By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

While I spent 20 years in banking in a previous career, I would never claim to be an expert on investing. Melissa Schrag, Family and Community Wellness agent from the Central Kansas District, focuses on Family Resource Management and shared some great information, including definitions, about navigating investment markets and, with her permission, I’d like to share it with you.

Navigating Bear Markets: Tips for Staying Composed During Downturns

Wall Street may be nearing a bear market, as concerns grow that tariffs on imported goods could impact global economic stability. But what exactly is a bear market, and how can investors stay steady when markets dip?

A bear market is a period when the prices of securities, like stocks, fall by 20% or more from recent highs. It’s marked by widespread pessimism, negative investor sentiment, and selling pressure.

The term comes from the bear’s behavior—hibernation—symbolizing a market retreat. Conversely, a rising market is called a bull market, because bulls charge forward, representing upward momentum.

1. Keep Emotions in Check - Bear markets can be nerve-wracking. Fear and negative headlines can overwhelm you, but reacting emotionally often leads to poor decisions.

2. Don’t Try to Outrun the Bear - Avoid jumping in and out of the market. Selling during declines may cause you to miss the recovery. Remember: time in the market beats timing the market.

3. Stick to Your Long-Term Strategy - Focus on your long-term goals. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure it aligns with your objectives but avoid drastic changes based on short-term market swings.

4. Use the Downturn to Your Advantage - Bear markets offer opportunities to buy quality investments at lower prices. Consider rebalancing your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.

5. Adjust If You’re Taking Income - If you rely on investment income, consider reducing withdrawals temporarily. This helps your portfolio recover when markets rebound.

6. Stay Calm and Ignore the Noise - Bear markets come with plenty of doom-and-gloom headlines. Staying calm and sticking to your strategy usually leads to better outcomes.

If you found this article useful, Melissa would appreciate your follow up so take a moment and provide feedback at <a href="https://pears.io/engage/programs/responses/358797/?access_key=wS9Iut9">https://bit.ly/49SMXra</a>.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictWhile I spent 20 years in banking in a previous career, I would never claim to be an expert on investing. Melissa Schrag, Family and Community Wellness agent from the Central Kansas District, focuses on Family Resource Management and shared some great information, including definitions, about navigating investment markets and, with her permission, I’d like to share it with you.Navigating Bear Markets: Tips for Staying Composed During DownturnsWall Street may be nearing a bear market, as concerns grow that tariffs on imported goods could impact global economic stability. But what exactly is a bear market, and how can investors stay steady when markets dip?What is a Bear Market?A bear market is a period when the prices of securities, like stocks, fall by 20% or more from recent highs. It’s marked by widespread pessimism, negative investor sentiment, and selling pressure.Why the name “bear market?”The term comes from the bear’s behavior—hibernation—symbolizing a market retreat. Conversely, a rising market is called a bull market, because bulls charge forward, representing upward momentum.6 Tips to Navigate Bear Markets1. Keep Emotions in Check - Bear markets can be nerve-wracking. Fear and negative headlines can overwhelm you, but reacting emotionally often leads to poor decisions.2. Don’t Try to Outrun the Bear - Avoid jumping in and out of the market. Selling during declines may cause you to miss the recovery. Remember: time in the market beats timing the market.3. Stick to Your Long-Term Strategy - Focus on your long-term goals. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure it aligns with your objectives but avoid drastic changes based on short-term market swings.4. Use the Downturn to Your Advantage - Bear markets offer opportunities to buy quality investments at lower prices. Consider rebalancing your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.5. Adjust If You’re Taking Income - If you rely on investment income, consider reducing withdrawals temporarily. This helps your portfolio recover when markets rebound.6. Stay Calm and Ignore the Noise - Bear markets come with plenty of doom-and-gloom headlines. Staying calm and sticking to your strategy usually leads to better outcomes.If you found this article useful, Melissa would appreciate your follow up so take a moment and provide feedback at <a href="https://pears.io/engage/programs/responses/358797/?access_key=wS9Iut9">https://bit.ly/49SMXra</a>.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Navigating bear markets, staying composed during downturns

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

Changes to your eyesight are normal with age.

 You may be less able to see up close without reading glasses. It may take your eyes longer to adjust to changing light levels. These problems can usually be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or improved lighting.

 But some changes can be a sign of disease.

A condition called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the U.S. It’s caused by light-sensing tissue in the back of your eye, or retina, deteriorating. The deterioration happens in the center of the retina, called the macula. In advanced stages, AMD can make it hard to see things clearly when you look straight ahead. You may not be able to recognize faces, read, drive, or do certain household tasks independently.

You’re more likely to have AMD at age 55 and older. Smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure increase your risk for AMD. So does having a family history of the disease.

Dry AMD, also called atrophic AMD, is more common. This condition progresses through several stages. Early AMD has no symptoms. In intermediate AMD, you might notice mild blurriness or have trouble seeing in low light. Late AMD usually causes a blurry area or blank spots in or near the center of your vision. Colors may appear faded.

The other type is called neovascular, or wet, AMD. It can cause fast vision loss if not treated promptly. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. These can bleed and leak fluid that damages the macula. A telltale sign is when straight lines appear wavy or crooked. Dry AMD can also turn into wet AMD.

It can take years for AMD to progress. When you detect it early, you can take steps to delay its progress.

An eye doctor can detect AMD using a dilated eye exam. In the exam, they dilate (or widen) your pupils using special eye drops. This allows them to see inside your eyes. They may also take pictures of the inside of your eye using a technique called optical coherence tomography.

If you are diagnosed with AMD, there are several things you can do to slow its progression. “For those early and intermediate stages, it’s all about a healthy lifestyle,” says Dr. Tiarnán Keenan, an ophthalmologist at NIH. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough physical activity,&nbsp;and not smoking. A healthy lifestyle may also lower your chances of getting AMD in the first place.

· Eat a healthy diet, including fruits and vegetables (especially dark leafy greens like spinach or kale) and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon or tuna).

· Get regular physical activity. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.

· Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

· Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. Get free help to quit smoking at smokefree.gov, 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669), or by texting QUIT to 47848.

· Get regular eye exams. Your eye doctor can tell you how often you need an exam based on your age and other risk factors.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictChanges to your eyesight are normal with age. You may be less able to see up close without reading glasses. It may take your eyes longer to adjust to changing light levels. These problems can usually be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or improved lighting. But some changes can be a sign of disease.A condition called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the U.S. It’s caused by light-sensing tissue in the back of your eye, or retina, deteriorating. The deterioration happens in the center of the retina, called the macula. In advanced stages, AMD can make it hard to see things clearly when you look straight ahead. You may not be able to recognize faces, read, drive, or do certain household tasks independently.You’re more likely to have AMD at age 55 and older. Smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure increase your risk for AMD. So does having a family history of the disease.There are two types of AMD. Dry AMD, also called atrophic AMD, is more common. This condition progresses through several stages. Early AMD has no symptoms. In intermediate AMD, you might notice mild blurriness or have trouble seeing in low light. Late AMD usually causes a blurry area or blank spots in or near the center of your vision. Colors may appear faded.The other type is called neovascular, or wet, AMD. It can cause fast vision loss if not treated promptly. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. These can bleed and leak fluid that damages the macula. A telltale sign is when straight lines appear wavy or crooked. Dry AMD can also turn into wet AMD.It can take years for AMD to progress. When you detect it early, you can take steps to delay its progress.An eye doctor can detect AMD using a dilated eye exam. In the exam, they dilate (or widen) your pupils using special eye drops. This allows them to see inside your eyes. They may also take pictures of the inside of your eye using a technique called optical coherence tomography.If you are diagnosed with AMD, there are several things you can do to slow its progression. “For those early and intermediate stages, it’s all about a healthy lifestyle,” says Dr. Tiarnán Keenan, an ophthalmologist at NIH. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough physical activity,&nbsp;and not smoking. A healthy lifestyle may also lower your chances of getting AMD in the first place.Lower Your Risk of AMD· Eat a healthy diet, including fruits and vegetables (especially dark leafy greens like spinach or kale) and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon or tuna).· Get regular physical activity. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.· Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.· Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. Get free help to quit smoking at smokefree.gov, 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669), or by texting QUIT to 47848.· Get regular eye exams. Your eye doctor can tell you how often you need an exam based on your age and other risk factors.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Healthy lifestyle can protect eye health

Unlike hunting seasons, fishing never really ends here in Kansas. Yes, different times of the year bring with them differing success rates for different species, but there is good fishing to be had year around here in the sunflower state if you know where to go and how to do it. 

The Kansas Dept of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWPT) puts together and maintains fishing reports and fishing forecasts to help you with that. I spoke with the KDWPT Fisheries Biologist in my area and got a crash course in reading and interpreting their fishing reports and forecasts and learned more about how they put them together.

Kansas fishing reports and forecasts are found on the website, <a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Fishing">www.ksoutdoors.com</a>.

FISHING REPORTS are simply information gathered by biologists from fisherman, marinas etc. at each lake and reservoir about how best to catch each species of fish in that impoundment. Fishing reports are updated weekly from March through October as information is received.

Fish sampling occurs on all federal reservoirs and state lakes, and on some community owned lakes and ponds, and annual FISHING FORECASTS are generated from that data. These forecasts predict fishing success for each species at all Kansas federal reservoirs and state lakes and rank each water impoundment for these species.

To access fishing REPORTS, go to the <a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Fishing/Fishing-Reports">website, click on fishing, then on reports</a>. From the list of regions, choose the region that contains the lake or reservoir you want to check, then click on the appropriate lake.

To view fishing FORECASTS, <a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Fishing/Fishing-Forecast">click on forecasts</a>, then from the list of fish species shown, click on the species you want to know about, then you will be given a choice of all lakes, ponds and reservoirs sampled for that species.

Down the left side of the forecast is displayed a list of all lakes or reservoirs sampled for the species you chose. 

The first category will be “Density Rating” and is the number or fish over 8 inches found in each net or trap. 

The next two categories are “Preferred Rating “and “Lunker Rating,” and display the number of fish over 10 inches and over 12 inches respectively found when sampling. 

The next category called “Biggest Fish” is simply the weight of the largest fish caught in the sample. 

The next category called “Biologists Rating” rates the&nbsp;impoundment as Excellent, Good, Fair or Poor according to information available to the biologist, and it may not reflect all the other categories if information is known about the fish populations there that weren’t necessarily reflected in the samples captured.

The last category is “3 Year Average,” and is the average number of fish over eight inches captured over the last three years of sampling. The lakes are listed by the density rating; the more fish over eight inches captured in sampling, the higher that lake is ranked.

Fishing reports and forecasts are obviously not infallible, but are both good tools to help fishermen decide where and how they might want to spend their time and efforts. Remember, fishing success also depends on weather, which includes a myriad of different factors. So, grab a kid, a spouse or a friend and take someone fishing this year as you continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!

Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="Steve Gilliland. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Steve Gilliland. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STEVE GILLILANDUnlike hunting seasons, fishing never really ends here in Kansas. Yes, different times of the year bring with them differing success rates for different species, but there is good fishing to be had year around here in the sunflower state if you know where to go and how to do it. The Kansas Dept of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism (KDWPT) puts together and maintains fishing reports and fishing forecasts to help you with that. I spoke with the KDWPT Fisheries Biologist in my area and got a crash course in reading and interpreting their fishing reports and forecasts and learned more about how they put them together.Kansas fishing reports and forecasts are found on the website, <a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Fishing">www.ksoutdoors.com</a>. FISHING REPORTS are simply information gathered by biologists from fisherman, marinas etc. at each lake and reservoir about how best to catch each species of fish in that impoundment. Fishing reports are updated weekly from March through October as information is received. Fish sampling occurs on all federal reservoirs and state lakes, and on some community owned lakes and ponds, and annual FISHING FORECASTS are generated from that data. These forecasts predict fishing success for each species at all Kansas federal reservoirs and state lakes and rank each water impoundment for these species.To access fishing REPORTS, go to the <a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Fishing/Fishing-Reports">website, click on fishing, then on reports</a>. From the list of regions, choose the region that contains the lake or reservoir you want to check, then click on the appropriate lake. To view fishing FORECASTS, <a href="https://ksoutdoors.com/Fishing/Fishing-Forecast">click on forecasts</a>, then from the list of fish species shown, click on the species you want to know about, then you will be given a choice of all lakes, ponds and reservoirs sampled for that species.Down the left side of the forecast is displayed a list of all lakes or reservoirs sampled for the species you chose. The first category will be “Density Rating” and is the number or fish over 8 inches found in each net or trap. The next two categories are “Preferred Rating “and “Lunker Rating,” and display the number of fish over 10 inches and over 12 inches respectively found when sampling. The next category called “Biggest Fish” is simply the weight of the largest fish caught in the sample. The next category called “Biologists Rating” rates the&nbsp;impoundment as Excellent, Good, Fair or Poor according to information available to the biologist, and it may not reflect all the other categories if information is known about the fish populations there that weren’t necessarily reflected in the samples captured.The last category is “3 Year Average,” and is the average number of fish over eight inches captured over the last three years of sampling. The lakes are listed by the density rating; the more fish over eight inches captured in sampling, the higher that lake is ranked.Fishing reports and forecasts are obviously not infallible, but are both good tools to help fishermen decide where and how they might want to spend their time and efforts. Remember, fishing success also depends on weather, which includes a myriad of different factors. So, grab a kid, a spouse or a friend and take someone fishing this year as you continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Explore Kansas Outdoors: Reading, interpreting Kansas fishing reports, forecasts

By ALEXANDRA&nbsp; MIDDLEWOOD Insight Kansas

In 2021, Kansas Tourism launched the Sunflower Summer program, opening the doors to our state’s zoos, museums, nature centers, and historical sites to Kansas families — for free! Designed to help young Kansans explore and fall in love with their home state, the program has quickly proven to be much more than a feel-good initiative.

It’s a smart investment in our children’s learning and our state’s economic vitality.

Over the past four years, the program has grown dramatically. In 2024, it offered free access to more than 200 attractions across Kansas. Over 154,000 families participated — and nearly 500,000 tickets were redeemed, a 55% increase over the previous year — bringing families into local communities, supporting tourism, and enriching the summer experiences of thousands of children.

In fact, 76% of participating families purchased meals, 72% shopped at local stores, and 20% stayed overnight, underscoring the program’s significant contribution to local economies across the state. Every dollar spent on Sunflower Summer returns multiple dollars to local communities, from ticket-adjacent spending at restaurants to increased visibility for small attractions. 

In Abilene alone, the 2024 Sunflower Summer program generated the equivalent of $114,945 in ticket revenue for the Abilene and Smoky Valley Railroad, $34,395 for the Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum, and $10,176 for the Dickinson County Heritage Center — providing a substantial boost to the city’s cultural and historical attractions.

The impact hasn’t gone unnoticed. In April, the Sunflower Summer program was named the Best Local Impact Campaign at the 2025 eTourism Summit’s eTSY Awards — national recognition for a uniquely Kansas initiative. As Kansas Tourism Director Bridgette Jobe notes, no other state offers a program quite like it.

Yet despite its growing popularity, proven success, and bipartisan support, Sunflower Summer saw its funding significantly reduced during this year’s legislative session. As a result, the 2025 program will run for just three weeks — from July 12 to August 3 — down from a full summer season. That timeline may be cut even shorter, depending on participation and amount of use.

This is not just a scheduling change. It’s a step backward for a program that brings real returns for students, for families, and for local economies across the state.

Cuts to Sunflower Summer come at a time when federal funding cuts to similar initiatives — including National Parks and the Institute of Museum and Library Services — is being reduced. These losses compound one another, with real and lasting consequences for K-12 students, especially those from low-income families. Research consistently shows that summer&nbsp;educational programs help narrow the reading achievement gap by keeping students engaged and learning when school is out. Without them, many children risk falling further behind.

The Sunflower Summer program is a powerful example of the kind of initiative Kansas should champion — one that reflects our values, strengthens our communities, and demonstrates what it looks like to put our money where our mouths are.

For a fraction of the state’s budget, Sunflower Summer delivers outsized returns. When we invest in programs like this we’re putting resources behind our priorities. We’re not just funding summer activities, we’re investing in Kansas, in our kids’ educational enrichment, and local economic opportunity.

If we want to continue building a Kansas where families thrive and kids grow up proud of where they’re from, we need to fight for programs like this. The legislature should restore full funding to Sunflower Summer and Kansans should make sure lawmakers know how much it matters.

Programs like Sunflower Summer don’t just create memories, they connect kids to the places, people, and history that shape our state. That connection is what builds future citizens who care about Kansas.

Sunflower Summer is more than a program — it’s a promise to Kansas’ future. Let’s keep that promise.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1740007073583.jpeg" alt="Alexandra Middlewood, PhD, is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alexandra Middlewood, PhD, is an associate professor and chair of the Political Science Department at Wichita State University. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALEXANDRA&nbsp; MIDDLEWOOD Insight KansasIn 2021, Kansas Tourism launched the Sunflower Summer program, opening the doors to our state’s zoos, museums, nature centers, and historical sites to Kansas families — for free! Designed to help young Kansans explore and fall in love with their home state, the program has quickly proven to be much more than a feel-good initiative.It’s a smart investment in our children’s learning and our state’s economic vitality.Over the past four years, the program has grown dramatically. In 2024, it offered free access to more than 200 attractions across Kansas. Over 154,000 families participated — and nearly 500,000 tickets were redeemed, a 55% increase over the previous year — bringing families into local communities, supporting tourism, and enriching the summer experiences of thousands of children.In fact, 76% of participating families purchased meals, 72% shopped at local stores, and 20% stayed overnight, underscoring the program’s significant contribution to local economies across the state. Every dollar spent on Sunflower Summer returns multiple dollars to local communities, from ticket-adjacent spending at restaurants to increased visibility for small attractions. In Abilene alone, the 2024 Sunflower Summer program generated the equivalent of $114,945 in ticket revenue for the Abilene and Smoky Valley Railroad, $34,395 for the Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum, and $10,176 for the Dickinson County Heritage Center — providing a substantial boost to the city’s cultural and historical attractions.The impact hasn’t gone unnoticed. In April, the Sunflower Summer program was named the Best Local Impact Campaign at the 2025 eTourism Summit’s eTSY Awards — national recognition for a uniquely Kansas initiative. As Kansas Tourism Director Bridgette Jobe notes, no other state offers a program quite like it.Yet despite its growing popularity, proven success, and bipartisan support, Sunflower Summer saw its funding significantly reduced during this year’s legislative session. As a result, the 2025 program will run for just three weeks — from July 12 to August 3 — down from a full summer season. That timeline may be cut even shorter, depending on participation and amount of use.This is not just a scheduling change. It’s a step backward for a program that brings real returns for students, for families, and for local economies across the state.Cuts to Sunflower Summer come at a time when federal funding cuts to similar initiatives — including National Parks and the Institute of Museum and Library Services — is being reduced. These losses compound one another, with real and lasting consequences for K-12 students, especially those from low-income families. Research consistently shows that summer&nbsp;educational programs help narrow the reading achievement gap by keeping students engaged and learning when school is out. Without them, many children risk falling further behind.The Sunflower Summer program is a powerful example of the kind of initiative Kansas should champion — one that reflects our values, strengthens our communities, and demonstrates what it looks like to put our money where our mouths are.For a fraction of the state’s budget, Sunflower Summer delivers outsized returns. When we invest in programs like this we’re putting resources behind our priorities. We’re not just funding summer activities, we’re investing in Kansas, in our kids’ educational enrichment, and local economic opportunity.If we want to continue building a Kansas where families thrive and kids grow up proud of where they’re from, we need to fight for programs like this. The legislature should restore full funding to Sunflower Summer and Kansans should make sure lawmakers know how much it matters.Programs like Sunflower Summer don’t just create memories, they connect kids to the places, people, and history that shape our state. That connection is what builds future citizens who care about Kansas.Sunflower Summer is more than a program — it’s a promise to Kansas’ future. Let’s keep that promise.

INSIGHT KANSAS: Sunflower Summer builds more than memories

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Cattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.

“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, that capability gets overwhelmed. They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”&nbsp;

Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.

“They're trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counter-productive,” Tarpoff said.

High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.

“When we're comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”

Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">K-State Mesonet</a>.

Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.

“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.

Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.“

Whenever it comes to heat stress, it's back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said. “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”

Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr/vol9/iss1/3/">study</a>&nbsp;conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.

“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”

Additionally, bedding pens with straw can reduce the pen floor temperature by 25 degrees and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool if used in the overnight hours, according to Tarpoff.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictCattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, that capability gets overwhelmed. They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”&nbsp;Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.“They're trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counter-productive,” Tarpoff said.High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.“When we're comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">K-State Mesonet</a>.Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.“Whenever it comes to heat stress, it's back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said. “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr/vol9/iss1/3/">study</a>&nbsp;conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”Additionally, bedding pens with straw can reduce the pen floor temperature by 25 degrees and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool if used in the overnight hours, according to Tarpoff.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Heat stress in cattle

By TISA MASON Fort Hays State University President

In times of crisis, true character is revealed. And once again, Fort Hays State University students have shown that our Tiger Nation is defined by compassion, leadership, and service to others.

When an EF3 tornado tore through the town of Grinnell on May 18, the destruction left behind was almost beyond comprehension. Everyday life was upended in moments. Homes were gone. Machinery was broken and twisted. As images and stories of the devastation circulated, a group of our students, the brothers of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity, decided they couldn’t simply watch from afar. They would go. They would help.

Sig Epp Cade Becker, a junior from Hays, heard about the damage through family and friends. Moved by what he learned, he rallied his fraternity brothers to gather tools and supplies—rakes, shovels, contractor bags—and head to Grinnell on May 31. What they encountered was, in the words of junior Anthony Arial of Hays, “like putting a Band-Aid on a bullet hole.”

In addition to Cade and Anthony, Sig Ep brothers Ryan Oglesby, Wichita, and Micah Von Stroh, Wichita, along with Sig Ep alum Julian Bixenman of Colby, Cade’s dad, Nathan Houser, and grandpa Lynn Houser, both of Plainville, pitched in to help.

They got to work in a nearby wheat field, just half a mile from town, near a farmhouse that had been reduced to rubble. A church nearby stood without its roof. The brothers cleared debris—metal, wood, fragments of lives interrupted—so the community could begin harvesting again in a few weeks. Their work didn’t erase the damage, but it moved Grinnell one step closer to recovery.

What struck me most about Cade and Anthony’s reflections wasn’t the magnitude of the task but the altruistic mindset they brought with them. They weren’t looking for recognition. They were guided by the core values of their fraternity—virtue, diligence, and brotherly love—and by the culture of care we strive to nurture in our Tiger Nation.

“If you don’t put action behind the words, what does it mean?” Anthony asked. That’s a question all of us should take to heart.

At FHSU, we talk often about our deep connection to western Kansas. Many of our students come from rural communities. Many of our alumni return to those communities as leaders, educators, builders, and changemakers. What these young men demonstrated in Grinnell is the very spirit of western Kansas—neighbors helping neighbors, showing up when it matters most, and choosing community over convenience.

Cade said it best: “Helping your neighbor is the Kansas heart. That’s what we are known for.”

Indeed, it is. And this group of young men showed that being a Tiger means more than academic success or personal growth. It means rising to the moment, responding with empathy, and making a difference in the lives of others.

To Cade, Anthony, and all the Sig Ep brothers who stepped up: thank you for reminding us what it means to live the Tiger Pact. You are building more than balanced men—you are building hope, one act of service at a time.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1575301942236.jpeg" alt="Tisa Mason, FHSU president. Photo by Fort Hays State University" />
 <figcaption>Tisa Mason, FHSU president. Photo by Fort Hays State University</figcaption>
 </figure>By TISA MASON Fort Hays State University PresidentIn times of crisis, true character is revealed. And once again, Fort Hays State University students have shown that our Tiger Nation is defined by compassion, leadership, and service to others.When an EF3 tornado tore through the town of Grinnell on May 18, the destruction left behind was almost beyond comprehension. Everyday life was upended in moments. Homes were gone. Machinery was broken and twisted. As images and stories of the devastation circulated, a group of our students, the brothers of the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity, decided they couldn’t simply watch from afar. They would go. They would help.Sig Epp Cade Becker, a junior from Hays, heard about the damage through family and friends. Moved by what he learned, he rallied his fraternity brothers to gather tools and supplies—rakes, shovels, contractor bags—and head to Grinnell on May 31. What they encountered was, in the words of junior Anthony Arial of Hays, “like putting a Band-Aid on a bullet hole.”In addition to Cade and Anthony, Sig Ep brothers Ryan Oglesby, Wichita, and Micah Von Stroh, Wichita, along with Sig Ep alum Julian Bixenman of Colby, Cade’s dad, Nathan Houser, and grandpa Lynn Houser, both of Plainville, pitched in to help.They got to work in a nearby wheat field, just half a mile from town, near a farmhouse that had been reduced to rubble. A church nearby stood without its roof. The brothers cleared debris—metal, wood, fragments of lives interrupted—so the community could begin harvesting again in a few weeks. Their work didn’t erase the damage, but it moved Grinnell one step closer to recovery.What struck me most about Cade and Anthony’s reflections wasn’t the magnitude of the task but the altruistic mindset they brought with them. They weren’t looking for recognition. They were guided by the core values of their fraternity—virtue, diligence, and brotherly love—and by the culture of care we strive to nurture in our Tiger Nation.“If you don’t put action behind the words, what does it mean?” Anthony asked. That’s a question all of us should take to heart.At FHSU, we talk often about our deep connection to western Kansas. Many of our students come from rural communities. Many of our alumni return to those communities as leaders, educators, builders, and changemakers. What these young men demonstrated in Grinnell is the very spirit of western Kansas—neighbors helping neighbors, showing up when it matters most, and choosing community over convenience.Cade said it best: “Helping your neighbor is the Kansas heart. That’s what we are known for.”Indeed, it is. And this group of young men showed that being a Tiger means more than academic success or personal growth. It means rising to the moment, responding with empathy, and making a difference in the lives of others.To Cade, Anthony, and all the Sig Ep brothers who stepped up: thank you for reminding us what it means to live the Tiger Pact. You are building more than balanced men—you are building hope, one act of service at a time.

Heart of a Tiger: Sig Ep Tigers step up to lend a helping hand in Grinnell

When people say western Kansas has nothing to offer, I shake my head. I could entertain someone for a year without repeats. Recently, an adventurous girlfriend joined me to wander Blue Highways 283 north to Highway 9, a favorite journey.

After turning onto 9, I shared details about Lenora’s role in Nex-Tech’s start up. As a result, northwest Kansas has access to internet service offering great personal and business opportunities to commune with the world. Journeying further west, I clued her to look for the site where Catholic priests performed the first Mass with a different sort of communion on the tree-lined banks of the North Solomon. Now days, the shiny steeple of New Almelo Catholic Church welcomes the faithful to an isolated but charming church.

Not far away, waited our goal--Wahlmeier Vineyard, a three-mile jaunt north of Hwy 9. Her GPS warned us to turn at an upcoming corner which happened to host a quaint white cottage. We chimed in unison, “Wouldn’t that be a great vacation rental for visitors who attend Wahlmeier Vineyards bingo, trivia, and harvest activities?”

That turn directed us down a graveled road to our destination while gale-force winds turned surrounding wheatfields into a roiling sea of green. Once inside the winery, we smoothed mussed hair and forgot nearly blowing to Oklahoma as bottles of wine, jars of jelly, and t-shirts snagged our attention. A framed architectural rendering offered building specs.

Vintner Cary Wahlmeier grew up on a nearby farm before working at IBM in Lenexa. Returning to his roots, he morphed from techie to winemaker starting in 2015 when he planted several acres to grapes. Five years later, he returned to make wine. The two-story rustic facility looks at home on the Kansas prairie and offers a cozy tasting area. Bigger parties can spread into an area filled with tables and chairs or high tops and stools.

As a boomerang Kansan, I love when ingenuity and creativity combine to return natives to their roots. Cary, good at sourcing local fruits to create wines and meads, epitomizes such talents. Our favorite was his last sample of Nick’s Plums and Kerrie’s Cherries. Apparently, others enjoy it too, and now all must wait on this year’s fruit harvest in Norton Co. before we toast with it again.

An elderberry fan, it pleased me that he sources elderberries from local John Gall. I also liked his Cherryliciousness, referred to as “Viking’s Blood,” a mead, fermented with wildflower honey. The nip in my tasting glass transported my imagination to an ancient Scandinavian mead hall lit by a giant fireplace.

The vineyard produces enough variety guests can return four different times before tasting every one based on selecting five wines per visit. This vineyard is rural so Cary’s menu offers meat/cheese trays or Brew Pub pizza to balance the wine tasting. We recommend Jalapeno Popper pizza, an added delight to our adventure. In addition to Cary’s wines, pizza, and meat trays, his daughter produces homemade jams and jellies. To support local agriculture, I took several jars home to try on homemade bread.

At WaKeeney, we left busy I-70 to find ourselves roaming a starkly beautiful, remote part of Kansas. When we mentioned the corner white house to Cary, he filled us in. That was once the site of Allison, bigger than Dodge City, and now a ghost town.

Perhaps businesspeople like Cary can banish ghosts while inviting the living to see what this vibrant landscape offers.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658158605319.jpeg" alt="Karen Madorin. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karen Madorin. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINWhen people say western Kansas has nothing to offer, I shake my head. I could entertain someone for a year without repeats. Recently, an adventurous girlfriend joined me to wander Blue Highways 283 north to Highway 9, a favorite journey.After turning onto 9, I shared details about Lenora’s role in Nex-Tech’s start up. As a result, northwest Kansas has access to internet service offering great personal and business opportunities to commune with the world. Journeying further west, I clued her to look for the site where Catholic priests performed the first Mass with a different sort of communion on the tree-lined banks of the North Solomon. Now days, the shiny steeple of New Almelo Catholic Church welcomes the faithful to an isolated but charming church.Not far away, waited our goal--Wahlmeier Vineyard, a three-mile jaunt north of Hwy 9. Her GPS warned us to turn at an upcoming corner which happened to host a quaint white cottage. We chimed in unison, “Wouldn’t that be a great vacation rental for visitors who attend Wahlmeier Vineyards bingo, trivia, and harvest activities?”That turn directed us down a graveled road to our destination while gale-force winds turned surrounding wheatfields into a roiling sea of green. Once inside the winery, we smoothed mussed hair and forgot nearly blowing to Oklahoma as bottles of wine, jars of jelly, and t-shirts snagged our attention. A framed architectural rendering offered building specs.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1748974560514.jpeg" alt="Wahlmeier Vineyards. Photo by Karen Madorin" />
 <figcaption>Wahlmeier Vineyards. Photo by Karen Madorin</figcaption>
 </figure>Vintner Cary Wahlmeier grew up on a nearby farm before working at IBM in Lenexa. Returning to his roots, he morphed from techie to winemaker starting in 2015 when he planted several acres to grapes. Five years later, he returned to make wine. The two-story rustic facility looks at home on the Kansas prairie and offers a cozy tasting area. Bigger parties can spread into an area filled with tables and chairs or high tops and stools.As a boomerang Kansan, I love when ingenuity and creativity combine to return natives to their roots. Cary, good at sourcing local fruits to create wines and meads, epitomizes such talents. Our favorite was his last sample of Nick’s Plums and Kerrie’s Cherries. Apparently, others enjoy it too, and now all must wait on this year’s fruit harvest in Norton Co. before we toast with it again.An elderberry fan, it pleased me that he sources elderberries from local John Gall. I also liked his Cherryliciousness, referred to as “Viking’s Blood,” a mead, fermented with wildflower honey. The nip in my tasting glass transported my imagination to an ancient Scandinavian mead hall lit by a giant fireplace.The vineyard produces enough variety guests can return four different times before tasting every one based on selecting five wines per visit. This vineyard is rural so Cary’s menu offers meat/cheese trays or Brew Pub pizza to balance the wine tasting. We recommend Jalapeno Popper pizza, an added delight to our adventure. In addition to Cary’s wines, pizza, and meat trays, his daughter produces homemade jams and jellies. To support local agriculture, I took several jars home to try on homemade bread.At WaKeeney, we left busy I-70 to find ourselves roaming a starkly beautiful, remote part of Kansas. When we mentioned the corner white house to Cary, he filled us in. That was once the site of Allison, bigger than Dodge City, and now a ghost town.Perhaps businesspeople like Cary can banish ghosts while inviting the living to see what this vibrant landscape offers.

MADORIN: Day trippin' 2

Open a browser on your mobile device and visit the website at <a href="https://hayspost.com">https://hayspost.com</a>.&nbsp; Add it to the Home screen on your mobile device for the best possible experience.&nbsp; Here’s a screenshot that shows you how:

Open a browser on your mobile device and visit the website at <a href="https://hayspost.com">https://hayspost.com</a>.&nbsp; Add it to the Home screen on your mobile device for the best possible experience.&nbsp; Here’s a screenshot that shows you how:<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2024/7/1722009103461.png" alt="Hays Post.png" />
 <figcaption>Hays Post.png</figcaption>
 </figure>

How to get full Hays Post experience on your mobile

Note: The letter from the Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, and the EAS recommended line-item cuts are attached at the end of this letter.

This is in response to the article regarding Essential Air Service funding for the Hays airport.

<a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/2730c5cd-1026-4098-9e5f-ebf15c8fd949">SEE RELATED STORY: Hays faces loss of federal airport funds</a>

After reading the article in Hays Post about the Hays airport losing its Essential Air Service (EAS) federal funding, I shared mixed feelings of panic and anger. Panic because it meant that my husband who has worked for TSA for 22 plus years would possibly need to relocate or lose his job if Hays no longer had air service. And anger at our city council for fear-mongering the public by not giving more details about the information and its source. Instead, they chose to direct us down a path of doom by making this comment about their solution of how to make up the money that would be lost: "For us, to make that up, we would have to increase our mill levy from 25 to 44. That's almost double the mills just to cover that annual subsidy," said Mason Ruder, vice-mayor.

While I appreciate our city council directing us to contact our legislators about anything of concern, I am putting them on notice. Give us the facts and the source of where you are getting your information. Spend time explaining it to those who voted for you. Don’t just say “Trump’s budget” and sound the alarm, push us in a corner and leave it at that! Research some other funding options, or at least tell us you are looking into it, rather than make some crazy comment about raising our mill levy/taxes. Like we all needed to hear that right now!

I am always skeptical of both sides of the news – left and right. I think for myself. It’s sad that journalism isn’t what it used to be…when opinions of the journalists were not expressed, and all that we got were the facts. Now it’s almost like a reality show where the public feeds off the controversy.

After reading the article, I did my research. I went to the belly of the beast, the actual “Big Beautiful Bill” all 1,118 pages of it. Doing a search within the bill, I found nothing that mentions “Essential Air Service.” I dissected the table of contents and still nothing. After searching more on <a href="http://Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a>, I found that cutting EAS has not been introduced into any type of legislation. Where I did find it mentioned was at the bottom of page 23 in a letter from the Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget as a proposal to Congress for the 2026 budget. This is not written in stone legislation. It is merely a proposal to Congress. Congress is the one that needs to enact the legislation to remove EAS. Nothing in that budget proposal letter is written in stone. I encourage you to click on the bill highlighted above, which is legislation currently in the Senate, and read (or press the listen button) to be informed of what your Congress is voting on…go to the source itself instead of listening to he said, she said. Make up your own mind.

Here is an explanation about Essential Air Service for those who don’t know. The airline is given federal EAS funding for each seat in the plane, whether empty or occupied. To receive EAS funding, certain criteria must be met, and an application must be submitted and approved. It is federal money put in the pocket of the airline to entice them to service the area, and it gives the city an edge to contract with a competitive air carrier. Many rural towns do not fill their seats, so it is debatable by the administration if it is considered wasteful to the taxpayers to pay for all those empty seats in the airplane. Hays has high boarding numbers, which is very good and something positive that should be pointed out by our city council. In my opinion, and according to the criteria they are stating in the budget proposal, we are being good stewards of the money given by evidence of the enplanements we have. FHSU requires their faculty/staff to fly out of Hays whenever possible because the more the community supports the airline, the more likelihood the airline will be able to receive EAS funding, and we will keep our service. Community support is also one of the criteria for receiving funding.

Everyone complains that it is so expensive to fly out of Hays. To get the best ticket price you should try being flexible on the dates you are traveling, if possible. When going to United.com, click on the “flexible dates” box and adjust how many days in your trip and the month. It will show the entire month and the ticket prices for every day. You can adjust your travel dates or number of days to get the lowest price. Also, booking on Tuesday or Wednesday could be better. On my search for Hays to Orlando, I found a roundtrip ticket price of $275 on June 27. Isn’t it much better to avoid the driving, traffic, gas, hotel, parking fees, plus just all the hassle when you can fly right out of Hays?

We could all use more positivity in our lives. Shouldn’t we try to be part of the solution rather than part of the problem?

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698091063975.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Note: The letter from the Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, and the EAS recommended line-item cuts are attached at the end of this letter.This is in response to the article regarding Essential Air Service funding for the Hays airport.<a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/2730c5cd-1026-4098-9e5f-ebf15c8fd949">SEE RELATED STORY: Hays faces loss of federal airport funds</a>After reading the article in Hays Post about the Hays airport losing its Essential Air Service (EAS) federal funding, I shared mixed feelings of panic and anger. Panic because it meant that my husband who has worked for TSA for 22 plus years would possibly need to relocate or lose his job if Hays no longer had air service. And anger at our city council for fear-mongering the public by not giving more details about the information and its source. Instead, they chose to direct us down a path of doom by making this comment about their solution of how to make up the money that would be lost: "For us, to make that up, we would have to increase our mill levy from 25 to 44. That's almost double the mills just to cover that annual subsidy," said Mason Ruder, vice-mayor.While I appreciate our city council directing us to contact our legislators about anything of concern, I am putting them on notice. Give us the facts and the source of where you are getting your information. Spend time explaining it to those who voted for you. Don’t just say “Trump’s budget” and sound the alarm, push us in a corner and leave it at that! Research some other funding options, or at least tell us you are looking into it, rather than make some crazy comment about raising our mill levy/taxes. Like we all needed to hear that right now!I am always skeptical of both sides of the news – left and right. I think for myself. It’s sad that journalism isn’t what it used to be…when opinions of the journalists were not expressed, and all that we got were the facts. Now it’s almost like a reality show where the public feeds off the controversy.After reading the article, I did my research. I went to the belly of the beast, the actual “Big Beautiful Bill” all 1,118 pages of it. Doing a search within the bill, I found nothing that mentions “Essential Air Service.” I dissected the table of contents and still nothing. After searching more on <a href="http://Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a>, I found that cutting EAS has not been introduced into any type of legislation. Where I did find it mentioned was at the bottom of page 23 in a letter from the Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget as a proposal to Congress for the 2026 budget. This is not written in stone legislation. It is merely a proposal to Congress. Congress is the one that needs to enact the legislation to remove EAS. Nothing in that budget proposal letter is written in stone. I encourage you to click on the bill highlighted above, which is legislation currently in the Senate, and read (or press the listen button) to be informed of what your Congress is voting on…go to the source itself instead of listening to he said, she said. Make up your own mind.Here is an explanation about Essential Air Service for those who don’t know. The airline is given federal EAS funding for each seat in the plane, whether empty or occupied. To receive EAS funding, certain criteria must be met, and an application must be submitted and approved. It is federal money put in the pocket of the airline to entice them to service the area, and it gives the city an edge to contract with a competitive air carrier. Many rural towns do not fill their seats, so it is debatable by the administration if it is considered wasteful to the taxpayers to pay for all those empty seats in the airplane. Hays has high boarding numbers, which is very good and something positive that should be pointed out by our city council. In my opinion, and according to the criteria they are stating in the budget proposal, we are being good stewards of the money given by evidence of the enplanements we have. FHSU requires their faculty/staff to fly out of Hays whenever possible because the more the community supports the airline, the more likelihood the airline will be able to receive EAS funding, and we will keep our service. Community support is also one of the criteria for receiving funding.Everyone complains that it is so expensive to fly out of Hays. To get the best ticket price you should try being flexible on the dates you are traveling, if possible. When going to United.com, click on the “flexible dates” box and adjust how many days in your trip and the month. It will show the entire month and the ticket prices for every day. You can adjust your travel dates or number of days to get the lowest price. Also, booking on Tuesday or Wednesday could be better. On my search for Hays to Orlando, I found a roundtrip ticket price of $275 on June 27. Isn’t it much better to avoid the driving, traffic, gas, hotel, parking fees, plus just all the hassle when you can fly right out of Hays?We could all use more positivity in our lives. Shouldn’t we try to be part of the solution rather than part of the problem?— Jodie J. Wear-Leiker<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1748979073961.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1748979098644.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1748979120678.png" alt="Line item for recommended budget cut for Essential Air Service." />
 <figcaption>Line item for recommended budget cut for Essential Air Service.</figcaption>
 </figure>

LETTER: Reader wants city to find other solutions for air service

By STEVE GILLILAND Exploring Kansas Outdoors

Having just returned from a fishing trip with my son, his father-in-law and my grandson, a fishing story from my youth comes to mind. It involves a high school class mate of mine, his older brother and a muskrat. So, sit back and enjoy Larry and the Muskrat.

John and I graduated together and were just a few years out of high school at the time of the story. He and his older brother Larry both had bass boats and were avid largemouth bass fishermen who liked to spend Sunday mornings on a nice local reservoir named Clear Fork. Larry said he enjoyed the quiet time and all the wildlife he saw as much as the fishing. This particular morning, he was fishing with a spinner-bait, a large odd-shaped contraption full of hooks and shiny blades that makes the whole rig spin and chatter as it’s retrieved through the water. He was close to shore and had stopped casting to watch a muskrat putter about along the bank. A few feet of line hung from his rod with the spinner bait dangling from the end. After several minutes of being amused by the muskrat, he decided it was time to fish again, so he slapped the water with the spinner bait just to scare the muskrat. However, the line carried the lure farther than expected, mistakenly hooking the surprised muskrat, and the fight was on!

John was fishing a ways off, but the commotion caught his attention and Larry’s rod bent doubly into the water was the first thing he saw. Between chuckles, Larry quickly explained the situation and asked for his help. John got his boat as close as possible and after what must have been quite a tussle, he managed to dip the struggling muskrat from the water, but razor-sharp teeth made quick work of the net and it was in the water again, this time with Larry’s line running through a dip net sporting a huge hole in its bottom. After another lengthy scuffle they once again managed to somehow hoist the combative muskrat into the boat, and then the real rodeo began. Now John and Larry were both avid outdoorsmen and conservationists, and all they wanted to do was unhook poor muskrat Sam without harming him. Like I said before, a spinner-bait is full of sharp treble hooks, and now they had one very ticked-off, soaking wet muskrat in the boat with several sets of those hooks fastened securely to him and he evidently was not obeying their verbal commands very well. Remember, Larry’s line was still running through a ruined dip net that I’m sure was very much in the way. Somehow, he got the muskrat pulled back through the net and John was able to pounce on it, pinning the hapless critter to the floor with the rim of the net across its neck. John held it down with his foot while Larry went to work with his pliers attempting to extract the hooks. A fish with a couple hooks in its mouth is one thing, but a feisty, soaking wet rodent the size of a loaf of bread with who-knows-how-many hooks fastened securely to its fur-covered body is quite another matter.

Larry worked feverishly, noticing that the muskrat’s eyeballs were bulging slightly from the weight of John’s foot on the steel ring across its neck. Each embedded hook had to be wobbled and wiggled until the sharp barb on its tip pulled free from the muskrat’s tough hide. Finally, success as the last of the hooks came free! But then there remained the problem of how to get one still ticked-off but now absolutely free muskrat out of the boat. With that quandary swirling in their minds, both guys simultaneously stepped backwards to suddenly release the muskrat, (in their minds somehow hoping it would just launch itself over the side and back into the water) but looked at each other in disbelief as the poor luckless creature lay lifeless on the floor, evidently strangled in the process, despite their best intentions - problem solved!

Although not funny that muskrat Sammy had to give his life for this adventure, this is yet another story I’ll take with me to my grave when I sometimes can’t remember what I had for breakfast. Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By STEVE GILLILAND Exploring Kansas OutdoorsHaving just returned from a fishing trip with my son, his father-in-law and my grandson, a fishing story from my youth comes to mind. It involves a high school class mate of mine, his older brother and a muskrat. So, sit back and enjoy Larry and the Muskrat.John and I graduated together and were just a few years out of high school at the time of the story. He and his older brother Larry both had bass boats and were avid largemouth bass fishermen who liked to spend Sunday mornings on a nice local reservoir named Clear Fork. Larry said he enjoyed the quiet time and all the wildlife he saw as much as the fishing. This particular morning, he was fishing with a spinner-bait, a large odd-shaped contraption full of hooks and shiny blades that makes the whole rig spin and chatter as it’s retrieved through the water. He was close to shore and had stopped casting to watch a muskrat putter about along the bank. A few feet of line hung from his rod with the spinner bait dangling from the end. After several minutes of being amused by the muskrat, he decided it was time to fish again, so he slapped the water with the spinner bait just to scare the muskrat. However, the line carried the lure farther than expected, mistakenly hooking the surprised muskrat, and the fight was on!John was fishing a ways off, but the commotion caught his attention and Larry’s rod bent doubly into the water was the first thing he saw. Between chuckles, Larry quickly explained the situation and asked for his help. John got his boat as close as possible and after what must have been quite a tussle, he managed to dip the struggling muskrat from the water, but razor-sharp teeth made quick work of the net and it was in the water again, this time with Larry’s line running through a dip net sporting a huge hole in its bottom. After another lengthy scuffle they once again managed to somehow hoist the combative muskrat into the boat, and then the real rodeo began. Now John and Larry were both avid outdoorsmen and conservationists, and all they wanted to do was unhook poor muskrat Sam without harming him. Like I said before, a spinner-bait is full of sharp treble hooks, and now they had one very ticked-off, soaking wet muskrat in the boat with several sets of those hooks fastened securely to him and he evidently was not obeying their verbal commands very well. Remember, Larry’s line was still running through a ruined dip net that I’m sure was very much in the way. Somehow, he got the muskrat pulled back through the net and John was able to pounce on it, pinning the hapless critter to the floor with the rim of the net across its neck. John held it down with his foot while Larry went to work with his pliers attempting to extract the hooks. A fish with a couple hooks in its mouth is one thing, but a feisty, soaking wet rodent the size of a loaf of bread with who-knows-how-many hooks fastened securely to its fur-covered body is quite another matter.Larry worked feverishly, noticing that the muskrat’s eyeballs were bulging slightly from the weight of John’s foot on the steel ring across its neck. Each embedded hook had to be wobbled and wiggled until the sharp barb on its tip pulled free from the muskrat’s tough hide. Finally, success as the last of the hooks came free! But then there remained the problem of how to get one still ticked-off but now absolutely free muskrat out of the boat. With that quandary swirling in their minds, both guys simultaneously stepped backwards to suddenly release the muskrat, (in their minds somehow hoping it would just launch itself over the side and back into the water) but looked at each other in disbelief as the poor luckless creature lay lifeless on the floor, evidently strangled in the process, despite their best intentions - problem solved!Although not funny that muskrat Sammy had to give his life for this adventure, this is yet another story I’ll take with me to my grave when I sometimes can’t remember what I had for breakfast. Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors!Steve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Exploring Kansas Outdoors: Larry and the muskrat

My mom was so allergic to poison ivy I still believe to this day she could have caught it by merely looking at the plants. I remember her being hospitalized once with poison ivy so bad on her hand that it resembled raw hamburger. My dad on the other hand could’ve rolled around in the stuff and never known it.

 One night a few years back I went to change a flat tire on our mobile deer blind which was still in the woods, and found it to be afloat in a sea of the healthiest poison ivy I’d ever seen. I chopped it down all around the tire, wore gloves and was pretty careful as I worked, but three or four days later I had a small patch of rash on one arm, the first time I ever “got” poison ivy.

Each stem of a poison ivy plant has three shiny, pointed green leaves, thus the old saying “Leaves of three, let them be.” 

The troublemaker is the oil called “Urushiol” that is found on poison ivy plants. Urushiol by itself is fairly harmless, but when absorbed by our skin, our body attacks to it as an intruder and the red, itchy rash follows. 

Urushiol is found in ALL parts of a poison ivy plant ALL year round, and has actually been found to be present in plants that have been dead for up to five years. 

Animals and pets do not react to urushiol but can carry it on their fur or hide and infect humans that way. It can also remain indefinitely on clothing and tools. 

Liquid from poison ivy blisters WILL NOT spread poison ivy; urushiol must be absorbed by our skin to cause a reaction and by the time a rash develops the oil has long since been absorbed. 

Sensitivity to poison ivy is thought to be genetic so it can run in the family; someone sensitive to poison ivy can also have a reaction from the smoke of burning poison ivy plants.

To keep this from reading like a pamphlet about poison ivy you’d pick up at the county Extension office, I’ve put together a little fun trivia about the “leaves-of-three” plant, plus few not-so-common facts and cures for poison ivy rash.

Five hundred people could itch from the amount of urushiol found on the head of a pin. It’s estimated that 85% of the world’s population would have an allergic reaction to poison ivy. Samples of urushiol several centuries old have still been found to cause skin irritation on sensitive people.

If using water to attempt to rinse urushiol off your skin before it’s absorbed, ALWAYS rinse with COOL water as hot water will actually open skin pores and speed absorption.

Capsaicin cream, labeled for arthritis pain, can suppress the itch of poison ivy rash for hours.

Apple cider vinegar, rubbing alcohol or lemon juice poured liberally over your skin can rinse off urushiol if done soon enough after contact. Either liquid can also help heal poison ivy rash if drizzled over the rash or used on a compress.

Other ways to soothe poison ivy rash include coating the rash with cucumber slices or a paste made from cucumber, and rubbing the rash with the inside of a banana peel or cool melon rind.

Witch hazel, strongly brewed tea, buttermilk or yogurt dabbed on poison ivy rash with a cotton ball can help draw toxins out of the rash and dry up seeping blisters.

Aloe Vera juice will soothe poison ivy rash like it soothes sunburn.

One cup of oatmeal ground into a fine powder, put into an old pair of pantyhose and used like a teabag in a tub of cool bathwater can provide relief from the intense itching of poison ivy rash.

Three teaspoons of baking soda mixed with one teaspoon of water makes a good paste to spread over poison ivy rash to aid in healing and offer temporary relief from itching.

In summary, lots of things can give relief from the itch of poison ivy rash, but the only sure way to prevent a reaction is to rinse off the urushiol oil before it can be absorbed into the skin. 

The opening lines of the old Coasters song “Poison Ivy” say “she comes on like a rose but everybody knows she’ll get you in dutch, you can look but you better not touch; poison ivy, poison ivy, at night when you’re sleepin’ poison ivy comes creeping around.” 

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1751278793695.jpeg" alt="Poison ivy. Photo by Alabama Cooperative Extension System&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Poison ivy. Photo by Alabama Cooperative Extension System&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By STEVE GILLILANDMy mom was so allergic to poison ivy I still believe to this day she could have caught it by merely looking at the plants. I remember her being hospitalized once with poison ivy so bad on her hand that it resembled raw hamburger. My dad on the other hand could’ve rolled around in the stuff and never known it. One night a few years back I went to change a flat tire on our mobile deer blind which was still in the woods, and found it to be afloat in a sea of the healthiest poison ivy I’d ever seen. I chopped it down all around the tire, wore gloves and was pretty careful as I worked, but three or four days later I had a small patch of rash on one arm, the first time I ever “got” poison ivy.Each stem of a poison ivy plant has three shiny, pointed green leaves, thus the old saying “Leaves of three, let them be.” The troublemaker is the oil called “Urushiol” that is found on poison ivy plants. Urushiol by itself is fairly harmless, but when absorbed by our skin, our body attacks to it as an intruder and the red, itchy rash follows. Urushiol is found in ALL parts of a poison ivy plant ALL year round, and has actually been found to be present in plants that have been dead for up to five years. Animals and pets do not react to urushiol but can carry it on their fur or hide and infect humans that way. It can also remain indefinitely on clothing and tools. Liquid from poison ivy blisters WILL NOT spread poison ivy; urushiol must be absorbed by our skin to cause a reaction and by the time a rash develops the oil has long since been absorbed. Sensitivity to poison ivy is thought to be genetic so it can run in the family; someone sensitive to poison ivy can also have a reaction from the smoke of burning poison ivy plants.To keep this from reading like a pamphlet about poison ivy you’d pick up at the county Extension office, I’ve put together a little fun trivia about the “leaves-of-three” plant, plus few not-so-common facts and cures for poison ivy rash.Five hundred people could itch from the amount of urushiol found on the head of a pin. It’s estimated that 85% of the world’s population would have an allergic reaction to poison ivy. Samples of urushiol several centuries old have still been found to cause skin irritation on sensitive people.If using water to attempt to rinse urushiol off your skin before it’s absorbed, ALWAYS rinse with COOL water as hot water will actually open skin pores and speed absorption.Capsaicin cream, labeled for arthritis pain, can suppress the itch of poison ivy rash for hours.Apple cider vinegar, rubbing alcohol or lemon juice poured liberally over your skin can rinse off urushiol if done soon enough after contact. Either liquid can also help heal poison ivy rash if drizzled over the rash or used on a compress.Other ways to soothe poison ivy rash include coating the rash with cucumber slices or a paste made from cucumber, and rubbing the rash with the inside of a banana peel or cool melon rind.Witch hazel, strongly brewed tea, buttermilk or yogurt dabbed on poison ivy rash with a cotton ball can help draw toxins out of the rash and dry up seeping blisters.Aloe Vera juice will soothe poison ivy rash like it soothes sunburn.One cup of oatmeal ground into a fine powder, put into an old pair of pantyhose and used like a teabag in a tub of cool bathwater can provide relief from the intense itching of poison ivy rash.Three teaspoons of baking soda mixed with one teaspoon of water makes a good paste to spread over poison ivy rash to aid in healing and offer temporary relief from itching.In summary, lots of things can give relief from the itch of poison ivy rash, but the only sure way to prevent a reaction is to rinse off the urushiol oil before it can be absorbed into the skin. The opening lines of the old Coasters song “Poison Ivy” say “she comes on like a rose but everybody knows she’ll get you in dutch, you can look but you better not touch; poison ivy, poison ivy, at night when you’re sleepin’ poison ivy comes creeping around.” …Continue to Explore Kansas OutdoorsSteve can be contacted by email at stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Explore Kansas Outdoors: Don’t scratch that itch!

By MICHAEL A. SMITH Insight Kansas

Are Republicans the new infrequent voters?&nbsp; In a&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://catalist.us/whathappened2024/">new Catalist study,</a>&nbsp;researchers say yes. Big shifts may be coming in both political campaigning, and election laws.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Unlike&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.mpsanet.org/election-2024-political-science-first-takes/">mis-reported “horse race” polls</a>&nbsp;during election season, the Catalist study is public opinion polling done right. Catalist collects comprehensive data from a sample featuring a broad cross-section of Americans.&nbsp; This includes panel data, in which the same people are repeatedly interviewed over time to see how their opinions change. Political campaigns and academics both consider the for-profit firm to be a gold standard for well-collected data.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The Catalist study found that in 2024, Democratic support increased markedly among frequent voters, that is, voters who regularly participate in elections. Support for Trump surged among infrequent voters, including a growing coalition–particularly of men–that was far more diverse than Trump’s traditional base of older, white voters.

Frequent voters could also be called “self sufficient” voters. They do not need much help from campaigns or get out the vote (GOTV) drives, and are less likely to be influenced by either.&nbsp; Frequent voters are more likely to make up their minds on their own, without reference to advertising or candidate appearances and well in advance of the election. They are more likely to be abreast of any changes in election laws, to keep their voter registrations up to date, to go to the right polling place, and to have the right documentation (such as state-issued Photo ID), without needing prompts or reminders.

In recent decades, Democrats have invested heavily in GOTV efforts, otherwise known as the “ground game,” particularly in battleground states and districts.&nbsp; These target infrequent voters.&nbsp; In 2024, the Trump campaign countered with more investment of their own in GOTV, and it paid off handsomely.&nbsp; If the Democrats’ base is now made up mostly of self-sufficient, unpersuadable voters, both parties’ strategies will shift.&nbsp; Democrats will have to target infrequent voters more carefully, in order to avoid accidentally mobilizing more Republicans.

Meanwhile, Republicans will increase their investment in the ground game more generally. They face major challenges.&nbsp; This spring, I attended the post-election symposium at the Dole Institute of Politics at KU, where panelists speculated that some voters in battleground states such as Arizona and Wisconsin simply voted for Trump and then left the rest of their ballots blank, enabling Democratic candidates for U.S. Senate to win. This behavior is consistent with infrequent voting, and the election results from these states suggest that the Dole panelists were at least partially correct in both.

What about election laws? For decades, Republicans have backed new laws that may lower turnout among infrequent voters, including Photo ID and proof of citizenship laws, the latter enthusiastically championed by Kansas Attorney General Kris Kobach. Since 2020, Republicans have added crackdowns on dropbox and mail in voting, such as the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kwch.com/2025/03/25/kansas-lawmakers-end-three-day-grace-period-mail-in-ballots-override-governors-veto/">new Kansas law</a>&nbsp;eliminating the grace period for mail-in ballots.&nbsp; &nbsp;

What if the voters disenfranchised by these crackdowns are now mostly Republicans?&nbsp; Well before 2024, and despite Democrats’ objections, political science research has consistently shown that Photo ID laws have little impact on election results.&nbsp; Photo ID requirements may lower voter turnout by an average of about 2%, but those numbers include roughly equal numbers of Democratic and Republican voters. It is well-documented that these laws are unnecessary– there is no widespread election fraud.

With these recent changes, restrictive laws may hurt&nbsp;Republican&nbsp;vote share.&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://kansasreflector.com/2023/09/28/voting-rights-advocates-pan-kansas-republicans-invite-only-stage-for-election-conspiracies/">Conspiracy theories notwithstanding</a>, GOP legislators may want to do some serious soul-searching before passing any more voting restrictions.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1745349371713.jpeg" alt="Michael A. Smith" />
 <figcaption>Michael A. Smith</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHAEL A. SMITH Insight KansasAre Republicans the new infrequent voters?&nbsp; In a&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://catalist.us/whathappened2024/">new Catalist study,</a>&nbsp;researchers say yes. Big shifts may be coming in both political campaigning, and election laws.&nbsp;&nbsp;Unlike&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.mpsanet.org/election-2024-political-science-first-takes/">mis-reported “horse race” polls</a>&nbsp;during election season, the Catalist study is public opinion polling done right. Catalist collects comprehensive data from a sample featuring a broad cross-section of Americans.&nbsp; This includes panel data, in which the same people are repeatedly interviewed over time to see how their opinions change. Political campaigns and academics both consider the for-profit firm to be a gold standard for well-collected data.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Catalist study found that in 2024, Democratic support increased markedly among frequent voters, that is, voters who regularly participate in elections. Support for Trump surged among infrequent voters, including a growing coalition–particularly of men–that was far more diverse than Trump’s traditional base of older, white voters.Frequent voters could also be called “self sufficient” voters. They do not need much help from campaigns or get out the vote (GOTV) drives, and are less likely to be influenced by either.&nbsp; Frequent voters are more likely to make up their minds on their own, without reference to advertising or candidate appearances and well in advance of the election. They are more likely to be abreast of any changes in election laws, to keep their voter registrations up to date, to go to the right polling place, and to have the right documentation (such as state-issued Photo ID), without needing prompts or reminders.In recent decades, Democrats have invested heavily in GOTV efforts, otherwise known as the “ground game,” particularly in battleground states and districts.&nbsp; These target infrequent voters.&nbsp; In 2024, the Trump campaign countered with more investment of their own in GOTV, and it paid off handsomely.&nbsp; If the Democrats’ base is now made up mostly of self-sufficient, unpersuadable voters, both parties’ strategies will shift.&nbsp; Democrats will have to target infrequent voters more carefully, in order to avoid accidentally mobilizing more Republicans.Meanwhile, Republicans will increase their investment in the ground game more generally. They face major challenges.&nbsp; This spring, I attended the post-election symposium at the Dole Institute of Politics at KU, where panelists speculated that some voters in battleground states such as Arizona and Wisconsin simply voted for Trump and then left the rest of their ballots blank, enabling Democratic candidates for U.S. Senate to win. This behavior is consistent with infrequent voting, and the election results from these states suggest that the Dole panelists were at least partially correct in both.What about election laws? For decades, Republicans have backed new laws that may lower turnout among infrequent voters, including Photo ID and proof of citizenship laws, the latter enthusiastically championed by Kansas Attorney General Kris Kobach. Since 2020, Republicans have added crackdowns on dropbox and mail in voting, such as the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.kwch.com/2025/03/25/kansas-lawmakers-end-three-day-grace-period-mail-in-ballots-override-governors-veto/">new Kansas law</a>&nbsp;eliminating the grace period for mail-in ballots.&nbsp; &nbsp;What if the voters disenfranchised by these crackdowns are now mostly Republicans?&nbsp; Well before 2024, and despite Democrats’ objections, political science research has consistently shown that Photo ID laws have little impact on election results.&nbsp; Photo ID requirements may lower voter turnout by an average of about 2%, but those numbers include roughly equal numbers of Democratic and Republican voters. It is well-documented that these laws are unnecessary– there is no widespread election fraud.With these recent changes, restrictive laws may hurt&nbsp;Republican&nbsp;vote share.&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://kansasreflector.com/2023/09/28/voting-rights-advocates-pan-kansas-republicans-invite-only-stage-for-election-conspiracies/">Conspiracy theories notwithstanding</a>, GOP legislators may want to do some serious soul-searching before passing any more voting restrictions.&nbsp;&nbsp;

INSIGHT KANSAS: Are Republicans suppressing their own voters?

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension

June is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.

Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season. High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields. It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.

Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch. Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."

Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season. As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood ExtensionJune is the time to fertilize warm-season lawn grasses such as bermudagrass, buffalograss and zoysiagrass. These species all thrive in warmer summer weather, so this is the time they respond best to fertilization. The most important nutrient is nitrogen (N), and these three species need it in varying amounts.Bermudagrass requires the most nitrogen. Bermudagrass used on athletic fields needs about 4 lbs. nitrogen per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season. High-quality home lawns are often given 3 pounds per 1000 square feet and low maintenance areas can get by on 2 lbs.. Apply this as separate applications, about 4 weeks apart consisting of 1 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. starting in early May for athletic fields. It is already too late for the May application, but the June application is just around the corner. The nitrogen can come from either a quick- or slow-release source. So any lawn fertilizer will work. Plan the last application for no later than August 15. This helps ensure the bermudagrass is not overstimulated, making it susceptible to winter-kill.Zoysiagrass grows more slowly than bermudagrass and is prone to develop thatch. Consequently, it does not need as much nitrogen. In fact, too much is worse than too little. One and one-half to 2 pounds N per 1,000 sq. ft. during the season is sufficient. Split the total in two and apply once in early June and again around mid-July. Slow-release nitrogen is preferable but quick-release is acceptable. Slow-release nitrogen is sometimes listed as "slowly available" or "water insoluble."Buffalograss requires the least nitrogen of all lawn species commonly grown in Kansas. It will survive and persist with no supplemental nitrogen, but giving it one lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. will improve color and density. This application should be made in early June. For a little darker color, fertilize it as described for zoysiagrass in the previous paragraph, but do not apply more than a total of 2 lb. N per 1,000 sq. ft. in one season. As with zoysia, slow-release nitrogen is preferable, but fast-release is also OK. As for all turfgrasses, phosphorus and potassium are best applied according to soil test results because many soils already have adequate amounts of these nutrients for turfgrass growth. If you need to apply phosphorus or potassium, it is best to core aerate beforehand to ensure the nutrients reach the roots.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: Fertalize warm season grasses

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks about snacking and metabolism with Jessica Phelan, assistant professor in the Fort Hays State University Department of Health and Human Performance.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/4/1650389030295.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure><div><iframe title="Post Podcast: How your metabolism works" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=ahtwi-18b721d-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>
</div>On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks about snacking and metabolism with Jessica Phelan, assistant professor in the Fort Hays State University Department of Health and Human Performance.

🎙 Post Podcast: How your metabolism works

From the first time my dad took me fishing, it enchanted me, and it’s not just catching fish. It’s like diggin’ taters; you don’t know what you’ll get 'til you’ve got it. A recent Saturday trip to a friend’s catch and release farm pond with our youngest and her eldest retrieved old memories and made new ones.

Getting ready to fish is a marathon. Thank goodness, my hubs keeps track of tackle and poles while I focus on providing sustenance to those tempting underwater denizens with lures and worms. 

Our local market stocked perfect supplies to satisfy fisher-people from a nine-year-old to Gramps: Old Trapper beef jerky, cheese curds, watermelon and strawberry chunks, yogurt raisins, water, and fruit drinks. Once I loaded the cooler and tossed in handi-wipes, paper towels, sun hat, long sleeve shirt, folding chair, and camera, we hit the road.

Our daughter lives closer to the pond, so we met her there. Upon arrival, my breathing slowed and tension seeped out of taut muscles. A perfect rippling pond surrounded by cottonwoods and other trees along with a homemade dock awaited our appearance. 

 Resident birds raised a ruckus as we settled along the bank. A sentinel--a solemn bullfrog--floated amidst knobby mosses while eye-balling invaders. Apparently, we didn’t alarm it much because it didn’t move. What a perfect model for photos once everyone else focused on serious fishing.

Within minutes our daughter reeled in a palm-sized blue gill that jazzed her kiddo’s desire to outfish momma. The tournament was on. That youngster, a focused fisherwoman, couldn’t wait to land a biggun’. Gramps watched and grinned.

After a spell of repeatedly casting and reeling in lures, once hopeful cast-meisters’ patience wore thin enough that hubs headed south while the blondes worked their way north through reeds and tall grass to the dock on the other side. It was me, bull frogs, and camera left to our own devices. 

Don’t get me wrong. I love tossing a line and waiting for a bite, but I hadn’t shot nature photos for months. At that moment, I had two bullfrogs, hordes of red ear sliders, and raucous birds squabbling, in addition to loved ones offering poignant candids. I settled for the great photo ops before me.

When someone caught a fish, I focused the lens that direction, but the rest of the time, I searched for rippling reflections, eye-catching compositions using critters, water, moss, logs, trees, and leaves. Temps and breezes cooled me and kept bugs away so I could immerse myself in the moment until I heard another, “Got one.”

We spent a good three-plus hours reeling in not only blue gill but also small, medium, and large bass while turtles sunbathed on banks and fallen logs. Two performed energetic breast strokes through the water. Ripples from moving front legs framed heads peeking out of the water. Frogs floated in mossy beds, absorbed golden rays heating mottled amphibian flesh. Occasionally, I noted a pulse beating in their pale throats.

Now and then, loved ones headed back to refuel. As they snacked, I shared photos I snapped of them or local wildlife. Eventually, chores called, forcing us to abandon paradise to lucky fish, frogs, and turtles.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658158626307.png" alt="Karen Madorin. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karen Madorin. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By KAREN MADORINFrom the first time my dad took me fishing, it enchanted me, and it’s not just catching fish. It’s like diggin’ taters; you don’t know what you’ll get 'til you’ve got it. A recent Saturday trip to a friend’s catch and release farm pond with our youngest and her eldest retrieved old memories and made new ones.Getting ready to fish is a marathon. Thank goodness, my hubs keeps track of tackle and poles while I focus on providing sustenance to those tempting underwater denizens with lures and worms. Our local market stocked perfect supplies to satisfy fisher-people from a nine-year-old to Gramps: Old Trapper beef jerky, cheese curds, watermelon and strawberry chunks, yogurt raisins, water, and fruit drinks. Once I loaded the cooler and tossed in handi-wipes, paper towels, sun hat, long sleeve shirt, folding chair, and camera, we hit the road.Our daughter lives closer to the pond, so we met her there. Upon arrival, my breathing slowed and tension seeped out of taut muscles. A perfect rippling pond surrounded by cottonwoods and other trees along with a homemade dock awaited our appearance. Paradise.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1748011543600.jpeg" alt="Western King bird. Photo by Karen Madorin" />
 <figcaption>Western King bird. Photo by Karen Madorin</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1748011595593.jpeg" alt="Bullfrog. Photo by Karen Madorin" />
 <figcaption>Bullfrog. Photo by Karen Madorin</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1748011980887.jpeg" alt="Red-eared slider turtles. Photo by Karen Madorin" />
 <figcaption>Red-eared slider turtles. Photo by Karen Madorin</figcaption>
 </figure> Resident birds raised a ruckus as we settled along the bank. A sentinel--a solemn bullfrog--floated amidst knobby mosses while eye-balling invaders. Apparently, we didn’t alarm it much because it didn’t move. What a perfect model for photos once everyone else focused on serious fishing.Within minutes our daughter reeled in a palm-sized blue gill that jazzed her kiddo’s desire to outfish momma. The tournament was on. That youngster, a focused fisherwoman, couldn’t wait to land a biggun’. Gramps watched and grinned.After a spell of repeatedly casting and reeling in lures, once hopeful cast-meisters’ patience wore thin enough that hubs headed south while the blondes worked their way north through reeds and tall grass to the dock on the other side. It was me, bull frogs, and camera left to our own devices. The fun began.Don’t get me wrong. I love tossing a line and waiting for a bite, but I hadn’t shot nature photos for months. At that moment, I had two bullfrogs, hordes of red ear sliders, and raucous birds squabbling, in addition to loved ones offering poignant candids. I settled for the great photo ops before me.When someone caught a fish, I focused the lens that direction, but the rest of the time, I searched for rippling reflections, eye-catching compositions using critters, water, moss, logs, trees, and leaves. Temps and breezes cooled me and kept bugs away so I could immerse myself in the moment until I heard another, “Got one.”We spent a good three-plus hours reeling in not only blue gill but also small, medium, and large bass while turtles sunbathed on banks and fallen logs. Two performed energetic breast strokes through the water. Ripples from moving front legs framed heads peeking out of the water. Frogs floated in mossy beds, absorbed golden rays heating mottled amphibian flesh. Occasionally, I noted a pulse beating in their pale throats.Now and then, loved ones headed back to refuel. As they snacked, I shared photos I snapped of them or local wildlife. Eventually, chores called, forcing us to abandon paradise to lucky fish, frogs, and turtles.

MADORIN: A good day fishin’

Do you want to know more about housing in Ellis County?

Why won't my favorite business come to Hays?

How can I qualify for help with opening a new business?

Doug Williams, executive director of Grow Hays, will answer your questions on economic development and business recruitment during his live weekly show with reporter Cristina Janney on Friday morning.&nbsp;

Send your questions to hayspost@eaglemedia.com Subject line: Doug ?s

Grow Hays is a nonprofit organization aimed at advancing Hays' economic health and vitality and the surrounding communities. Grow Hays focuses on one simple mission:&nbsp;the economic growth and well- being of the community.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/4/1650389030295.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Do you want to know more about housing in Ellis County?Why won't my favorite business come to Hays?How can I qualify for help with opening a new business?Doug Williams, executive director of Grow Hays, will answer your questions on economic development and business recruitment during his live weekly show with reporter Cristina Janney on Friday morning.&nbsp;Send your questions to hayspost@eaglemedia.com Subject line: Doug ?sGrow Hays is a nonprofit organization aimed at advancing Hays' economic health and vitality and the surrounding communities. Grow Hays focuses on one simple mission:&nbsp;the economic growth and well- being of the community.

Opinion