By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Armyworms are a recurring pest issue across Kansas, but several different species fall under the “armyworm” umbrella. Each species varies in its host plants, seasonal activity, and whether it overwinters in the state (Table 1). This article prepared by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist provides an overview of the major species of concern, with emphasis on the Fall Armyworm and Armyworm, which were the primary issues for Kansas producers in 2025. A brief summary of the Army Cutworm, which is not a true armyworm, is also included.

The two species that caused the greatest concern to Kansas producers in 2025 were: Fall armyworm &amp; armyworm (true armyworm). Summaries for each species follow.

Fall Armyworm key characteristics:

Identification: Inverted Y on head capsule and four dark spots on the last abdominal segment.

Identification: Larvae are green to black with stripes of various colors. Head capsule is medium brown with dark markings.

ARMY CUTWORM (not a true Armyworm)

Identification: Small larvae are light-colored with few distinguishable markings. As they grow, larvae become darker brown or grayish with varying degrees of mottling and several pale, dorsal stripes. The head capsule is darker brown with some mottling.

Damage - Army cutworms can severely thin or eliminate stands of wheat, alfalfa, and rangeland grasses. Army cutworms were present in large numbers in 2020 and decimated areas of wheat fields and alfalfa fields in parts of Kansas. However, this was not the case in 2021, and only a few were reported in 2022. Army cutworms develop into “miller” moths, which were a nuisance in spring 2024 and a smaller nuisance in spring 2025.

Turkeys often feed heavily on army cutworm larvae, sometimes with crops full of larvae (Figure 11).

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictArmyworms are a recurring pest issue across Kansas, but several different species fall under the “armyworm” umbrella. Each species varies in its host plants, seasonal activity, and whether it overwinters in the state (Table 1). This article prepared by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist provides an overview of the major species of concern, with emphasis on the Fall Armyworm and Armyworm, which were the primary issues for Kansas producers in 2025. A brief summary of the Army Cutworm, which is not a true armyworm, is also included.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764685790990.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Major Concerns in 2025: The two species that caused the greatest concern to Kansas producers in 2025 were: Fall armyworm &amp; armyworm (true armyworm). Summaries for each species follow.Fall Armyworm key characteristics:<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764686282318.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Identification: Inverted Y on head capsule and four dark spots on the last abdominal segment.Armyworm key characteristics<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764688083018.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Identification: Larvae are green to black with stripes of various colors. Head capsule is medium brown with dark markings.ARMY CUTWORM (not a true Armyworm)Biology and Seasonal Behavior<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764688170704.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Identification: Small larvae are light-colored with few distinguishable markings. As they grow, larvae become darker brown or grayish with varying degrees of mottling and several pale, dorsal stripes. The head capsule is darker brown with some mottling.Damage - Army cutworms can severely thin or eliminate stands of wheat, alfalfa, and rangeland grasses. Army cutworms were present in large numbers in 2020 and decimated areas of wheat fields and alfalfa fields in parts of Kansas. However, this was not the case in 2021, and only a few were reported in 2022. Army cutworms develop into “miller” moths, which were a nuisance in spring 2024 and a smaller nuisance in spring 2025.Turkeys often feed heavily on army cutworm larvae, sometimes with crops full of larvae (Figure 11).<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764688285649.png" alt="Figure 11. Turkey crop after feeding on army cutworm larvae in a wheat field. Photo by K-State Entomology." />
 <figcaption>Figure 11. Turkey crop after feeding on army cutworm larvae in a wheat field. Photo by K-State Entomology.</figcaption>
 </figure>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: The armyworm lineup: Who’s feeding in your field?

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

If selecting a cut tree, watch for these signs that the tree is too far gone.&nbsp;

- Needles are a dull, grayish-green color - Needles fail to ooze pitch when broken apart and squeezed - Needles feel stiff and brittle - Needles pull easily off tree&nbsp;&nbsp;

Once you have your tree home, recut the trunk about one inch above the original cut. This will open up clogged, water-conducting tissues. Immediately place the trunk in warm water.

Locate the tree in as cool a spot as possible. Avoid areas near fireplaces, wood-burning stoves and heat ducts as the heat will result in excess water loss. 

Make sure the reservoir stays filled. If the reservoir loses enough water that the bottom of the trunk is exposed, the trunk will need to be recut. Adding aspirins, copper pennies, soda pop, sugar and bleach to the water reservoir have not been shown to prolong the life of a tree.&nbsp;

If you choose a living Christmas tree, be sure to dig the planting hole before the ground freezes.&nbsp; Mulch the hole and backfill soil to keep them from freezing. 

Live trees should not be kept inside for more than three days. Longer periods may cause them to lose dormancy resulting in severe injury when planted outside. You may wish to tag the tree at the nursery and then pick it up a couple days before Christmas. 

After Christmas, move the tree to an unheated garage for several days to acclimatize it to outside temperatures. After planting, water well and leave some mulch in place to prevent the soil water from freezing and becoming unavailable for plant uptake.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/12/1670515645452.jpeg" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictIf selecting a cut tree, watch for these signs that the tree is too far gone.&nbsp;- Needles are a dull, grayish-green color - Needles fail to ooze pitch when broken apart and squeezed - Needles feel stiff and brittle - Needles pull easily off tree&nbsp;&nbsp;Once you have your tree home, recut the trunk about one inch above the original cut. This will open up clogged, water-conducting tissues. Immediately place the trunk in warm water. Locate the tree in as cool a spot as possible. Avoid areas near fireplaces, wood-burning stoves and heat ducts as the heat will result in excess water loss. Make sure the reservoir stays filled. If the reservoir loses enough water that the bottom of the trunk is exposed, the trunk will need to be recut. Adding aspirins, copper pennies, soda pop, sugar and bleach to the water reservoir have not been shown to prolong the life of a tree.&nbsp; If you choose a living Christmas tree, be sure to dig the planting hole before the ground freezes.&nbsp; Mulch the hole and backfill soil to keep them from freezing. Live trees should not be kept inside for more than three days. Longer periods may cause them to lose dormancy resulting in severe injury when planted outside. You may wish to tag the tree at the nursery and then pick it up a couple days before Christmas. After Christmas, move the tree to an unheated garage for several days to acclimatize it to outside temperatures. After planting, water well and leave some mulch in place to prevent the soil water from freezing and becoming unavailable for plant uptake.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: Choosing, caring for your Christmas tree  

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

The beginning of the winter holiday season has begun, filled with food, family, friends and fun. I’d like to share some thoughts from Kansas State University family resource management specialist Elizabeth Kiss. She says that as celebrations are planned, it is important to consider the mental and financial stresses of the holiday season.

“One way to approach holidays is managing our time, energy and money,” Kiss said. “Things to think about are what's important to us as individuals and what is it that our family most enjoys about the holidays and really focus on those things, which for many families, is being together.”

Kiss said food is a large part of the holiday budget, including traditional meals such as turkey on Thanksgiving as well as serving food during parties or open houses, baking, and eating out.

Kiss added that holiday decorations -- such as plates, napkins and wrapping paper -- are important to include in the budget, but urges consumers to be cautious of the environmental impact of excessive paper products.

“I think we sometimes have unrealistic expectations of the holidays, and that can not only be stressful from a financial standpoint, but a mental standpoint as well,” Kiss said.

She adds: “The perfectionism and high standards that we place on ourselves, especially when it comes to food, can be draining. It is more about being together and less about all of the decorations and all of those things being perfect.”

Kiss said there is a need to keep a normal routine between celebrations, especially for children.

“This is a lot of stimulation for children, and they may be eating differently -- maybe more sweets than usual -- so keeping mealtimes at a regular time and keeping bedtime fairly regular is important,” Kiss said. “Also consider how much they can handle in terms of events and stimulation, what they're interested in doing or what they most enjoy.”

Board games and outdoor activities don’t cost a lot of money, she said.

Kiss also recommends making lists for all gifts and browsing before purchasing to be able to take advantage of good prices and not overspending or not following a plan.

“Research has reported that more than half of shoppers have already started gift shopping so they can recognize the deals, and so they spread expenses out a little bit in their budget,” Kiss said.

Kiss suggests paying more upfront and financing less to minimize debt in January; pay cash when available. Keeping receipts and minimizing credit card use can help shoppers stick to a budget.

“Make the holidays what you want the holidays to be and be comfortable with what you decide. Try and keep that stress level -- both mentally and financially -- as low as possible,” Kiss said.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1763741004143.png" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictThe beginning of the winter holiday season has begun, filled with food, family, friends and fun. I’d like to share some thoughts from Kansas State University family resource management specialist Elizabeth Kiss. She says that as celebrations are planned, it is important to consider the mental and financial stresses of the holiday season.“One way to approach holidays is managing our time, energy and money,” Kiss said. “Things to think about are what's important to us as individuals and what is it that our family most enjoys about the holidays and really focus on those things, which for many families, is being together.”Kiss said food is a large part of the holiday budget, including traditional meals such as turkey on Thanksgiving as well as serving food during parties or open houses, baking, and eating out.Kiss added that holiday decorations -- such as plates, napkins and wrapping paper -- are important to include in the budget, but urges consumers to be cautious of the environmental impact of excessive paper products.“I think we sometimes have unrealistic expectations of the holidays, and that can not only be stressful from a financial standpoint, but a mental standpoint as well,” Kiss said.She adds: “The perfectionism and high standards that we place on ourselves, especially when it comes to food, can be draining. It is more about being together and less about all of the decorations and all of those things being perfect.”Kiss said there is a need to keep a normal routine between celebrations, especially for children.“This is a lot of stimulation for children, and they may be eating differently -- maybe more sweets than usual -- so keeping mealtimes at a regular time and keeping bedtime fairly regular is important,” Kiss said. “Also consider how much they can handle in terms of events and stimulation, what they're interested in doing or what they most enjoy.”Board games and outdoor activities don’t cost a lot of money, she said.Kiss also recommends making lists for all gifts and browsing before purchasing to be able to take advantage of good prices and not overspending or not following a plan.“Research has reported that more than half of shoppers have already started gift shopping so they can recognize the deals, and so they spread expenses out a little bit in their budget,” Kiss said.Kiss suggests paying more upfront and financing less to minimize debt in January; pay cash when available. Keeping receipts and minimizing credit card use can help shoppers stick to a budget.“Make the holidays what you want the holidays to be and be comfortable with what you decide. Try and keep that stress level -- both mentally and financially -- as low as possible,” Kiss said.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Managing holiday expectations

The Sorghum Connection Series, a collaboration between the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission (KGSC), K-State Extension and Plant Pathology, announces its second year of a comprehensive winter educational series focused on enhancing the profitability of sorghum producers across the state.

Following this year’s field day events, which welcomed over 120 growers, Sorghum Connection offers an additional series of multiple one-day events across central and western Kansas. The events are scheduled for:

· December 3 at the South Hutchinson Community Building in Hutchinson

· December 4 at the Buffalo Bill Cultural Center in Oakley

· December 5 at the Hy-Plains Feedyard in Montezuma

Each event will begin with registration at 9:30 a.m. and will conclude at 2:30 p.m.

Attendees will receive valuable data-driven information from industry leaders from K-State, the United Sorghum Checkoff Program, and many others on key topics for both grain and forage sorghum.

The program also looks to the future of the sorghum crop system, covering advancements such as the application of spray drones in precision agriculture and highlighting breakthroughs in farmer-directed crop improvement.

There is no cost to attend; however, an RSVP is required. To register or learn more about these events, visit <a href="https://ksgrainsorghum.org/">www.ksgrainsorghum.org</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1764085269786.png" alt="Sorghum. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Sorghum. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Cottonwood Extension DistrictThe Sorghum Connection Series, a collaboration between the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission (KGSC), K-State Extension and Plant Pathology, announces its second year of a comprehensive winter educational series focused on enhancing the profitability of sorghum producers across the state.Following this year’s field day events, which welcomed over 120 growers, Sorghum Connection offers an additional series of multiple one-day events across central and western Kansas. The events are scheduled for:· December 3 at the South Hutchinson Community Building in Hutchinson· December 4 at the Buffalo Bill Cultural Center in Oakley· December 5 at the Hy-Plains Feedyard in MontezumaEach event will begin with registration at 9:30 a.m. and will conclude at 2:30 p.m.Attendees will receive valuable data-driven information from industry leaders from K-State, the United Sorghum Checkoff Program, and many others on key topics for both grain and forage sorghum.The program also looks to the future of the sorghum crop system, covering advancements such as the application of spray drones in precision agriculture and highlighting breakthroughs in farmer-directed crop improvement.There is no cost to attend; however, an RSVP is required. To register or learn more about these events, visit <a href="https://ksgrainsorghum.org/">www.ksgrainsorghum.org</a>.

Sorghum Connection launches second year of winter educational series

By PAT MELGARES K-State Extension News Service

MANHATTAN — Teaching literacy skills to children in their earliest years does far more than prepare them to read — it helps build the very foundation of their brain development, say two Kansas State University Extension agents.

“We’re really laying the foundation from ages zero to 3 with all of the opportunities for kids to learn,” said Monique Koerner, family and consumer wellness agent for K-State Extension’s Cottonwood District. “We know that brain development is huge in those early years, and literacy is a piece of that puzzle.”

According to the K-State Extension fact sheet, Early Literacy: Building the Foundation for Lifelong Learning, brain growth is rapid in a child’s first three years, and language and literacy activities help form lasting neural connections.

From birth to 12 months, babies are already busy wiring their brains for communication. Lisa Newman, family and consumer wellness agent in the Central Kansas District, said that even newborns recognize familiar voices.

“You can take a newborn, and they already recognize Mom and Dad’s voices, even siblings,” Newman said. “You can see evidence of that when they turn their heads toward those voices shortly after birth.”

Newman added that talking to infants throughout the day — whether during diaper changes, in the car, or at bedtime — helps strengthen those language pathways.

“Reading to your child every day, even from the get-go, is important because what’s really happening during that time is language development and making those brain connections even stronger,” she said.

It’s also well known that babies are much more able to process and learn various languages than adults are able to do.

“If you take a baby that’s born in Kansas, and take them somewhere to a foreign land, those connections can be strengthened by hearing the language that’s around them,” Newman said. “That’s why it’s easier to learn an additional language when you’re young — those brain connections are there and can be strengthened.”

Koerner added that “the plasticity of the brain is greater when we’re younger,” making early exposure to multiple languages especially beneficial.

Between 12 and 24 months, children begin to use expressive language. “By 18 months or so, children pretty much understand everything that’s being said to them,” Koerner said, “but they may not be able to speak it yet.”

Words like ‘Mama,’ ‘Dada,’ and ‘ball’ often appear first, followed by simple two-word phrases around age 2.

“Oftentimes you’ll see that language explosion around 18 months,” Newman said. “That expressive piece really starts to blossom during that time.”

From ages 2 to 3, children’s vocabularies expand rapidly, fueled by everyday conversations and shared reading. “Books can expose children to new topics and new words that might not be part of their everyday experiences,” Koerner said.

Koerner encourages parents to use “parallel talk” — describing what a child is doing — and “self-talk,” or narrating their own actions throughout the day. “Just really enriching their vocabulary by talking about what they’re doing,” she said.

Repetition also helps build connections. “There may be a treasured book they want to read over and over again, and that’s perfectly normal,” Newman said. “Repetition is part of their literacy and language skill.”

Exploring new places and experiences adds another layer of learning. “It’s so important for parents to get children out and explore new things,” Koerner said. “That will expose them to new opportunities, new vocabulary, and new experiences that help the brain develop.”

Both agents emphasized that parents are their children’s first teachers. Trusted programs such as Parents as Teachers, Early Head Start, and Infant-Toddler Services can guide families who have questions about developmental milestones.

Simple routines also matter. The American Academy of Pediatrics promotes the “Brush, Book, Bed” approach — brushing teeth, reading, and then going to bed. “It sets parents up for a good bedtime routine and supports brain health,” Koerner said.

Newman noted that any reading time counts. “You see a lot of initiatives suggesting 15 minutes a day, but I believe any reading — whenever it fits into your day — is wonderful,” she said.

Koerner added, “Every family is different, and every child is different. Do what works best for your family.”

For more information, download Early Literacy: Building the Foundation for Lifelong Learning at <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/early-literacy-building-the-foundation-for-lifelong-learning-fact-sheet_MF3691">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/early-literacy-building-the-foundation-for-lifelong-learning-fact-sheet_MF3691</a>.

More information also is available at local extension offices in Kansas.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1763490496631.png" alt="K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By PAT MELGARES K-State Extension News ServiceMANHATTAN — Teaching literacy skills to children in their earliest years does far more than prepare them to read — it helps build the very foundation of their brain development, say two Kansas State University Extension agents.“We’re really laying the foundation from ages zero to 3 with all of the opportunities for kids to learn,” said Monique Koerner, family and consumer wellness agent for K-State Extension’s Cottonwood District. “We know that brain development is huge in those early years, and literacy is a piece of that puzzle.”According to the K-State Extension fact sheet, Early Literacy: Building the Foundation for Lifelong Learning, brain growth is rapid in a child’s first three years, and language and literacy activities help form lasting neural connections.From birth to 12 months, babies are already busy wiring their brains for communication. Lisa Newman, family and consumer wellness agent in the Central Kansas District, said that even newborns recognize familiar voices.“You can take a newborn, and they already recognize Mom and Dad’s voices, even siblings,” Newman said. “You can see evidence of that when they turn their heads toward those voices shortly after birth.”Newman added that talking to infants throughout the day — whether during diaper changes, in the car, or at bedtime — helps strengthen those language pathways.“Reading to your child every day, even from the get-go, is important because what’s really happening during that time is language development and making those brain connections even stronger,” she said.It’s also well known that babies are much more able to process and learn various languages than adults are able to do.“If you take a baby that’s born in Kansas, and take them somewhere to a foreign land, those connections can be strengthened by hearing the language that’s around them,” Newman said. “That’s why it’s easier to learn an additional language when you’re young — those brain connections are there and can be strengthened.”Koerner added that “the plasticity of the brain is greater when we’re younger,” making early exposure to multiple languages especially beneficial.Between 12 and 24 months, children begin to use expressive language. “By 18 months or so, children pretty much understand everything that’s being said to them,” Koerner said, “but they may not be able to speak it yet.”Words like ‘Mama,’ ‘Dada,’ and ‘ball’ often appear first, followed by simple two-word phrases around age 2.“Oftentimes you’ll see that language explosion around 18 months,” Newman said. “That expressive piece really starts to blossom during that time.”From ages 2 to 3, children’s vocabularies expand rapidly, fueled by everyday conversations and shared reading. “Books can expose children to new topics and new words that might not be part of their everyday experiences,” Koerner said.Koerner encourages parents to use “parallel talk” — describing what a child is doing — and “self-talk,” or narrating their own actions throughout the day. “Just really enriching their vocabulary by talking about what they’re doing,” she said.Repetition also helps build connections. “There may be a treasured book they want to read over and over again, and that’s perfectly normal,” Newman said. “Repetition is part of their literacy and language skill.”Exploring new places and experiences adds another layer of learning. “It’s so important for parents to get children out and explore new things,” Koerner said. “That will expose them to new opportunities, new vocabulary, and new experiences that help the brain develop.”Both agents emphasized that parents are their children’s first teachers. Trusted programs such as Parents as Teachers, Early Head Start, and Infant-Toddler Services can guide families who have questions about developmental milestones.Simple routines also matter. The American Academy of Pediatrics promotes the “Brush, Book, Bed” approach — brushing teeth, reading, and then going to bed. “It sets parents up for a good bedtime routine and supports brain health,” Koerner said.Newman noted that any reading time counts. “You see a lot of initiatives suggesting 15 minutes a day, but I believe any reading — whenever it fits into your day — is wonderful,” she said.Koerner added, “Every family is different, and every child is different. Do what works best for your family.”For more information, download Early Literacy: Building the Foundation for Lifelong Learning at <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/early-literacy-building-the-foundation-for-lifelong-learning-fact-sheet_MF3691">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/early-literacy-building-the-foundation-for-lifelong-learning-fact-sheet_MF3691</a>.More information also is available at local extension offices in Kansas.

KOERNER: Tips for parents: Teaching literacy early builds strong brains

With Kansas farmers facing rising financial pressures, Kansas State University is hosting a series of Agricultural Profitability conferences across the state, beginning in December and continuing through early February.

The conferences,&nbsp;Making ‘Cents’ of a Shifting Ag Economy,&nbsp;are organized by K-State’s Department of Agricultural Economics, offering insights into economic trends, farm policy, land values and strategies to maintain profitability during difficult times.

"The goal of this is to help crop producers deal with the struggling economy,” said department head Allen Featherstone. “In 2021, only 4.4% of Kansas farmers had a negative net farm income. But in 2024, that number jumped to 28.5%. Many producers are feeling the strain.”

Featherstone said federal government payments helped soften the blow in 2024, noting that $10 billion was distributed nationwide to support the farm economy.

“There’s talk of a $15 billion payment this fall,” Featherstone said. “If that occurs, it’s important for farmers to think through how they would invest that money to prepare for what could be a difficult 2026 and 2027.”

The conferences will focus on preparing farmers to navigate economic downturns, manage input costs, and take advantage of new opportunities.

“We want to help producers think through what they can do now to position themselves for when profitability improves,” Featherstone said.

K-State farm economist Robin Reid, one of the conference presenters, said this year’s topics include updates on agricultural policy, farm bill changes, and land values. Reid will be joined by Jenny Ifft, professor and Flinchbaugh Agricultural Policy Chair at K-State, to discuss provisions in the recently passed “One Big Beautiful Bill Act.”

“A lot of the elements we typically think of in a farm bill were in that act — enhancements to crop insurance, Agricultural Risk Coverage, Price Loss Coverage, and more,” Reid said. “While the changes are smaller in scope than past farm bills, they will be very beneficial to farmers.”

Reid added that the conferences will also discuss stress and mental health, as well as farm succession and retirement planning.

“There’s a generation of baby boomer farmers out there who may be thinking: ‘Do I want to go through a couple more years of low commodity prices?’” Reid said. “This may be the time to bring in the next generation and teach them how to manage through a down economy.”

She emphasized that despite the challenges, there are still opportunities for farmers.

“There will be marketing opportunities ahead, or possibilities to try new crops or diversifying operations. We don’t want these events to feel like it’s all doom and gloom,” she said. “We are promoting these as profitability conferences, and that’s our focus.”

Each event will include time for open discussion, giving attendees a chance to ask questions and share experiences with fellow producers and experts.“ Interaction during difficult times is important,” Featherstone said. “It helps farmers understand they’re not alone and that others have weathered downturns before.” 

Reid noted that conference panels will include K-State economists, Farm Service Agency personnel and others who can provide practical advice.

An online version of the conference will also be made available following the in-person events.&nbsp; Details will be announced at a later date.

For more details or updates, visit the AgManager website at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/profitability">https://agmanager.info/profitability</a>.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682229509.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood&nbsp; Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood&nbsp; Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictWith Kansas farmers facing rising financial pressures, Kansas State University is hosting a series of Agricultural Profitability conferences across the state, beginning in December and continuing through early February.The conferences,&nbsp;Making ‘Cents’ of a Shifting Ag Economy,&nbsp;are organized by K-State’s Department of Agricultural Economics, offering insights into economic trends, farm policy, land values and strategies to maintain profitability during difficult times."The goal of this is to help crop producers deal with the struggling economy,” said department head Allen Featherstone. “In 2021, only 4.4% of Kansas farmers had a negative net farm income. But in 2024, that number jumped to 28.5%. Many producers are feeling the strain.”Featherstone said federal government payments helped soften the blow in 2024, noting that $10 billion was distributed nationwide to support the farm economy.“There’s talk of a $15 billion payment this fall,” Featherstone said. “If that occurs, it’s important for farmers to think through how they would invest that money to prepare for what could be a difficult 2026 and 2027.”The conferences will focus on preparing farmers to navigate economic downturns, manage input costs, and take advantage of new opportunities.“We want to help producers think through what they can do now to position themselves for when profitability improves,” Featherstone said.K-State farm economist Robin Reid, one of the conference presenters, said this year’s topics include updates on agricultural policy, farm bill changes, and land values. Reid will be joined by Jenny Ifft, professor and Flinchbaugh Agricultural Policy Chair at K-State, to discuss provisions in the recently passed “One Big Beautiful Bill Act.”“A lot of the elements we typically think of in a farm bill were in that act — enhancements to crop insurance, Agricultural Risk Coverage, Price Loss Coverage, and more,” Reid said. “While the changes are smaller in scope than past farm bills, they will be very beneficial to farmers.”Reid added that the conferences will also discuss stress and mental health, as well as farm succession and retirement planning.“There’s a generation of baby boomer farmers out there who may be thinking: ‘Do I want to go through a couple more years of low commodity prices?’” Reid said. “This may be the time to bring in the next generation and teach them how to manage through a down economy.”She emphasized that despite the challenges, there are still opportunities for farmers.“There will be marketing opportunities ahead, or possibilities to try new crops or diversifying operations. We don’t want these events to feel like it’s all doom and gloom,” she said. “We are promoting these as profitability conferences, and that’s our focus.”Each event will include time for open discussion, giving attendees a chance to ask questions and share experiences with fellow producers and experts.“ Interaction during difficult times is important,” Featherstone said. “It helps farmers understand they’re not alone and that others have weathered downturns before.” Reid noted that conference panels will include K-State economists, Farm Service Agency personnel and others who can provide practical advice.An online version of the conference will also be made available following the in-person events.&nbsp; Details will be announced at a later date.For more details or updates, visit the AgManager website at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/profitability">https://agmanager.info/profitability</a>.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Agricultural Profitability conferences to assist farmers facing rising financial pressures

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

K-State Extension and the Northwest/North Central Extension Districts are hosting three Crop Pest Management Schools. The first one is set for Dec.9 in Colby at the City Limits Convention Center, 2227 S. Range Ave, the second one will take place on Dec. 10th in Hays at the K-State Ag Research Center, 1232 240th Ave., and Dec. 12 in Concordia at Cloud County Fairgrounds, 615 Industrial Road. All events will begin at 7:45 a.m. with registration and conclude at 5:00 p.m.

Join us in person to learn how to control the latest pests – weeds, insects, and diseases – affecting all crops in central and western Kansas!

7:45 Registration 8:05 Welcome 8:15 Navigating the Weather – Chip Redmond, K-State Meteorologist &amp; Mesonet Manger. 9:10 Water Quality, Spray Mixtures and Weed Control – Jeremie Kouamie, K-State Weed Scientist 10:05 Break 10:20 Is it Viral? Wheat Diseases to Watch For – Kelsey Anderson Onofre, K-State Wheat Pathologist. Jeanne Falk Jones, K-State NW Agronomist 11:15 Herbicides in Dry Environments and Label Updates – Sarah Lancaster, K-State Weed Specialist 12:10 Lunch 12:50 Making Pest Management Decisions– K-State NW Extension Agents 1:45 Fall Armyworms, Grasshoppers and Others to Scout – Anthony Zukoff, K-State Entomologist 2:40 Break 2:55 The Label Game – Sarah Lancaster, K-State Weed Specialist 3:50 Kansas Regulation (Core Hour) – Kansas Dept. of Ag 4:45 Questions/Adjourn

Commercial Applicators will earn 1 Core Hour &amp; 7 Hours for 1A, certified by the Kansas Department of Agriculture. Certified Crop Advisors (CCA) will also earn 8 Pest Management Credits have been applied for. These schools would also be an excellent educational opportunity for producers.

The cost to participate is $50 if registered by Dec. 2nd; and $75 if registered after Dec. 2nd. To register, go to <a href="https://www.wkrec.org/events/crop_pest_mngmnt_schl/">https://bit.ly/KSUCropPest</a> You can also scan the QR code below. If you register at the door, cash and checks will be accepted. We are unable to accept credit/debit cards at the door. If inclement weather occurs, the program will be held at a later date in an online format. Or you can attend at one of the other locations.

For questions, please contact Jeanne Falk-Jones, Multi-County Agronomist, at 785-462-6281 or Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood District at 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1763661515313.jpg" alt="Courtesy of Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy of Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictK-State Extension and the Northwest/North Central Extension Districts are hosting three Crop Pest Management Schools. The first one is set for Dec.9 in Colby at the City Limits Convention Center, 2227 S. Range Ave, the second one will take place on Dec. 10th in Hays at the K-State Ag Research Center, 1232 240th Ave., and Dec. 12 in Concordia at Cloud County Fairgrounds, 615 Industrial Road. All events will begin at 7:45 a.m. with registration and conclude at 5:00 p.m.Join us in person to learn how to control the latest pests – weeds, insects, and diseases – affecting all crops in central and western Kansas!Event Schedule:7:45 Registration 8:05 Welcome 8:15 Navigating the Weather – Chip Redmond, K-State Meteorologist &amp; Mesonet Manger. 9:10 Water Quality, Spray Mixtures and Weed Control – Jeremie Kouamie, K-State Weed Scientist 10:05 Break 10:20 Is it Viral? Wheat Diseases to Watch For – Kelsey Anderson Onofre, K-State Wheat Pathologist. Jeanne Falk Jones, K-State NW Agronomist 11:15 Herbicides in Dry Environments and Label Updates – Sarah Lancaster, K-State Weed Specialist 12:10 Lunch 12:50 Making Pest Management Decisions– K-State NW Extension Agents 1:45 Fall Armyworms, Grasshoppers and Others to Scout – Anthony Zukoff, K-State Entomologist 2:40 Break 2:55 The Label Game – Sarah Lancaster, K-State Weed Specialist 3:50 Kansas Regulation (Core Hour) – Kansas Dept. of Ag 4:45 Questions/AdjournCommercial Applicators will earn 1 Core Hour &amp; 7 Hours for 1A, certified by the Kansas Department of Agriculture. Certified Crop Advisors (CCA) will also earn 8 Pest Management Credits have been applied for. These schools would also be an excellent educational opportunity for producers.The cost to participate is $50 if registered by Dec. 2nd; and $75 if registered after Dec. 2nd. To register, go to <a href="https://www.wkrec.org/events/crop_pest_mngmnt_schl/">https://bit.ly/KSUCropPest</a> You can also scan the QR code below. If you register at the door, cash and checks will be accepted. We are unable to accept credit/debit cards at the door. If inclement weather occurs, the program will be held at a later date in an online format. Or you can attend at one of the other locations.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1763661432989.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>For questions, please contact Jeanne Falk-Jones, Multi-County Agronomist, at 785-462-6281 or Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood District at 785-628-9430.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

Campbell: 2025 K-State crop pest management schools set for Dec. 9, 10, 12

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, Becky Kiser, news reporter, talks with Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent, about upcoming crop pest management schools and making arrangements for ag land leasing agreements.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/4/1650389030295.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, Becky Kiser, news reporter, talks with Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent, about upcoming crop pest management schools and making arrangements for ag land leasing agreements.

🎙 Post Podcast: Crop pest management school and ag land leasing agreements

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks turkey with Monique Koerner, family and consumer wellness agent at the Cottonwood Extension District.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/4/1650389030295.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure><div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Time to talk turkey" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=zgbft-19bf622-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks turkey with Monique Koerner, family and consumer wellness agent at the Cottonwood Extension District.

🎙 Post Podcast: Time to talk turkey 

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

· Fresh turkeys: Buy 1–2 days before cooking and keep refrigerated on a tray to catch drips. Do not buy fresh pre-stuffed turkeys—they can harbor bacteria.

· Frozen turkeys: Keep frozen until ready to thaw. Best quality within one year.

· Frozen pre-stuffed turkeys: Must display the USDA or State inspection mark. Do not thaw before cooking—cook from frozen and follow package directions. Allow 1¼ pounds per person.

1. Refrigerator (40 °F or below): Allow 24 hours per 4–5 pounds.

· 20–24 lbs: 5–6 days Can stay refrigerated 1–2 days after thawing.

2. Cold Water: Allow 30 minutes per pound. Change water every 30 minutes. Cook immediately after thawing.

3. Microwave: Follow the microwave’s manual for size, power, and time. Cook immediately after thawing—do not refreeze or refrigerate.

· Place turkey on a rack in a shallow roasting pan.

· Stuffing is safest cooked separately to ensure even heating. If stuffing the turkey, fill loosely and cook immediately. Stuffing must reach 165 °F.

· A whole turkey is safe when the innermost thigh, wing, and thickest breast reach 165 °F.

· Let turkey rest 20 minutes before carving.

Approximate Cooking Times (Unstuffed, 325 °F):

If cooking from frozen, allow at least 50% longer.

· Tuck wing tips under shoulders for even cooking.

· Use a foil tent for the first 1–1½ hours to prevent overbrowning.

· Always clean hands, utensils, and surfaces after contact with raw turkey or juices.

· Discard turkey, stuffing, or gravy left out over 2 hours (1 hour above 90 °F).

· Refrigerate or freeze leftovers in shallow containers within 2 hours.

· Use refrigerated leftovers within 3–4 days; frozen within 2–6 months.

· Oven: Set to 325 °F and heat turkey to 165 °F internal temperature. Add a little broth or water to keep moist.

· Microwave: Cover and rotate food; ensure internal temperature reaches 165 °F.

For safe cooking and storage guidance, contact:

USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. ET, Monday–Friday mphotline@usda.gov www.fsis.usda.gov

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension –&nbsp;Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or&nbsp;moniquek@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/10/1635350563626.jpeg" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictFresh or Frozen?· Allow 1 pound of turkey per person.· Fresh turkeys: Buy 1–2 days before cooking and keep refrigerated on a tray to catch drips. Do not buy fresh pre-stuffed turkeys—they can harbor bacteria.· Frozen turkeys: Keep frozen until ready to thaw. Best quality within one year.· Frozen pre-stuffed turkeys: Must display the USDA or State inspection mark. Do not thaw before cooking—cook from frozen and follow package directions. Allow 1¼ pounds per person.Thawing Your TurkeyThree safe methods:1. Refrigerator (40 °F or below): Allow 24 hours per 4–5 pounds.· 4–12 lbs: 1–3 days· 12–16 lbs: 3–4 days· 16–20 lbs: 4–5 days· 20–24 lbs: 5–6 days Can stay refrigerated 1–2 days after thawing.2. Cold Water: Allow 30 minutes per pound. Change water every 30 minutes. Cook immediately after thawing.3. Microwave: Follow the microwave’s manual for size, power, and time. Cook immediately after thawing—do not refreeze or refrigerate.Reminder: Remove giblets before cooking.Roasting Your Turkey· Set oven to 325 °F or higher.· Place turkey on a rack in a shallow roasting pan.· Stuffing is safest cooked separately to ensure even heating. If stuffing the turkey, fill loosely and cook immediately. Stuffing must reach 165 °F.· A whole turkey is safe when the innermost thigh, wing, and thickest breast reach 165 °F.· Let turkey rest 20 minutes before carving.Approximate Cooking Times (Unstuffed, 325 °F):· 8–12 lbs: 2¾–3 hrs· 12–14 lbs: 3–3¾ hrs· 14–18 lbs: 3¾–4¼ hrs· 18–20 lbs: 4¼–4½ hrs· 20–24 lbs: 4½–5 hrsIf cooking from frozen, allow at least 50% longer.Optional Tips· Tuck wing tips under shoulders for even cooking.· Add ½ cup water to the pan.· Use a foil tent for the first 1–1½ hours to prevent overbrowning.· Always clean hands, utensils, and surfaces after contact with raw turkey or juices.Leftovers· Discard turkey, stuffing, or gravy left out over 2 hours (1 hour above 90 °F).· Refrigerate or freeze leftovers in shallow containers within 2 hours.· Use refrigerated leftovers within 3–4 days; frozen within 2–6 months.Reheating· Oven: Set to 325 °F and heat turkey to 165 °F internal temperature. Add a little broth or water to keep moist.· Microwave: Cover and rotate food; ensure internal temperature reaches 165 °F.Need Help?For safe cooking and storage guidance, contact:USDA Meat and Poultry Hotline 1-888-MPHotline (1-888-674-6854) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. ET, Monday–Friday mphotline@usda.gov www.fsis.usda.govMonique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension –&nbsp;Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or&nbsp;moniquek@ksu.edu

KOERNER: Let’s talk turkey — Safe roasting tips

Beneficial rains have brought much-needed moisture to the Kansas wheat crop. However, the moisture can also trigger winter annual weeds, especially in fields with poor wheat stands or where continuous wheat or wheat-fallow rotations are used.

Like wheat, winter annual grasses typically emerge in the fall (although early spring emergence is possible). They go dormant during the coldest months, then resume growth and produce seeds in the spring. 

The weedy brome species cheatgrass (also known as downy brome), Japanese brome, and cheat are among the grass weeds most commonly found in Kansas wheat. Jointed goatgrass and feral rye are also prevalent and are especially challenging to control. Cheat and feral rye are typically found in the eastern parts of the state, whereas cheatgrass and jointed goatgrass are more often found in the west. 

For specific information about postemergence herbicides for controlling winter annual grasses, refer to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate electronic newsletter by typing that into your internet browser.

Considerations for Herbicide Applications

As a general rule, fall applications will provide better control of these weeds than spring applications. However, it is important to remember that weeds must be actively growing for herbicides to be effective. Be aware of the temperatures in your area to ensure weeds are not dormant. One temperature guideline to consider using is low temperatures above freezing and high temperatures above 50°F for three to five days before and after the application. 

Delaying applications until spring, when herbicide can be mixed with topdress fertilizer, is an option, although this can lead to greater yield loss due to competition and reduced herbicide efficacy. Furthermore, spring applications may not meet crop rotation intervals. Always read the herbicide label to determine recropping intervals and adjuvant requirements. The growth stage is also important when applying several of these herbicides.

Other Options: Crop Rotation and Seed Destruction

Crop rotation is an effective method of preventing winter annual weeds in wheat. One or more summer annual crops between wheat crops disrupts the life cycle of winter annual weeds, allowing for the use of other cultural and chemical methods for their control. Narrower row spacings or increased wheat seeding rates can make wheat more competitive with weeds.

In dry environments, seeding wheat deeper into moist soil may allow wheat to emerge before weedy brome seeds that must germinate from dry soil nearer the soil surface. Alternatively, delaying planting until after the first flush of weedy grasses has emerged may also be an effective cultural management practice when moisture is abundant.

Seed destruction of some winter annual grasses (cheatgrass, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass) at wheat harvest may be a viable option to reduce the amount of weed seed that returns to the soil&nbsp;seedbank, which may reduce the density of winter annual grasses in the following seasons. More information on harvest weed seed destruction can be found at: <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/harvest-weed-seed-destruction-a-tool-for-managing-herbicide-resistant-weeds-601-1">https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/harvest-weed-seed-destruction-a-tool-for-managing-herbicide-resistant-weeds-601-1</a>

Several effective options exist to control weedy brome species. Jointed goatgrass and feral rye control options are more limited and will likely require planting either a Clearfield or CoAXium wheat variety. In fields where winter annual grasses are known to be a problem, cultural practices can be implemented to reduce their impact, such as using an herbicide-resistant wheat variety or rotating to a summer crop.

For additional information about these herbicides, see <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/2025-chemical-weed-control-for-field-crops-pastures-rangeland-and-noncropland_CHEMWEEDGUIDE">2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, Rangeland, and Noncropland, K-State publication SRP-1190.</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1762878196080.jpeg" alt="A combine with a weed seed control unit is used during wheat harvest. Photo by Jeremie Kouame/ K-State Research and Extension, Hays" />
 <figcaption>A combine with a weed seed control unit is used during wheat harvest. Photo by Jeremie Kouame/ K-State Research and Extension, Hays</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictBeneficial rains have brought much-needed moisture to the Kansas wheat crop. However, the moisture can also trigger winter annual weeds, especially in fields with poor wheat stands or where continuous wheat or wheat-fallow rotations are used.Like wheat, winter annual grasses typically emerge in the fall (although early spring emergence is possible). They go dormant during the coldest months, then resume growth and produce seeds in the spring. The weedy brome species cheatgrass (also known as downy brome), Japanese brome, and cheat are among the grass weeds most commonly found in Kansas wheat. Jointed goatgrass and feral rye are also prevalent and are especially challenging to control. Cheat and feral rye are typically found in the eastern parts of the state, whereas cheatgrass and jointed goatgrass are more often found in the west. For specific information about postemergence herbicides for controlling winter annual grasses, refer to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate electronic newsletter by typing that into your internet browser.Considerations for Herbicide Applications As a general rule, fall applications will provide better control of these weeds than spring applications. However, it is important to remember that weeds must be actively growing for herbicides to be effective. Be aware of the temperatures in your area to ensure weeds are not dormant. One temperature guideline to consider using is low temperatures above freezing and high temperatures above 50°F for three to five days before and after the application. Delaying applications until spring, when herbicide can be mixed with topdress fertilizer, is an option, although this can lead to greater yield loss due to competition and reduced herbicide efficacy. Furthermore, spring applications may not meet crop rotation intervals. Always read the herbicide label to determine recropping intervals and adjuvant requirements. The growth stage is also important when applying several of these herbicides.Other Options: Crop Rotation and Seed Destruction Crop rotation is an effective method of preventing winter annual weeds in wheat. One or more summer annual crops between wheat crops disrupts the life cycle of winter annual weeds, allowing for the use of other cultural and chemical methods for their control. Narrower row spacings or increased wheat seeding rates can make wheat more competitive with weeds. In dry environments, seeding wheat deeper into moist soil may allow wheat to emerge before weedy brome seeds that must germinate from dry soil nearer the soil surface. Alternatively, delaying planting until after the first flush of weedy grasses has emerged may also be an effective cultural management practice when moisture is abundant.Seed destruction of some winter annual grasses (cheatgrass, feral rye, and jointed goatgrass) at wheat harvest may be a viable option to reduce the amount of weed seed that returns to the soil&nbsp;seedbank, which may reduce the density of winter annual grasses in the following seasons. More information on harvest weed seed destruction can be found at: <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/harvest-weed-seed-destruction-a-tool-for-managing-herbicide-resistant-weeds-601-1">https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/harvest-weed-seed-destruction-a-tool-for-managing-herbicide-resistant-weeds-601-1</a>SummarySeveral effective options exist to control weedy brome species. Jointed goatgrass and feral rye control options are more limited and will likely require planting either a Clearfield or CoAXium wheat variety. In fields where winter annual grasses are known to be a problem, cultural practices can be implemented to reduce their impact, such as using an herbicide-resistant wheat variety or rotating to a summer crop. For additional information about these herbicides, see <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/2025-chemical-weed-control-for-field-crops-pastures-rangeland-and-noncropland_CHEMWEEDGUIDE">2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, Rangeland, and Noncropland, K-State publication SRP-1190.</a>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Winter annual grass control in winter wheat

One of the ways that I have an opportunity to give back in my communities is by serving on the Golden Belt Community Foundation Board. While you have the opportunity to give to one of your favorite 126 organizations from now until Giving Tuesday on December 2, you can absolutely donate to those organizations all year!

I appreciate that organizations like community foundations exist because they allow donors to contribute amounts that work in their budget to compile with everyone else’s small amount to do great work!

In addition, right now our food pantries and food banks are doing critical work across our communities. Can I fund a whole day or week? No, but I can add a few extra items to drop off to help others.

Do I have extra coats taking up space in a closet that haven’t been worn for a couple of years? I get to remove some clutter from my home and benefit someone else! Several years ago, a closet clean-out by one of my adult children resulted in a bag of gently worn shoes that no longer fit. We were able to donate these to a center who made sure that each pair had a new home.

Our family lived on tight budgets for several years and one of my favorite activities during that time was to help my kids understand that even though we didn’t have a lot, there were others in much tougher circumstances. This led to good activities of regularly going through toy boxes and donating books and toys to our library and other organizations.

Yes, please check out the opportunities for Giving Tuesday in your communities and, especially the Golden Belt Community Foundation which serves four counties.

 But also, look for small and large ways that you can give every day – holding a door, sharing a smile or a wave, volunteering at your church or civic organization, and perhaps donating to a cause that is near and dear to your heart.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictOne of the ways that I have an opportunity to give back in my communities is by serving on the Golden Belt Community Foundation Board. While you have the opportunity to give to one of your favorite 126 organizations from now until Giving Tuesday on December 2, you can absolutely donate to those organizations all year!I appreciate that organizations like community foundations exist because they allow donors to contribute amounts that work in their budget to compile with everyone else’s small amount to do great work!In addition, right now our food pantries and food banks are doing critical work across our communities. Can I fund a whole day or week? No, but I can add a few extra items to drop off to help others.Do I have extra coats taking up space in a closet that haven’t been worn for a couple of years? I get to remove some clutter from my home and benefit someone else! Several years ago, a closet clean-out by one of my adult children resulted in a bag of gently worn shoes that no longer fit. We were able to donate these to a center who made sure that each pair had a new home.Our family lived on tight budgets for several years and one of my favorite activities during that time was to help my kids understand that even though we didn’t have a lot, there were others in much tougher circumstances. This led to good activities of regularly going through toy boxes and donating books and toys to our library and other organizations.Yes, please check out the opportunities for Giving Tuesday in your communities and, especially the Golden Belt Community Foundation which serves four counties. But also, look for small and large ways that you can give every day – holding a door, sharing a smile or a wave, volunteering at your church or civic organization, and perhaps donating to a cause that is near and dear to your heart.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Giving Tuesday is Dec. 2

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Fall is a wonderful season for agriculture and a time to, hopefully, reap the bounty of the year’s production.&nbsp; If producers have access to crop residue fields following grain harvest, then preparing to turn cattle out to graze such acres is one task that deserves to be near the top of the priority list.&nbsp; Grain sorghum represents an excellent opportunity to extend the grazing season.&nbsp; However, there are several important management considerations that need to be kept in mind with grazing sorghum residue.

Understandably, the absence of fences and water sources is one of the biggest limitations for residue grazing.&nbsp; Many acres are grown in rain-fed systems in which sourcing water from an irrigation well is not possible. Likewise, hauling water long distances is usually not practical.&nbsp; However, if water can be supplied and temporary fences put up, then grazing sorghum residues is usually economical.&nbsp; A single strand of electric fence can work quite well for keeping cows contained, while 2 or more strands may be needed for small calves.

Unlike actively growing forages, both the quantity and quality of residue available for grazing will be highest immediately following harvest and will steadily decline over time due to weathering, trampling, and consumption by cattle. Regarding forage quantity, field data indicate about 2.5 to 3.0 tons of residue per acre on average is produced following harvest.&nbsp; If accounting for 50% of the total residue on the field as available for grazing and of that amount 50% was utilized, then one acre would supply enough forage for one gestating cow for approximately 50 to 60 days.

High amounts of grain on the surface of the field pose a risk of acidosis, particularly for animals with experience grazing residue fields. Cattle selectively graze and will seek out and consume any grain present first.&nbsp; The degree to which grain in the field poses a risk is dependent on many factors, but levels greater than 10 to 15 bushels per acre generally require additional caution.&nbsp; Avoiding turning hungry animals directly on to fields by filling them up on forage, strip grazing to reduce the amount grain available per animal, supplementing low amounts of grain initially before turning them out, and feeding sodium bicarbonate as a rumen buffer are all strategies that may be used to decrease risk of acidosis.

Nitrate and prussic acid toxicity are both conditions that increase in prevalence due to plant stress and cause asphyxiation in the animal, yet are distinctly independent from each other.&nbsp; Nitrates accumulate in the base of the stalk or stem, and while issues associated with nitrate toxicity are generally less common in grazing situations as compared to when cattle are fed a diet, for this reason it is critical to manage stocking rate so that cattle are not forced to consume the lower 1/3rd&nbsp;of the stalk or stem.&nbsp; Prussic acid can occur in plant species within the broader sorghum family, and primarily accumulates in young, rapidly growing plant tissue.&nbsp; Therefore, avoiding grazing sorghum residue around a frost event and for the first 7 days following a killing freeze is a sound practice. Just as with harvested forages, representative samples of standing forage can be collected for analysis of nitrate and prussic acid to determine risk levels and guide management decisions.

K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682229509.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictFall is a wonderful season for agriculture and a time to, hopefully, reap the bounty of the year’s production.&nbsp; If producers have access to crop residue fields following grain harvest, then preparing to turn cattle out to graze such acres is one task that deserves to be near the top of the priority list.&nbsp; Grain sorghum represents an excellent opportunity to extend the grazing season.&nbsp; However, there are several important management considerations that need to be kept in mind with grazing sorghum residue.Understandably, the absence of fences and water sources is one of the biggest limitations for residue grazing.&nbsp; Many acres are grown in rain-fed systems in which sourcing water from an irrigation well is not possible. Likewise, hauling water long distances is usually not practical.&nbsp; However, if water can be supplied and temporary fences put up, then grazing sorghum residues is usually economical.&nbsp; A single strand of electric fence can work quite well for keeping cows contained, while 2 or more strands may be needed for small calves.Unlike actively growing forages, both the quantity and quality of residue available for grazing will be highest immediately following harvest and will steadily decline over time due to weathering, trampling, and consumption by cattle. Regarding forage quantity, field data indicate about 2.5 to 3.0 tons of residue per acre on average is produced following harvest.&nbsp; If accounting for 50% of the total residue on the field as available for grazing and of that amount 50% was utilized, then one acre would supply enough forage for one gestating cow for approximately 50 to 60 days.High amounts of grain on the surface of the field pose a risk of acidosis, particularly for animals with experience grazing residue fields. Cattle selectively graze and will seek out and consume any grain present first.&nbsp; The degree to which grain in the field poses a risk is dependent on many factors, but levels greater than 10 to 15 bushels per acre generally require additional caution.&nbsp; Avoiding turning hungry animals directly on to fields by filling them up on forage, strip grazing to reduce the amount grain available per animal, supplementing low amounts of grain initially before turning them out, and feeding sodium bicarbonate as a rumen buffer are all strategies that may be used to decrease risk of acidosis.Nitrate and prussic acid toxicity are both conditions that increase in prevalence due to plant stress and cause asphyxiation in the animal, yet are distinctly independent from each other.&nbsp; Nitrates accumulate in the base of the stalk or stem, and while issues associated with nitrate toxicity are generally less common in grazing situations as compared to when cattle are fed a diet, for this reason it is critical to manage stocking rate so that cattle are not forced to consume the lower 1/3rd&nbsp;of the stalk or stem.&nbsp; Prussic acid can occur in plant species within the broader sorghum family, and primarily accumulates in young, rapidly growing plant tissue.&nbsp; Therefore, avoiding grazing sorghum residue around a frost event and for the first 7 days following a killing freeze is a sound practice. Just as with harvested forages, representative samples of standing forage can be collected for analysis of nitrate and prussic acid to determine risk levels and guide management decisions.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: Grazing sorgum residues

With over 80 years of experience serving producers, the Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) maintains a long-term commitment to Kansas agriculture, by building strong relationships with ag producers. 

Twenty-four KFMA economists, strategically located around the state who are part of the Department of K-State Agricultural Economics, comprise the professional staff of the KFMA program. The economists/fieldmen work cooperatively with farm families to provide members with production and financial management information for use in decision making.

The primary goal of the KFMA program is to provide each member with information that can be used to help make farm and family decisions. KFMA Economists assist producers by providing the following information and services:

If you would like further information about becoming a member of KFMA visit <a href="https://www.agmanager.info/kfma">https://www.agmanager.info/kfma</a> or contact Mark Dikeman, KFMA Director at 785-532-0516, dikemanm@ksu.edu or you can contact your local county or district Extension office and they can put you in contact too with KFMA.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1762280893453.jpeg" alt="Kansas Farm Management Association&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Kansas Farm Management Association&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictWith over 80 years of experience serving producers, the Kansas Farm Management Association (KFMA) maintains a long-term commitment to Kansas agriculture, by building strong relationships with ag producers. Twenty-four KFMA economists, strategically located around the state who are part of the Department of K-State Agricultural Economics, comprise the professional staff of the KFMA program. The economists/fieldmen work cooperatively with farm families to provide members with production and financial management information for use in decision making.The primary goal of the KFMA program is to provide each member with information that can be used to help make farm and family decisions. KFMA Economists assist producers by providing the following information and services:<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1762280704581.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>If you would like further information about becoming a member of KFMA visit <a href="https://www.agmanager.info/kfma">https://www.agmanager.info/kfma</a> or contact Mark Dikeman, KFMA Director at 785-532-0516, dikemanm@ksu.edu or you can contact your local county or district Extension office and they can put you in contact too with KFMA.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Kansas Farm Management Association maintains long-term commitment to Kansas ag

Nominate a deserving Kansas producer or landowner for the&nbsp;2025 Kansas Bankers Association Conservation Awards Program. This year, the Kansas Bankers Association, K-State Research and Extension, and the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks have announced six award categories:&nbsp;&nbsp;

This program aims to stimulate a greater interest in conserving Kansas's agricultural and natural resources by recognizing farmers and landowners who have made outstanding progress in practicing conservation on their farms. 

In 2024, 110 Kansas producers and landowners were recognized through this program.

Submit your nomination to the Cottonwood Extension office in Great Bend for Barton County residents as soon as possible. 

A committee of conservation professionals will submit the names of the selected recipients to the K-State Agronomy Extension office (or KDWPT for Wildlife Award) by December 5, 2025.

For more information, see:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/extension/kansas-bankers-award/">https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/extension/kansas-bankers-award/</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682229509.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictNominate a deserving Kansas producer or landowner for the&nbsp;2025 Kansas Bankers Association Conservation Awards Program. This year, the Kansas Bankers Association, K-State Research and Extension, and the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks have announced six award categories:&nbsp;&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1762280357253.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>This program aims to stimulate a greater interest in conserving Kansas's agricultural and natural resources by recognizing farmers and landowners who have made outstanding progress in practicing conservation on their farms. In 2024, 110 Kansas producers and landowners were recognized through this program.Submit your nomination to the Cottonwood Extension office in Great Bend for Barton County residents as soon as possible. A committee of conservation professionals will submit the names of the selected recipients to the K-State Agronomy Extension office (or KDWPT for Wildlife Award) by December 5, 2025.For more information, see:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/extension/kansas-bankers-award/">https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/extension/kansas-bankers-award/</a>.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Nominations open for 2025 Conservation Awards Program

Voter turnout Register voters-20,483 Voted as of Election Day-4,620 Voter turnout-22.56%

All precincts reporting. W=Winner pending canvass.

Hays City Commission 2 four-year terms; 1 two-year term Reese Barrick-1137 Shaun Musil-1772-W David Vilaysing-1340-W Candace (CJ) Hathaway-467 Sandy Jacobs-1542-W Samuel Allen-165 Justin Choitz-204 Kelly Ancar-744 David Koshiol-1277

See the Hays Post for a story on this race on Wednesday.

Hays USD 489 3 at-large positions Ken Brooks-1948-W Curt C. Vajnar-2531-W Craig Pallister-1948-W Meagan Zampieri-Lillpopp-1294 Kelly Ancar-1603

Ellis City Mayor 1 position Devin D. Henderson-111 Martin V. LaBarge-209-W

Ellis City Treasurer 1 position Amanda M. Shannon-378-W

Ellis City Councilmember 3 at large&nbsp;positions John A. Walz-315-W David R. McDaniel-250-W Kevin LaBarge-275-W

Schoenchen Mayor 1 position Kevin Bieker-32-W

Schoenchen City Councilmember 5&nbsp;Positions Jim Mowry-29-W

Victoria City Mayor 1 position John Schulte-178-W

Victoria Councilmember 3 positions Ryan Lichter-155-W Matthew L Sander-170-W

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1747092483078.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Voter turnout Register voters-20,483 Voted as of Election Day-4,620 Voter turnout-22.56%All precincts reporting. W=Winner pending canvass.Hays City Commission 2 four-year terms; 1 two-year term Reese Barrick-1137 Shaun Musil-1772-W David Vilaysing-1340-W Candace (CJ) Hathaway-467 Sandy Jacobs-1542-W Samuel Allen-165 Justin Choitz-204 Kelly Ancar-744 David Koshiol-1277See the Hays Post for a story on this race on Wednesday.Hays USD 489 3 at-large positions Ken Brooks-1948-W Curt C. Vajnar-2531-W Craig Pallister-1948-W Meagan Zampieri-Lillpopp-1294 Kelly Ancar-1603 See the Hays Post for a story on this race on Wednesday.Ellis City Mayor 1 position Devin D. Henderson-111 Martin V. LaBarge-209-WEllis City Treasurer 1 position Amanda M. Shannon-378-WEllis City Councilmember 3 at large&nbsp;positions John A. Walz-315-W David R. McDaniel-250-W Kevin LaBarge-275-W Schoenchen Mayor 1 position Kevin Bieker-32-WSchoenchen City Councilmember 5&nbsp;Positions Jim Mowry-29-W Victoria City Mayor 1 position John Schulte-178-W Victoria Councilmember 3 positions Ryan Lichter-155-W Matthew L Sander-170-WUSD 432-Victoria 3 District at-Large positions Shanna Dinkel-201-W Jacob Hunter-101 Connie Braun-216-W Jeanna Wellbrock-96 Jennifer Berens-188-WUSD 388-Ellis 3 at large positions 1 unexpired term (2 years) NO CANDIDATES ON THE BALLOTBig Creek Improvement District 3 Director&nbsp;positions Duane F. Kuhn-41-W Keith Schmidt-25 Larry Leiker-39-W Casey F Herrman-29-WMunjor Improvement District 3 Director&nbsp;positions Darold F Younker-20-WPrairie Acres Improvement District 3&nbsp;Director positions Shane Gregg-14-W Kevin Zimmer-20-W Bradley Stewart-15-W Bill Wierman-1Suburban Estates Improvement District 3&nbsp;Director positions NO CANDIDATES ON THE BALLOTCottonwood Extension District No. 17 2 board positions Donna Maskus-3259-W Dinah Newman-1834-W Write-in candidates will be calculated starting on Wednesday, and winners will be announced as soon as they become available.The canvass to certify the official election results will be at 8:30 a.m. Wednesday, Nov. 12, at the Ellis County Administration Center in the county commission meeting room.