunsmoke’s Doc Adams) performed a vaudeville act in the Kelly Theatre with his partner--one-time WaKeeney resident J.O. Strain.Not only did Kelly hire vaudeville performers to attract crowds, CB encouraged locals to share talent, which resulted in a series of short movies about Trego County life. By the late 1930s, one of Kelly’s employees, Avon Gregg accessed a home movie camera. Kelly encouraged him to film current events in the area which were screened along with professional films. One production involved Richard Owen’s family near Voda celebrating a 50th wedding anniversary. Gregg also snapped and shared candid street scenes. Another film documented building a bridge over the Smoky Hill south of Voda. One more captured footage of Chas Phillips and Roy Parsons displaying large fish from Seattle while another revealed a local business unloading oranges. The movie of fireman fighting Clifton Brown’s garage fire on Julia Marshall’s property undoubtedly had the crowd holding their breath in alarm. (If anyone has these films, please share them with Trego County Historical Society so they can be digitized and saved.)A rabbit drive on the Hille Farm southwest of WaKeeney received considerable publicity. According to the Western Kansas World, a crowd of 7,000 from the area and eastern parts of Kansas participated. CB’s employee capitalized and filmed it. According to the Feb. 14, 1935 Western Kansas World, Kelly showed these at the “Kelly Theatre each night for the balance of the week in connection with the rest of the show.”In addition to showcasing local films, Kelly hired performers such as Buck Owens and his Cowboy Movie Band, The Dixie Ramblers, and “Rita Ty Bel--Hollywood’s Famous Lady Double Actress” to accompany features such as "Storm Over Bengal." His efforts kept his theatre open.Many consider rabbit drives a sign of hard times. In 1939, Kelly responded with a reduction in admission rates. He dropped Saturday night movie fees to 10 cents each for adults and children. Tuesday and Wednesday attendance required 25 cents for two. No mention appeared regarding Kelly reducing staff, but a July article referenced that CB now “devoted his entire time to the Kelly Theatre and quit managing the Staatz Hotel.”Though local families struggled throughout the Depression, CB Kelly made certain that the WaKeeney region could forget their troubles at his theatre. As a bonus, he encouraged local talent to document residents’ lives and share those films. What a thrill to attend movies and see yourself on screen.Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan.

MADORIN: Kelly Theatre—Part 3

The phone rang early Saturday morning, and on the line was a friend from church inviting me to fish with him that afternoon on a large farm pond out in the sticks in the shadow of Coronado Heights, where he has been part of a lease for years. 

We talked about some of his past fishing adventures there and it brought back memories of fishing on our farm pond in Ohio when I was a kid. 

The first year we owned that farm, we found a spot in a field that never dried out. Government cost-share money was available back then to help build farm ponds, so after required soil testing and meeting other requirements, a dandy little farm pond was built, and stocked with the prescribed fish combination of that era, largemouth bass and bluegills. 

Endless memories were made around that pond, and it reminded me of a farm pond fishing trip Joyce and I took a few years back.

With rods, bait and tackle boxes in hand we clamored down the side of the grassy overgrown dam and onto a roughly built but sturdy dock that put us ten feet out from the bank and four feet above the water. Hooks were baited and cast into the water before us, which rippled slightly with the breeze. That breeze, along with copious amounts of nasty spray, kept the ravenous mosquitoes at bay. 

The sun slid slowly behind nearby trees, leaving its beams to dance upon the rippling water and offering reprieve from the heat as it ushered in the cool evening. Barn swallows by the dozens strafed the pond, either scooping insects from the surface, or snagging them on the wing in mid-air. The deep “harumm” of granddaddy bullfrogs echoed back and forth from behind tufts of cattails. 

One line was baited with liver and fished on the bottom, while the other rig held a feisty Canadian night crawler suspended beneath a bobber. 

After twenty minutes with no action, I climbed the steep grassy bank to the truck to retrieve our ever-present cameras. As my back was turned to open the truck door, Joyce asked “Did you bring the net?” I pondered why she would ask that question when we were fishing in a small farm pond, but when I spun around and saw the pole in her hands bent toward the water like a divining rod, the reason for her question became obvious. I scrambled back down the bank as she hoisted a dandy three-pound channel cat up onto the dock…Welcome to the sport of farm pond fishing!

The agricultural land of central Kansas is dotted with small farm ponds, many out of sight along field drives or in the middle of pastures. Unless a pond is spring-fed, the water in them comes from runoff, so during the dry springs and summers of late, water levels are often low, and some lesser-quality ponds even go dry. The only other down side I can see to fishing farm ponds is the lack of the large variety of fish species found in most Kansas reservoirs. 

Typically, farm ponds contain largemouth bass, channel catfish, bluegills and possibly a few crappies and bullheads. Most ponds are on privately owned property, meaning permission to fish there is required. Once permission is granted however, you will often have the whole place to yourself every time you’re there, because fishing pressure on these ponds is often nil. 

A boat is not usually needed, although a canoe, or one of the popular small two-person crafts can come in handy to get you out past any weeds or moss growing along the bank.&nbsp;The dock from which we fished was the perfect length to get us out beyond the cattails.

Since farm ponds are always fed either by springs or by run-off water, and since most of them are situated in pastures or otherwise grassy surroundings, the water in them is well-filtered before reaching the pond, making them very clean.

So, if you’re used to big-lake fishing for walleye, crappie, white bass or stripers, if you love the drone of a big outboard motor as it pushes your big boat across a big lake, and if the presence of dozens of other fishermen all around you are an important part of your fishing experience, farm pond fishing may not be your gig. 

If, however, you can be happy catching bluegills, channel catfish and largemouth bass from the bank or from a small boat and never see another human being in the process, farm pond fishing may be for you. Sign me up for choice number two! By the way, I declined my friend’s invitation this time because I had this column to write; how ironic! 

Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="Steve Gilliland. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Steve Gilliland. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STEVE GILLILAND The phone rang early Saturday morning, and on the line was a friend from church inviting me to fish with him that afternoon on a large farm pond out in the sticks in the shadow of Coronado Heights, where he has been part of a lease for years. We talked about some of his past fishing adventures there and it brought back memories of fishing on our farm pond in Ohio when I was a kid. The first year we owned that farm, we found a spot in a field that never dried out. Government cost-share money was available back then to help build farm ponds, so after required soil testing and meeting other requirements, a dandy little farm pond was built, and stocked with the prescribed fish combination of that era, largemouth bass and bluegills. Endless memories were made around that pond, and it reminded me of a farm pond fishing trip Joyce and I took a few years back.With rods, bait and tackle boxes in hand we clamored down the side of the grassy overgrown dam and onto a roughly built but sturdy dock that put us ten feet out from the bank and four feet above the water. Hooks were baited and cast into the water before us, which rippled slightly with the breeze. That breeze, along with copious amounts of nasty spray, kept the ravenous mosquitoes at bay. The sun slid slowly behind nearby trees, leaving its beams to dance upon the rippling water and offering reprieve from the heat as it ushered in the cool evening. Barn swallows by the dozens strafed the pond, either scooping insects from the surface, or snagging them on the wing in mid-air. The deep “harumm” of granddaddy bullfrogs echoed back and forth from behind tufts of cattails. One line was baited with liver and fished on the bottom, while the other rig held a feisty Canadian night crawler suspended beneath a bobber. After twenty minutes with no action, I climbed the steep grassy bank to the truck to retrieve our ever-present cameras. As my back was turned to open the truck door, Joyce asked “Did you bring the net?” I pondered why she would ask that question when we were fishing in a small farm pond, but when I spun around and saw the pole in her hands bent toward the water like a divining rod, the reason for her question became obvious. I scrambled back down the bank as she hoisted a dandy three-pound channel cat up onto the dock…Welcome to the sport of farm pond fishing!The agricultural land of central Kansas is dotted with small farm ponds, many out of sight along field drives or in the middle of pastures. Unless a pond is spring-fed, the water in them comes from runoff, so during the dry springs and summers of late, water levels are often low, and some lesser-quality ponds even go dry. The only other down side I can see to fishing farm ponds is the lack of the large variety of fish species found in most Kansas reservoirs. Typically, farm ponds contain largemouth bass, channel catfish, bluegills and possibly a few crappies and bullheads. Most ponds are on privately owned property, meaning permission to fish there is required. Once permission is granted however, you will often have the whole place to yourself every time you’re there, because fishing pressure on these ponds is often nil. A boat is not usually needed, although a canoe, or one of the popular small two-person crafts can come in handy to get you out past any weeds or moss growing along the bank.&nbsp;The dock from which we fished was the perfect length to get us out beyond the cattails.Since farm ponds are always fed either by springs or by run-off water, and since most of them are situated in pastures or otherwise grassy surroundings, the water in them is well-filtered before reaching the pond, making them very clean.So, if you’re used to big-lake fishing for walleye, crappie, white bass or stripers, if you love the drone of a big outboard motor as it pushes your big boat across a big lake, and if the presence of dozens of other fishermen all around you are an important part of your fishing experience, farm pond fishing may not be your gig. If, however, you can be happy catching bluegills, channel catfish and largemouth bass from the bank or from a small boat and never see another human being in the process, farm pond fishing may be for you. Sign me up for choice number two! By the way, I declined my friend’s invitation this time because I had this column to write; how ironic! Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Explore Kansas Outdoors: Farm pond fishin’

By ALEXANDRA MIDDLEWOOD Insight Kansas

As a first generation college student who is now a professor, I know firsthand the vital role libraries play in providing access to knowledge and opportunity, especially for those from underserved backgrounds.

At my university, nearly half of the student population is also first-generation, and like me, many have relied on libraries as gateways to education, technology, and personal growth. Though I didn’t grow up in the Sunflower State, my students have shown me how deeply public libraries support communities across Kansas, providing essential resources that foster learning, connection, and a brighter future.

In mid-March President Trump issued an executive order to dismantle the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) to the fullest extent possible — only Congress can fully close the IMLS as it was established by a Congressional act in 1996 — and directs the Office of Management and Budget to reject funding requests from IMLS. It is expected that Trump’s future budget requests will propose to eliminate the IMLS altogether.

This executive order puts essential library resources at risk, especially in rural and low-income communities. IMLS is the primary source of federal funding for libraries across the country and provides approximately $2.1 million in funding to Kansas public libraries annually.

With all 367 public libraries across Kansas relying on this funding, these cuts will have a widespread financial impact and deepen educational disparities across the state.

According to Ray Walling, State Librarian at the State Library of Kansas, the provided funding is “integral to the operations of all Kansas libraries. Our statewide… services could not be offered at current levels without this support.”

Some examples of how the State Library of Kansas uses these funds includes: to support the Summer Reading Program that provides summer reading materials to Kansas libraries, provide access to books for people with disabilities (e.g. Talking Books program, braille and large print books), statewide resource sharing through the Kansas Library Catalog (e.g. interlibrary loan), provide access to state documents via the Kansas Government Information Online Library, statewide access to digital collections of ebooks and audiobooks (e.g. Libby app), and the Kansas Notable Books program that recognizes outstanding titles either written by Kansans or about a Kansas-related topic.

In the past two years, IMLS also provided $10,000 to the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation to expand the tribe’s reference library for those learning and studying the Potawatomi language and culture; just over $28,000 to Exploration Place in Wichita to provide professional development that led to expansion of the museum’s digital services, allowing them to reach every Kansas county and school district; nearly $50,000 to Independence Community College

to create a publicly accessible online catalog featuring significant playwrights, performing artists, and original manuscripts; and $71,000 to the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska for the purpose of identifying and documenting culturally significant artifacts and artwork, including creating a virtual repository of photographs and digitized art.

Kansas ranks second in the nation for per capita library visits, reflecting the deep value Kansans place on these essential community hubs. With such high engagement, it’s clear that libraries are not only centers of learning and opportunity but also key components of daily life for Kansans.

Dismantling IMLS isn’t just a budget decision — it’s a decision that will take books out of children’s hands, limit job-seekers' access to technology, and erase vital cultural and historical resources.

Public libraries are more than just buildings filled with books; they are community hubs that empower Kansans to learn, grow, and connect.

As Dr. Seuss once said, “The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.” If we truly believe in fostering a future where knowledge and opportunity are within reach for every Kansan, we must work to preserve our libraries before it’s too late.

Alexandra Middlewood, PhD, is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1740007073583.jpeg" alt="Alexandra Middlewood&nbsp;is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alexandra Middlewood&nbsp;is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALEXANDRA MIDDLEWOOD Insight KansasAs a first generation college student who is now a professor, I know firsthand the vital role libraries play in providing access to knowledge and opportunity, especially for those from underserved backgrounds.At my university, nearly half of the student population is also first-generation, and like me, many have relied on libraries as gateways to education, technology, and personal growth. Though I didn’t grow up in the Sunflower State, my students have shown me how deeply public libraries support communities across Kansas, providing essential resources that foster learning, connection, and a brighter future.In mid-March President Trump issued an executive order to dismantle the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) to the fullest extent possible — only Congress can fully close the IMLS as it was established by a Congressional act in 1996 — and directs the Office of Management and Budget to reject funding requests from IMLS. It is expected that Trump’s future budget requests will propose to eliminate the IMLS altogether.This executive order puts essential library resources at risk, especially in rural and low-income communities. IMLS is the primary source of federal funding for libraries across the country and provides approximately $2.1 million in funding to Kansas public libraries annually.With all 367 public libraries across Kansas relying on this funding, these cuts will have a widespread financial impact and deepen educational disparities across the state.According to Ray Walling, State Librarian at the State Library of Kansas, the provided funding is “integral to the operations of all Kansas libraries. Our statewide… services could not be offered at current levels without this support.”Some examples of how the State Library of Kansas uses these funds includes: to support the Summer Reading Program that provides summer reading materials to Kansas libraries, provide access to books for people with disabilities (e.g. Talking Books program, braille and large print books), statewide resource sharing through the Kansas Library Catalog (e.g. interlibrary loan), provide access to state documents via the Kansas Government Information Online Library, statewide access to digital collections of ebooks and audiobooks (e.g. Libby app), and the Kansas Notable Books program that recognizes outstanding titles either written by Kansans or about a Kansas-related topic.In the past two years, IMLS also provided $10,000 to the Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation to expand the tribe’s reference library for those learning and studying the Potawatomi language and culture; just over $28,000 to Exploration Place in Wichita to provide professional development that led to expansion of the museum’s digital services, allowing them to reach every Kansas county and school district; nearly $50,000 to Independence Community Collegeto create a publicly accessible online catalog featuring significant playwrights, performing artists, and original manuscripts; and $71,000 to the Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska for the purpose of identifying and documenting culturally significant artifacts and artwork, including creating a virtual repository of photographs and digitized art.Kansas ranks second in the nation for per capita library visits, reflecting the deep value Kansans place on these essential community hubs. With such high engagement, it’s clear that libraries are not only centers of learning and opportunity but also key components of daily life for Kansans.Dismantling IMLS isn’t just a budget decision — it’s a decision that will take books out of children’s hands, limit job-seekers' access to technology, and erase vital cultural and historical resources.Public libraries are more than just buildings filled with books; they are community hubs that empower Kansans to learn, grow, and connect.As Dr. Seuss once said, “The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you’ll go.” If we truly believe in fostering a future where knowledge and opportunity are within reach for every Kansan, we must work to preserve our libraries before it’s too late.Alexandra Middlewood, PhD, is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University.

INSIGHT KANSAS: Cutting library funding will cost Kansas communities

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Understanding spray water quality is a crucial first step for successful herbicide applications for farmers. 

Much of the water used for herbicide applications in Kansas is inherently “hard,” and the quality of water from some wells is decreasing as water resources decrease. 

This article will be a shortened version that will focus on the effects of water quality on herbicide efficacy, particularly in postemergence applications. To see the full article, google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>.

Three main factors affect water quality in Kansas - turbidity, pH, and hardness.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictUnderstanding spray water quality is a crucial first step for successful herbicide applications for farmers. Much of the water used for herbicide applications in Kansas is inherently “hard,” and the quality of water from some wells is decreasing as water resources decrease. This article will be a shortened version that will focus on the effects of water quality on herbicide efficacy, particularly in postemergence applications. To see the full article, google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>. Three main factors affect water quality in Kansas - turbidity, pH, and hardness.Turbidity is defined as the clarity of water and is mostly affected by larger particles suspended in the water, such as algae, clay, minerals, or organic matter. Poor turbidity is more likely to exist where surface waters such as ponds, streams, or rivers are the source of spray water. These suspended particles interact with many of our herbicides and can influence uptake by the plants, chemical changes at the site-of-action (SOA), and decrease the performance of sprayer equipment. Its effect is severe on cationic (positively charged) herbicides (paraquat and diquat) and herbicides with low soil mobility (glyphosate). If turbidity is an issue, chelating agents may be available for use in holding ponds or tanks prior to mixing in the spray tank.Spray water pH is a measure of acidity or the presence of hydrogen ions. Pure water is neutral, having a pH of 7.0, whereas values below 7 are considered acidic, and values above 7 are basic. Kansas surface and subsurface water pH typically ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. Generally, pH values of spray water in Kansas do not have a large effect on the herbicides commonly applied. However, there are some exceptions.Water hardness is one of the largest issues impacting herbicide applications in Kansas. Hardness is caused by the presence of positively charged minerals (cations) suspended in the water, particularly calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Because many of our herbicides, notably glyphosate and glufosinate, form weak acids (negatively charged) when mixed in water, cations can bind to herbicide molecules, thus changing how the herbicide is absorbed by the plants and altering its ability to bind at the site of action.Water hardness can be classified into the following groups based on the total number of cations present expressed in parts per million (ppm): Soft = less than 75 ppm, moderately hard = 75 to 150 ppm, hard = 150 to 300 ppm, and very hard = greater than 300 ppm.To combat hard water antagonism, water conditioners such as ammonium sulfate (AMS) are recommended with many of our postemergence herbicides. When added to the water prior to the herbicide, AMS produces ammonium ions which bind to the herbicide and prevent other cations from interacting with it. Recommended rates of AMS range from 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100&nbsp;A handy Excel-based version of this formula can be found at the website: https://sprayers101.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMS-Calculator-Sprayers101-1.xlsxSUMMARYWater quality has a large impact on herbicide efficacy. As water resources decline, water quality can and does change over time. A proper water test is the best way to understand what characteristics are influencing our spray applications and how to mitigate those effects. K-State, as well as several commercial providers, can conduct water tests for a nominal charge.During the summer of 2025, researchers at K-State will be collecting spray water samples from around the state to test for quality. If you are interested in participating in this study, please contact your local Extension agent. To read about liquid AMS replacements and the full article google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>.Information provided by Patrick Geier, Sarah Lancaster, and Jeremie Kouame, K-State Weed Management Specialist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

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