By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

August marks National Breastfeeding Month, a time to recognize and support one of the most natural and essential forms of infant nutrition. 

Championed by the U.S. Breastfeeding Committee and support by healthcare advocates nationwide, this month highlights the importance of breastfeeding for both babies and mothers—while calling for stronger community, workplace and policy support for families.

Breastfeeding is more than just a feeding choice. It’s a powerful tool for lifelong health and development. 

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, breastfeeding offers optimal nutrition, boosts babies’ immune system, reduces risks of chronic illnesses and fosters attachment between mother and child. Mothers also benefit with reduced risks of breast and ovarian cancers, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes and postpartum depression. 

According to an epidemiological study published in the The Lancet, breastfeeding is dose specific, which means the longer a woman breastfeeds, the lower her risk for developing breast cancer. For every 12 months of breastfeeding, the risk of breast cancer goes down by 4.3%. This can be for one child or a combination of children.

Yet despite the well-documented benefits, many families face significant barriers to breastfeeding—from lack of parental leave and workplace accommodations to misinformation and social stigma.

The 2025 theme is “Forward Together” which emphasizes the importance of connecting families with evidence-based information, peer support and community networks. It’s a call to action for healthcare providers, employers, policy makers and communities to create environments where breastfeeding is normalized, encouraged, and supported.

· Support local breastfeeding-friendly policies and businesses

· Advocate for paid family leave and lactation accommodations in workplaces

· Share resources with new parents such as La Leche League, Breastfeeding Coalitions, and Lactation Consultants

· Celebrate and support parents in your life who choose to breastfeed

Breastfeeding is a personal journey, but no one should have to do it alone. This National Breastfeeding Month let’s ensure that every family has the support they need to thrive—from the first latch to the last.

 Join us to celebrate mothers and to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding and human milk feeding for National Breastfeeding Month. 

In Hays and Ellis County, Cottonwood Extension District will hold a celebration on August 6, 2024 at 4 p.m. during a Chamber Catch Up at the Hays Public Library. Come see what breastfeeding support in Ellis County is all about and help us celebrate breastfeeding in Ellis County. Refreshments will be served. 

<a href="https://worldbreastfeedingweek.org/">https://worldbreastfeedingweek.org/</a> <a href="https://www.usbreastfeeding.org/national-breastfeeding-month.html">https://www.usbreastfeeding.org/national-breastfeeding-month.html</a>

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1753458596285.png" alt="World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictAugust marks National Breastfeeding Month, a time to recognize and support one of the most natural and essential forms of infant nutrition. Championed by the U.S. Breastfeeding Committee and support by healthcare advocates nationwide, this month highlights the importance of breastfeeding for both babies and mothers—while calling for stronger community, workplace and policy support for families.Breastfeeding is more than just a feeding choice. It’s a powerful tool for lifelong health and development. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, breastfeeding offers optimal nutrition, boosts babies’ immune system, reduces risks of chronic illnesses and fosters attachment between mother and child. Mothers also benefit with reduced risks of breast and ovarian cancers, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes and postpartum depression. According to an epidemiological study published in the The Lancet, breastfeeding is dose specific, which means the longer a woman breastfeeds, the lower her risk for developing breast cancer. For every 12 months of breastfeeding, the risk of breast cancer goes down by 4.3%. This can be for one child or a combination of children.Yet despite the well-documented benefits, many families face significant barriers to breastfeeding—from lack of parental leave and workplace accommodations to misinformation and social stigma.The 2025 theme is “Forward Together” which emphasizes the importance of connecting families with evidence-based information, peer support and community networks. It’s a call to action for healthcare providers, employers, policy makers and communities to create environments where breastfeeding is normalized, encouraged, and supported.What you can do· Support local breastfeeding-friendly policies and businesses· Advocate for paid family leave and lactation accommodations in workplaces· Share resources with new parents such as La Leche League, Breastfeeding Coalitions, and Lactation Consultants· Celebrate and support parents in your life who choose to breastfeedBreastfeeding is a personal journey, but no one should have to do it alone. This National Breastfeeding Month let’s ensure that every family has the support they need to thrive—from the first latch to the last. Join us to celebrate mothers and to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding and human milk feeding for National Breastfeeding Month. In Hays and Ellis County, Cottonwood Extension District will hold a celebration on August 6, 2024 at 4 p.m. during a Chamber Catch Up at the Hays Public Library. Come see what breastfeeding support in Ellis County is all about and help us celebrate breastfeeding in Ellis County. Refreshments will be served. <a href="https://worldbreastfeedingweek.org/">https://worldbreastfeedingweek.org/</a> <a href="https://www.usbreastfeeding.org/national-breastfeeding-month.html">https://www.usbreastfeeding.org/national-breastfeeding-month.html</a>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Celebrating National Breastfeeding Month

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

This article is the second in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak. 

Last week, was the recommendation for <a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/33aec9ef-6d8a-48ef-9d5f-12cac8cb4980">wheat-free windows</a>. These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas.

As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat and other cereals will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal winter wheat planting date periods. This week, we address the role of other crops in the landscape.

Revisiting the role of other crops and weeds in the landscape

The question about the role of alternative crops and grasses in the landscape is frequently raised. The general risk of species as reservoirs for the mite and virus complex depends on several factors, including:

1. How well the curl mite reproduces on a given host,

2. How susceptible the host is to the virus,

3. The presence of the host during critical periods over the summer,

4. How those periods overlap with the wheat crop, and

5. How much of the host is present in the landscape during those critical summer months (host density)?

That information was taken together to develop the relative risk of host species to harbor wheat curl mites over the summer (Figure 2). You’ll notice that the list includes cereal crops, weeds, and pasture grasses. In all, over 90 species have been shown to harbor the mites or virus to some level. Legumes are not known hosts for the curl mite or viruses.

Volunteer wheat left over the summer is the highest risk host because it checks all the boxes for risk. The curl mites will reproduce rapidly on volunteer wheat, it is usually present right after harvest, may be left through fall planting, it is susceptible to the viruses, and it can build to high levels in the landscape. This is why the first line of defense against wheat streak will always be volunteer wheat management (ideally during wheat-free windows).

Volunteer wheat can also “hide” in summer crops planted after wheat harvest as well as cover crops, complicating the ability to determine the risk of other crops in the landscape. For example, if wheat that is harvested in June and grain sorghum (or corn and soybean) is planted into that same field after wheat harvest, secondary flushes of volunteer wheat will be difficult to control.

Winter cereals planted early (during the wheat-free windows) for grazing or cover cropping may pose a risk for harboring curl mites. Species like barley, oats, rye, and triticale have all been shown to host both the mites and the virus at fairly high levels. 

When at all possible, early planting of these crops near fields that will be established with a fall wheat crop should be avoided. Including these crops in a summer cover crop mix can also be risky for bridging the curl mites and viruses to the fall wheat crop.

To a lesser extent, corn and sorghum can also host the mite and virus complex. These crops are generally considered of low concern for epidemics in Kansas. 

Most of the research that we’ve reviewed has demonstrated that these crops are most conducive to curl mite survival during early growth stages. 

So, for example, corn/sorghum at a young stage when wheat is drying down would be at higher risk for curl mites than late-planted corn. It appears that curl mites are limited to corn husks later in the season and can result in symptoms of kernel red streak through feeding damage. Kernel red streak is generally considered a cosmetic issue in corn, but can serve as a sign that curl mites were present. 

Most commercial corn hybrids are resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and High Plains wheat mosaic virus and will not experience yield losses to those viruses. Importantly, it appears that curl mite populations rapidly decline in the corn crop after the crop reaches black layer.

Weedy grass hosts (detailed in Figure 2) are generally a lower concern, unless they are allowed to build to high levels and remain established through the summer months. Their role in epidemics is dictated by their abundance and the time they are allowed to persist in the landscape.

Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1747233937338.jpeg" alt="Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure><div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Wheat streak mosaic management and wheat-free windows" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=rrc69-19111fa-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThis article is the second in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak. Last week, was the recommendation for <a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/33aec9ef-6d8a-48ef-9d5f-12cac8cb4980">wheat-free windows</a>. These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat and other cereals will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal winter wheat planting date periods. This week, we address the role of other crops in the landscape.Revisiting the role of other crops and weeds in the landscapeThe question about the role of alternative crops and grasses in the landscape is frequently raised. The general risk of species as reservoirs for the mite and virus complex depends on several factors, including:1. How well the curl mite reproduces on a given host,2. How susceptible the host is to the virus,3. The presence of the host during critical periods over the summer,4. How those periods overlap with the wheat crop, and5. How much of the host is present in the landscape during those critical summer months (host density)?That information was taken together to develop the relative risk of host species to harbor wheat curl mites over the summer (Figure 2). You’ll notice that the list includes cereal crops, weeds, and pasture grasses. In all, over 90 species have been shown to harbor the mites or virus to some level. Legumes are not known hosts for the curl mite or viruses.Volunteer wheat left over the summer is the highest risk host because it checks all the boxes for risk. The curl mites will reproduce rapidly on volunteer wheat, it is usually present right after harvest, may be left through fall planting, it is susceptible to the viruses, and it can build to high levels in the landscape. This is why the first line of defense against wheat streak will always be volunteer wheat management (ideally during wheat-free windows).Volunteer wheat can also “hide” in summer crops planted after wheat harvest as well as cover crops, complicating the ability to determine the risk of other crops in the landscape. For example, if wheat that is harvested in June and grain sorghum (or corn and soybean) is planted into that same field after wheat harvest, secondary flushes of volunteer wheat will be difficult to control.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1753460814466.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1753460845582.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Winter cereals planted early (during the wheat-free windows) for grazing or cover cropping may pose a risk for harboring curl mites. Species like barley, oats, rye, and triticale have all been shown to host both the mites and the virus at fairly high levels. When at all possible, early planting of these crops near fields that will be established with a fall wheat crop should be avoided. Including these crops in a summer cover crop mix can also be risky for bridging the curl mites and viruses to the fall wheat crop.To a lesser extent, corn and sorghum can also host the mite and virus complex. These crops are generally considered of low concern for epidemics in Kansas. Most of the research that we’ve reviewed has demonstrated that these crops are most conducive to curl mite survival during early growth stages. So, for example, corn/sorghum at a young stage when wheat is drying down would be at higher risk for curl mites than late-planted corn. It appears that curl mites are limited to corn husks later in the season and can result in symptoms of kernel red streak through feeding damage. Kernel red streak is generally considered a cosmetic issue in corn, but can serve as a sign that curl mites were present. Most commercial corn hybrids are resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus and High Plains wheat mosaic virus and will not experience yield losses to those viruses. Importantly, it appears that curl mite populations rapidly decline in the corn crop after the crop reaches black layer.Weedy grass hosts (detailed in Figure 2) are generally a lower concern, unless they are allowed to build to high levels and remain established through the summer months. Their role in epidemics is dictated by their abundance and the time they are allowed to persist in the landscape.Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist. Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

🎙CAMPBELL: Wheat streak mosaic management: Role of other hosts in landscape

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

In the cattle industry, experience matters—but for many women gaining that hands-on experience can be a challenge. Whether they’ve married into an operation, desire a career in beef production systems, or are trying to start their own herd from scratch, women often find themselves expected to help manage livestock without ever having been taught how. That gap in access to training and support is what Cow Camp 2025 aims to close.

Cow Camp 2025, a hands-on educational experience for women in beef production, will be held Sept. 10–11 at the Kansas State University’s Agricultural Research Center in Hays. The program is designed to help women build practical skills in cattle management, grow their confidence, and take a stronger role in the workforce shaping the future of Kansas agriculture.

“This is workforce development in the most grounded, impactful way,” said Sandy Johnson, K-State Research and Extension beef specialist. “We’re meeting women where they are and equipping them with the tools, they need to succeed in an industry that depends on smart decisions and shared leadership.”

Cow Camp offers workshops on body condition scoring, calving preparation and simulator training, expected progeny differences (EPDs), vaccine handling, forage sampling, pasture monitoring and more. The program is tailored for women who are managing a first herd, helping with a family operation, or entering the industry from the ground up.

“This event is about capacity building,” said Emma Briggs, KSRE beef production specialist. “It’s about giving women the skills, support and access to research-based information they need to contribute meaningfully to their operations and the broader beef industry. That’s what the land-grant mission is all about—bringing the university to the people and investing in rural communities.”

As the cattle industry evolves, more women are stepping into decision-making roles on farms and ranches. Yet many report limited access to training and peer support—particularly in rural areas. Cow Camp addresses that gap through a supportive, no-pressure environment where participants can ask questions, try new techniques and connect with others facing similar challenges.

“We’re not just teaching skills—we’re building confidence and community,” Johnson said. “And that’s what keeps women in agriculture long term.”

K-State Research and Extension developed Cow Camp in response to growing demand for educational opportunities that reflect the realities of western Kansas agriculture. The program supports both beginning and experienced producers and reinforces the university’s commitment to practical, inclusive outreach as part of its land-grant heritage.

The event is limited to 40 participants. Registration is $75 and includes meals, materials and all workshop sessions. Event Details: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wkrec.org/events/cow_camp/">Cow Camp 2025</a> Dates:&nbsp;Noon Sept. 10 to Noon Sept. 11 Location:&nbsp;K-State Western Kansas Research and Extension Center, Hays Cost:&nbsp;$75 (includes all workshops and meals) Deadline to register:&nbsp;Aug. 10 Contact:&nbsp;wkrec@k-state.edu More information:&nbsp;ksre.k-state.edu/wkrec

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698681527025.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District In the cattle industry, experience matters—but for many women gaining that hands-on experience can be a challenge. Whether they’ve married into an operation, desire a career in beef production systems, or are trying to start their own herd from scratch, women often find themselves expected to help manage livestock without ever having been taught how. That gap in access to training and support is what Cow Camp 2025 aims to close.Cow Camp 2025, a hands-on educational experience for women in beef production, will be held Sept. 10–11 at the Kansas State University’s Agricultural Research Center in Hays. The program is designed to help women build practical skills in cattle management, grow their confidence, and take a stronger role in the workforce shaping the future of Kansas agriculture.“This is workforce development in the most grounded, impactful way,” said Sandy Johnson, K-State Research and Extension beef specialist. “We’re meeting women where they are and equipping them with the tools, they need to succeed in an industry that depends on smart decisions and shared leadership.”Cow Camp offers workshops on body condition scoring, calving preparation and simulator training, expected progeny differences (EPDs), vaccine handling, forage sampling, pasture monitoring and more. The program is tailored for women who are managing a first herd, helping with a family operation, or entering the industry from the ground up.“This event is about capacity building,” said Emma Briggs, KSRE beef production specialist. “It’s about giving women the skills, support and access to research-based information they need to contribute meaningfully to their operations and the broader beef industry. That’s what the land-grant mission is all about—bringing the university to the people and investing in rural communities.”As the cattle industry evolves, more women are stepping into decision-making roles on farms and ranches. Yet many report limited access to training and peer support—particularly in rural areas. Cow Camp addresses that gap through a supportive, no-pressure environment where participants can ask questions, try new techniques and connect with others facing similar challenges.“We’re not just teaching skills—we’re building confidence and community,” Johnson said. “And that’s what keeps women in agriculture long term.”K-State Research and Extension developed Cow Camp in response to growing demand for educational opportunities that reflect the realities of western Kansas agriculture. The program supports both beginning and experienced producers and reinforces the university’s commitment to practical, inclusive outreach as part of its land-grant heritage.The event is limited to 40 participants. Registration is $75 and includes meals, materials and all workshop sessions. Event Details: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.wkrec.org/events/cow_camp/">Cow Camp 2025</a> Dates:&nbsp;Noon Sept. 10 to Noon Sept. 11 Location:&nbsp;K-State Western Kansas Research and Extension Center, Hays Cost:&nbsp;$75 (includes all workshops and meals) Deadline to register:&nbsp;Aug. 10 Contact:&nbsp;wkrec@k-state.edu More information:&nbsp;ksre.k-state.edu/wkrec Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Cow Camp for women in beef production 

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

It might seem odd how I choose to take some vacation time after the heat, humidity, long hours and stress of the fair. I love to help 4-H members learn no matter their county! I will spend several days in July judging a variety of events at other county fairs.

This opportunity to give back to 4-H members and help other agents is fun and worthwhile. Now, you’ll never find me sorting a livestock show or judging woodworking but I love to work with youth on Sewing &amp; Textiles, Fiber Arts, Photography, and a handful of other areas. Being able to share my experience both as a 4-H member in these project areas and as an adult is very gratifying!

I’ve had the opportunity to encourage a youth to consider how their love of photography and distinct perspective can become a career in journalism, advertising, graphic design, and other areas. 

I’ve also been able to encourage a youth in care and styling of their attire for the life skill of understanding a professional wardrobe and the necessary small details of shined shoes, appropriate accessories, and ironing skills. Last summer, I asked a young man about who starched his jeans. He was a bit affronted and proudly stated that he did! We had a great conversation about life skills and how impressed I was that he was willing to learn and practice this skill.

If you have a talent for woodworking, for arts &amp; crafts, for welding, for baking, or for photography and you are interested in sharing your knowledge and expertise, please let me know as we are always on the lookout for project leaders who are registered 4-H volunteers. 

Additionally, there is an opportunity for you to serve as a judge for 4-H or Open Class exhibits in other counties. If you are interested, check out the Kansas 4-H page under County Fairs/Kansas 4-H Judges Database (<a href="https://www.kansas4-h.org/educational-experiences/fair-resources/county-fairs/judgesregistration.html">https://www.kansas4-h.org/educational-experiences/fair-resources/county-fairs/judgesregistration.html</a>).

Some judging areas will need training such as Foods, Food Preservation, and Dogs. For the most part, a willingness to understand 4-H Project Learning principles and give candid but kind feedback is the most important.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179500533.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictIt might seem odd how I choose to take some vacation time after the heat, humidity, long hours and stress of the fair. I love to help 4-H members learn no matter their county! I will spend several days in July judging a variety of events at other county fairs.This opportunity to give back to 4-H members and help other agents is fun and worthwhile. Now, you’ll never find me sorting a livestock show or judging woodworking but I love to work with youth on Sewing &amp; Textiles, Fiber Arts, Photography, and a handful of other areas. Being able to share my experience both as a 4-H member in these project areas and as an adult is very gratifying!I’ve had the opportunity to encourage a youth to consider how their love of photography and distinct perspective can become a career in journalism, advertising, graphic design, and other areas. I’ve also been able to encourage a youth in care and styling of their attire for the life skill of understanding a professional wardrobe and the necessary small details of shined shoes, appropriate accessories, and ironing skills. Last summer, I asked a young man about who starched his jeans. He was a bit affronted and proudly stated that he did! We had a great conversation about life skills and how impressed I was that he was willing to learn and practice this skill.If you have a talent for woodworking, for arts &amp; crafts, for welding, for baking, or for photography and you are interested in sharing your knowledge and expertise, please let me know as we are always on the lookout for project leaders who are registered 4-H volunteers. Additionally, there is an opportunity for you to serve as a judge for 4-H or Open Class exhibits in other counties. If you are interested, check out the Kansas 4-H page under County Fairs/Kansas 4-H Judges Database (<a href="https://www.kansas4-h.org/educational-experiences/fair-resources/county-fairs/judgesregistration.html">https://www.kansas4-h.org/educational-experiences/fair-resources/county-fairs/judgesregistration.html</a>). Some judging areas will need training such as Foods, Food Preservation, and Dogs. For the most part, a willingness to understand 4-H Project Learning principles and give candid but kind feedback is the most important.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: On the lookout for 4-H project leaders, judges 

This article is the first in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, K-State Extension Wheat Pathologist.

Wheat streak mosaic complex devastated many wheat fields across central and western Kansas in 2025. The conditions that favored this outbreak were covered in a previous article in May – <a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/59aa6873-dfac-4aac-8980-981117dda37b">High levels of wheat streak mosaic virus in parts of KS</a>.

Wheat streak mosaic complex consists of a complex of three viruses: wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus. When two or more of these viruses are present in the same field, yield losses can be synergistic. 

As a reminder, the wheat streak mosaic complex of viruses is vectored by the tiny wheat curl mite. We know that mite populations were very high in the state at the end of the 2025 season. Research has reported that up to 500 curl mites can be found on a single healthy wheat head, which can conservatively translate to more than 1 billion mites per acre.

Curl mites can only survive ~4 days without a living host, so when the wheat crop dries down, mites will work their way to the top of plants and assume an “upright posture” to help them disperse by wind. Curl mites don’t fly, and they walk very slowly, so dispersal by wind is their only way to move in the landscape. 

The period when mites are migrating off the mature wheat crop has been referred to as the “mite rain” period, as billions of mites are showering down in the landscape. When conditions are very windy, mites can be passively dispersed more than 10 miles. The highest risk place for curl mites to survive the summer is volunteer wheat that is present at or around harvest.

Conditions that favor grain shattering, such as preharvest hail or harvest delays due to windy storms (such as much of the 2025 Kansas wheat harvest), can increase the presence of pre-harvest volunteers. 

If mites are allowed to survive on this volunteer wheat or alternative hosts until the fall-established wheat crop is planted, there is a high likelihood of another outbreak in 2026. As a reminder, there are no recommended insecticides for wheat curl mite management.

Volunteer wheat control will be essential in 2025

There are two critical periods for volunteer control: immediately after harvest and prior to fall planting. Volunteer wheat present at harvest is the perfect place for populations of curl mites to migrate as the crop dries down. Controlling this volunteer wheat as soon as possible will help dilute the mite populations heading into the remaining summer months. The second most critical window is pre-planting, as mites present at this time will migrate directly to the 2026 crop.

We are expanding the recommendation for volunteer wheat control to include regional recommendations for wheat-free windows (Figure 2).&nbsp;These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. 

As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal planting date periods.

 Volunteer wheat that emerges after the fall crop is already established poses a lower risk as a green bridge and can be thought of in a similar way as the fall crop. Fall wheat planted early during wheat-free windows risks bridging wheat curl mite to the fall-established crop.

Here are some important considerations for achieving success with wheat-free windows:

· All volunteer wheat should be terminated and completely dead prior to the start of your regional wheat-free window.

· Where possible, the fall wheat crop should not be planted until the end of the wheat-free window.

· Other winter cereals (such as rye and triticale) should not be planted during this period as they can serve as a “bridge” for the curl mites to fall-established wheat

· A regional “break” in the volunteer wheat green bridge will allow for wheat curl mites to die off prior to the start of the optimal wheat planting window.

· Volunteer wheat that emerges after this period is of less concern, as it will be emerging at a similar time as the fall-established winter wheat crop.

· Success is dependent on coordinated efforts in communities.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1747233937338.jpeg" alt="Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThis article is the first in a multi-week series on wheat streak mosaic complex management to address the 2025 outbreak by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, K-State Extension Wheat Pathologist.Wheat streak mosaic complex devastated many wheat fields across central and western Kansas in 2025. The conditions that favored this outbreak were covered in a previous article in May – <a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/59aa6873-dfac-4aac-8980-981117dda37b">High levels of wheat streak mosaic virus in parts of KS</a>.Wheat streak mosaic complex consists of a complex of three viruses: wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and High Plains wheat mosaic virus. When two or more of these viruses are present in the same field, yield losses can be synergistic. As a reminder, the wheat streak mosaic complex of viruses is vectored by the tiny wheat curl mite. We know that mite populations were very high in the state at the end of the 2025 season. Research has reported that up to 500 curl mites can be found on a single healthy wheat head, which can conservatively translate to more than 1 billion mites per acre.Curl mites can only survive ~4 days without a living host, so when the wheat crop dries down, mites will work their way to the top of plants and assume an “upright posture” to help them disperse by wind. Curl mites don’t fly, and they walk very slowly, so dispersal by wind is their only way to move in the landscape. The period when mites are migrating off the mature wheat crop has been referred to as the “mite rain” period, as billions of mites are showering down in the landscape. When conditions are very windy, mites can be passively dispersed more than 10 miles. The highest risk place for curl mites to survive the summer is volunteer wheat that is present at or around harvest.Conditions that favor grain shattering, such as preharvest hail or harvest delays due to windy storms (such as much of the 2025 Kansas wheat harvest), can increase the presence of pre-harvest volunteers. If mites are allowed to survive on this volunteer wheat or alternative hosts until the fall-established wheat crop is planted, there is a high likelihood of another outbreak in 2026. As a reminder, there are no recommended insecticides for wheat curl mite management.Volunteer wheat control will be essential in 2025There are two critical periods for volunteer control: immediately after harvest and prior to fall planting. Volunteer wheat present at harvest is the perfect place for populations of curl mites to migrate as the crop dries down. Controlling this volunteer wheat as soon as possible will help dilute the mite populations heading into the remaining summer months. The second most critical window is pre-planting, as mites present at this time will migrate directly to the 2026 crop.We are expanding the recommendation for volunteer wheat control to include regional recommendations for wheat-free windows (Figure 2).&nbsp;These windows include periods 30 days prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting window by zone in Kansas. As the wheat curl mite is a community pest, coordinated breaks in volunteer wheat will have the highest likelihood of lowering local and statewide mite levels moving into our 2025 optimal planting date periods. Volunteer wheat that emerges after the fall crop is already established poses a lower risk as a green bridge and can be thought of in a similar way as the fall crop. Fall wheat planted early during wheat-free windows risks bridging wheat curl mite to the fall-established crop.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/7/1752768603348.png" alt="Figure 2. Proposed wheat-free windows in different regions of Kansas to reduce the likelihood of a wheat streak mosaic complex outbreak during the subsequent season. Wheat-free windows are defined as the 30-day period prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting date for the region." />
 <figcaption>Figure 2. Proposed wheat-free windows in different regions of Kansas to reduce the likelihood of a wheat streak mosaic complex outbreak during the subsequent season. Wheat-free windows are defined as the 30-day period prior to the start of the optimal winter wheat planting date for the region.</figcaption>
 </figure>Here are some important considerations for achieving success with wheat-free windows:· All volunteer wheat should be terminated and completely dead prior to the start of your regional wheat-free window.· Where possible, the fall wheat crop should not be planted until the end of the wheat-free window.· Other winter cereals (such as rye and triticale) should not be planted during this period as they can serve as a “bridge” for the curl mites to fall-established wheat· A regional “break” in the volunteer wheat green bridge will allow for wheat curl mites to die off prior to the start of the optimal wheat planting window.· Volunteer wheat that emerges after this period is of less concern, as it will be emerging at a similar time as the fall-established winter wheat crop.· Success is dependent on coordinated efforts in communities.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Wheat streak mosaic complex management

In today’s fast-paced world, making time for exercise can be a challenge. However, growing research suggests that intense exercise—even in shorter bursts—can offer significant physical and mental health benefits. From improving cardiovascular health to boosting brain function, intense workouts are proving to be one of the most efficient ways to elevate overall well-being.

High-intensity exercise such as interval training or vigorous strength workouts has been linked to improved heart health and better metabolic function. According to the American Heart Association engaging in vigorous physical activity for just 75 minutes per week can reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke and hypertension.

Unlike moderate exercise, intense workouts push the body to operate at or near its maximum capacity, increasing the heart rate and stimulating the muscles in a shorter period of time. This leads to greater calorie burn both during and after the workout, known as the “afterburn effect” or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). As a result, intense exercise is an efficient way to support weight loss and improve metabolic health, particularly for those with limited time.

Intense resistance and body weight training not only build muscle but also improve muscular endurance and bone density. This is especially crucial as we age, when muscle mass naturally declines. Compound movements like squats, deadlifts, and sprints recruit multiple muscle groups, maximizing strength development while also improving coordination and stability.

Furthermore, intense exercise stimulates the production of growth hormone and testosterone, both essential for muscle repair and regeneration. Regular intense sessions can also enhance endurance, allowing individuals to perform daily activities more efficiently and with less fatigue.

The benefits of intense exercise aren’t limited to the body—they also extend to the brain. Short bursts of high-effort activity can significantly elevate levels of endorphins, dopamine, and serotonin, chemicals responsible for improved mood and reduced stress. 

In fact, studies show that intense workouts can help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression more effectively than lower-intensity exercise.

Additionally, intense physical activity increases blood flow to the brain, which can improve focus, memory, and cognitive function. Some research even indicates that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may stimulate the growth of new brain cells and delay age-related cognitive decline.

One of the biggest advantages of intense workouts is their time efficiency, HIIT sessions, for instance, often last just 15-30 minutes and can be done with minimal equipment. This makes them ideal for people with busy schedules or those who prefer to exercise at home. Whether it’s a quick sprint session, a vigorous cycling class, or a circuit of bodyweight exercises, intense workouts can fit into almost any lifestyle.

High-intensity workouts, while effective for building strength and improving cardiovascular fitness, are not suitable for everyone. 

Individuals with certain medical conditions—such as heart disease, uncontrolled high blood pressure, or joint problems—should approach these workouts with caution or avoid them entirely unless cleared by a healthcare professional. Beginners who lack a solid fitness foundation may also be at greater risk of injury due to poor form or overexertion. 

Additionally, high-intensity training can lead to burnout or overtraining if not balanced with adequate rest and recovery. It’s important for anyone considering this type of exercise to assess their current health status and fitness level and ideally consult a medical provider or certified trainer before beginning a high-intensity regimen.

While all forms of physical activity have their place, intense exercise offers a uniquely powerful combination of physical, mental, and practical benefits. For those looking to maximize either health outcomes with minimal time investment, intense workouts may be the key to a stronger, healthier future.

Source: Atakan MM, Li Y, Koşar ŞN, Turnagöl HH, Yan X. Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 5;18(13):7201. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18137201. PMID: 34281138; PMCID: PMC8294064.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictIn today’s fast-paced world, making time for exercise can be a challenge. However, growing research suggests that intense exercise—even in shorter bursts—can offer significant physical and mental health benefits. From improving cardiovascular health to boosting brain function, intense workouts are proving to be one of the most efficient ways to elevate overall well-being.High-intensity exercise such as interval training or vigorous strength workouts has been linked to improved heart health and better metabolic function. According to the American Heart Association engaging in vigorous physical activity for just 75 minutes per week can reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke and hypertension.Unlike moderate exercise, intense workouts push the body to operate at or near its maximum capacity, increasing the heart rate and stimulating the muscles in a shorter period of time. This leads to greater calorie burn both during and after the workout, known as the “afterburn effect” or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). As a result, intense exercise is an efficient way to support weight loss and improve metabolic health, particularly for those with limited time.Intense resistance and body weight training not only build muscle but also improve muscular endurance and bone density. This is especially crucial as we age, when muscle mass naturally declines. Compound movements like squats, deadlifts, and sprints recruit multiple muscle groups, maximizing strength development while also improving coordination and stability.Furthermore, intense exercise stimulates the production of growth hormone and testosterone, both essential for muscle repair and regeneration. Regular intense sessions can also enhance endurance, allowing individuals to perform daily activities more efficiently and with less fatigue.The benefits of intense exercise aren’t limited to the body—they also extend to the brain. Short bursts of high-effort activity can significantly elevate levels of endorphins, dopamine, and serotonin, chemicals responsible for improved mood and reduced stress. In fact, studies show that intense workouts can help alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression more effectively than lower-intensity exercise.Additionally, intense physical activity increases blood flow to the brain, which can improve focus, memory, and cognitive function. Some research even indicates that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) may stimulate the growth of new brain cells and delay age-related cognitive decline.One of the biggest advantages of intense workouts is their time efficiency, HIIT sessions, for instance, often last just 15-30 minutes and can be done with minimal equipment. This makes them ideal for people with busy schedules or those who prefer to exercise at home. Whether it’s a quick sprint session, a vigorous cycling class, or a circuit of bodyweight exercises, intense workouts can fit into almost any lifestyle.High-intensity workouts, while effective for building strength and improving cardiovascular fitness, are not suitable for everyone. Individuals with certain medical conditions—such as heart disease, uncontrolled high blood pressure, or joint problems—should approach these workouts with caution or avoid them entirely unless cleared by a healthcare professional. Beginners who lack a solid fitness foundation may also be at greater risk of injury due to poor form or overexertion. Additionally, high-intensity training can lead to burnout or overtraining if not balanced with adequate rest and recovery. It’s important for anyone considering this type of exercise to assess their current health status and fitness level and ideally consult a medical provider or certified trainer before beginning a high-intensity regimen.While all forms of physical activity have their place, intense exercise offers a uniquely powerful combination of physical, mental, and practical benefits. For those looking to maximize either health outcomes with minimal time investment, intense workouts may be the key to a stronger, healthier future.Source: Atakan MM, Li Y, Koşar ŞN, Turnagöl HH, Yan X. Evidence-Based Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Exercise Capacity and Health: A Review with Historical Perspective. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jul 5;18(13):7201. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18137201. PMID: 34281138; PMCID: PMC8294064.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: The power of intense exercise

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks with Monique Koerner, Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp; Family and Community Wellness agent, about upcoming programs for new babysitters ages 10 and older, and the prenatal education program Becoming A Mom.

<div><iframe title="K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District Prenatal Education Program and Babysitting Clinic" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=jhcpx-18ff4ab-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks with Monique Koerner, Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp; Family and Community Wellness agent, about upcoming programs for new babysitters ages 10 and older, and the prenatal education program Becoming A Mom.

🎙Post Podcast: Extension programs for new babysitters and for moms-to-be

Several K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.

These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations using the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are revised annually and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the publication date.

Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, with links provided below. 

Alfalfa Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/alfalfa-insect-pest-management-2025_MF809.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF809.pdf </a>

Corn Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/corn-insect-pest-management-2025_MF810.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF810.pdf </a>

Cotton Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/cotton-insect-pest-management-2025_MF2674.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2674.pdf </a>

Sorghum Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/sorghum-insect-pest-management-2025_MF742.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF742.pdf </a>

Soybean Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/soybean-insect-pest-management-2025_MF743.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF743.pdf </a>

Sunflower Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/sunflower-insect-pest-management-2025_MF814.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF814.pdf </a>

Wheat Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/wheat-insect-pest-management-2025_MF745.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF745.pdf</a>

The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary significantly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. 

Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. 

Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action.

The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read the label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember that illegal contamination of the treated crop or commodity can occur if pesticides are misused. 

K-State entomologists assume no&nbsp;responsibility for product performance, personal injury, property damage, or other types of loss resulting from the purchase, handling, or use of the pesticides listed.

More information on pests covered in these publications is available at <a href="https://entomology.k-state.edu/extension/crop-protection/">www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/</a>.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictSeveral K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations using the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are revised annually and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the publication date.Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, with links provided below. Alfalfa Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/alfalfa-insect-pest-management-2025_MF809.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF809.pdf </a>Corn Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/corn-insect-pest-management-2025_MF810.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF810.pdf </a>Cotton Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/cotton-insect-pest-management-2025_MF2674.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2674.pdf </a>Sorghum Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/sorghum-insect-pest-management-2025_MF742.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF742.pdf </a>Soybean Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/soybean-insect-pest-management-2025_MF743.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF743.pdf </a>Sunflower Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/sunflower-insect-pest-management-2025_MF814.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF814.pdf </a>Wheat Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/wheat-insect-pest-management-2025_MF745.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF745.pdf</a>The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary significantly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action.The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read the label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember that illegal contamination of the treated crop or commodity can occur if pesticides are misused. K-State entomologists assume no&nbsp;responsibility for product performance, personal injury, property damage, or other types of loss resulting from the purchase, handling, or use of the pesticides listed.More information on pests covered in these publications is available at <a href="https://entomology.k-state.edu/extension/crop-protection/">www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/</a>.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.

CAMPBELL: Updated insect pest management guides now available from K-State

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

On a hot summer day, there is nothing better than a cool drink of clean water to quench one’s thirst. 

For cattle out on pasture, their need for clean, accessible water is important for good health, said the experts from Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute on a recent&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://ksre-learn.com/cattle-chat-watering-requirements-in-summer">Cattle Chat</a>&nbsp;podcast.

“Cattle that are eating dry hay will need to consume more water than cows eating fresh grass, and if they are in a hot environment they’ll drink about twice as much water as cows in the winter,” K-State beef cattle nutritionist Philip Lancaster said.

In the summer, Lancaster estimates the cows need to drink about two gallons of water for every 100 pounds of body weight. And adult cattle aren’t the only animals on pasture with a need for water.

“Even though their diet is mainly milk, calves also need to drink water to help their rumen properly digest any foods they are starting to consume,” Lancaster said.

Not only is it important to provide water access for cattle, but the quality of the water is key to good health, K-State veterinarian Bob Larson said. “Anytime cattle are not hydrated as well as they could be, they are suspectable to disease as in the case of pneumonia,” Larson said.

One source of water for cattle on pastures is ponds.

“When the water quality is important, it is best to keep the cattle out of the ponds by fencing them out and piping the water to a tank,” K-State Research and Extension fisheries specialist Joe Gerken said. “Having a pipe that runs through an earthen dam regulates the temperature so the cattle will want to drink more.”

Another option is to grant the cattle limited access to the pond by fencing them out except for a gravel path to one part of the pond, Gerken said. “Depending on the herd size, generally speaking, this path is from 20-40 feet wide, and because it is gravel, the cattle won’t linger as long due to the way it feels on their hooves,” Gerken said.

He also said the gravel keeps sediment from filling the pond. “With this system, the pond can be healthy, and the cattle can still get the benefits they need from it,” Gerken said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictOn a hot summer day, there is nothing better than a cool drink of clean water to quench one’s thirst. For cattle out on pasture, their need for clean, accessible water is important for good health, said the experts from Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute on a recent&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://ksre-learn.com/cattle-chat-watering-requirements-in-summer">Cattle Chat</a>&nbsp;podcast.“Cattle that are eating dry hay will need to consume more water than cows eating fresh grass, and if they are in a hot environment they’ll drink about twice as much water as cows in the winter,” K-State beef cattle nutritionist Philip Lancaster said.In the summer, Lancaster estimates the cows need to drink about two gallons of water for every 100 pounds of body weight. And adult cattle aren’t the only animals on pasture with a need for water.“Even though their diet is mainly milk, calves also need to drink water to help their rumen properly digest any foods they are starting to consume,” Lancaster said.Not only is it important to provide water access for cattle, but the quality of the water is key to good health, K-State veterinarian Bob Larson said. “Anytime cattle are not hydrated as well as they could be, they are suspectable to disease as in the case of pneumonia,” Larson said.One source of water for cattle on pastures is ponds.“When the water quality is important, it is best to keep the cattle out of the ponds by fencing them out and piping the water to a tank,” K-State Research and Extension fisheries specialist Joe Gerken said. “Having a pipe that runs through an earthen dam regulates the temperature so the cattle will want to drink more.”Another option is to grant the cattle limited access to the pond by fencing them out except for a gravel path to one part of the pond, Gerken said. “Depending on the herd size, generally speaking, this path is from 20-40 feet wide, and because it is gravel, the cattle won’t linger as long due to the way it feels on their hooves,” Gerken said.He also said the gravel keeps sediment from filling the pond. “With this system, the pond can be healthy, and the cattle can still get the benefits they need from it,” Gerken said.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Cattle need more water during hot temperatures

Last week I discussed grip strength as it relates to health and longevity. This week we will discuss emerging research that underscores the critical role of leg strength in overall health. From enhancing mobility to reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases, strong legs are foundational to maintain independence and vitality as we age.

Leg muscles, particularly quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes are vital for daily activities such as standing, walking and climbing stairs. Maintaining robust lower body strength is associated with:

Reduced risk of falls: strong legs enhance balance and coordination, decreasing the likelihood of falls, which can lead to serious injuries in older adults

Improved cardiovascular health: studies indicate that individuals with great leg strength have a lower risk of heart failure and better outcomes after heart attacks. For instance, research presented at the European Society of Cardiology’s Heart Failure 2023 congress found that strong quadriceps were linked to reduced risk of developing heart failure post-heart attack.

Enhanced metabolic function: leg strength contributes to better glucose metabolism, aiding in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.

Longevity: a study published in BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine revealed that older adults who engaged in heavy resistance training, maintained leg strength over a four-year period, suggesting long term benefits of strength training on mobility and independence.

Building and Maintaining Leg Strength

Incorporating leg strengthening exercises into your routine can yield significant health benefits. Effective exercises include:

Squats and Lunges: these compound movements target multiple leg muscles, enhancing strength and coordination

Leg Presses: utilizing gym equipment to perform leg presses can build quadriceps, hamstring and glute strength.

Calf Raises: Strengthening the calves supports balance and stability.

Resistance Training: Engaging in weightlifting or resistance band exercises can improve muscle mass and function.

Leg Strength as a Predictor of Health Outcomes

Leg strength serves as a reliable indicator of overall health and can predict various health outcomes:

Mortality Risk: research indicates that lower extremity strength is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, even among sedentary individuals.

Recovery from illness: individuals with stronger legs recover more quickly from surgeries and illnesses, highlighting the importance of maintaining leg strength for resilience.

Functional Independence: strong legs are essential for performing daily tasks independently, reducing the need for assistance or long-term care.

Prioritizing leg strength is crucial for maintaining health, independence, and quality of life, especially as we age. Regular leg strengthening exercises can lead to improved mobility, reduced risk of chronic disease, and enhanced longevity. Incorporating such exercises into your fitness routine is a proactive step toward healthier aging.

Source : García-Hermoso A, Cavero-Redondo I, Ramírez-Vélez R, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Lee DC, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Muscular Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Oct;99(10):2100-2113.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29425700.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictLast week I discussed grip strength as it relates to health and longevity. This week we will discuss emerging research that underscores the critical role of leg strength in overall health. From enhancing mobility to reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases, strong legs are foundational to maintain independence and vitality as we age.Importance of Leg StrengthLeg muscles, particularly quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes are vital for daily activities such as standing, walking and climbing stairs. Maintaining robust lower body strength is associated with:Reduced risk of falls: strong legs enhance balance and coordination, decreasing the likelihood of falls, which can lead to serious injuries in older adultsImproved cardiovascular health: studies indicate that individuals with great leg strength have a lower risk of heart failure and better outcomes after heart attacks. For instance, research presented at the European Society of Cardiology’s Heart Failure 2023 congress found that strong quadriceps were linked to reduced risk of developing heart failure post-heart attack.Enhanced metabolic function: leg strength contributes to better glucose metabolism, aiding in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.Longevity: a study published in BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine revealed that older adults who engaged in heavy resistance training, maintained leg strength over a four-year period, suggesting long term benefits of strength training on mobility and independence.Building and Maintaining Leg StrengthIncorporating leg strengthening exercises into your routine can yield significant health benefits. Effective exercises include:Squats and Lunges: these compound movements target multiple leg muscles, enhancing strength and coordinationLeg Presses: utilizing gym equipment to perform leg presses can build quadriceps, hamstring and glute strength.Calf Raises: Strengthening the calves supports balance and stability.Resistance Training: Engaging in weightlifting or resistance band exercises can improve muscle mass and function.Leg Strength as a Predictor of Health OutcomesLeg strength serves as a reliable indicator of overall health and can predict various health outcomes:Mortality Risk: research indicates that lower extremity strength is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, even among sedentary individuals.Recovery from illness: individuals with stronger legs recover more quickly from surgeries and illnesses, highlighting the importance of maintaining leg strength for resilience.Functional Independence: strong legs are essential for performing daily tasks independently, reducing the need for assistance or long-term care.Prioritizing leg strength is crucial for maintaining health, independence, and quality of life, especially as we age. Regular leg strengthening exercises can lead to improved mobility, reduced risk of chronic disease, and enhanced longevity. Incorporating such exercises into your fitness routine is a proactive step toward healthier aging.Source : García-Hermoso A, Cavero-Redondo I, Ramírez-Vélez R, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Lee DC, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Muscular Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Oct;99(10):2100-2113.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29425700.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Leg strength in overall health

Kansas State University and the Kansas Agribusiness Retailers Association (KARA) are hosting two 2-day Summer Field School sessions on July 8–9 and July 10–11, 2025, at the K-State Agronomy Education Center (2213 Agronomy Farm Road), located just north of the K-State football stadium in Manhattan. The field days are the same on the two different dates. This year’s program will spotlight soybean and cotton production, with comprehensive, hands-on sessions covering:

· Crop growth and soil fertility for soybeans and cotton production

· Herbicide symptomology and glufosinate optimization

· 2-day program: $220 (includes lunch both days)

· 1-day option: $135 (includes lunch for that day)

· Earn multiple Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) and 1A credits (exact credit total forthcoming)

The complete program overview and registration link are available at the KS. Agribusiness Retailers site: <a href="https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/">https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/</a>

Lodging options and additional information are listed on the registration page.

This field day is open to anyone who is interested. If you have any questions, contact Peter Tomlinson, K-State Environmental Quality Specialist at ptomlin@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictKansas State University and the Kansas Agribusiness Retailers Association (KARA) are hosting two 2-day Summer Field School sessions on July 8–9 and July 10–11, 2025, at the K-State Agronomy Education Center (2213 Agronomy Farm Road), located just north of the K-State football stadium in Manhattan. The field days are the same on the two different dates. This year’s program will spotlight soybean and cotton production, with comprehensive, hands-on sessions covering:· Crop growth and soil fertility for soybeans and cotton production· Herbicide symptomology and glufosinate optimization· Weed identification· Precision agriculture· Soil health· Crop diseases and insect managementRegistration Information· 2-day program: $220 (includes lunch both days)· 1-day option: $135 (includes lunch for that day)· Earn multiple Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) and 1A credits (exact credit total forthcoming)The complete program overview and registration link are available at the KS. Agribusiness Retailers site: <a href="https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/">https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/</a>Lodging options and additional information are listed on the registration page.This field day is open to anyone who is interested. If you have any questions, contact Peter Tomlinson, K-State Environmental Quality Specialist at ptomlin@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Registration open for K-State/KARA Summer Field Day

&nbsp;BY ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

This year’s weather has delayed harvest and left many wheat growers with fields of low-test weight and sprouted grain. This damage causes large discounts at the elevator because the grain does not meet standards for milling or export. 

Wheat that does not meet market specs still have value as livestock feed either as part of supplements for grazing cattle or in mixed diets to growing and finishing cattle.

Feeding Value and Nutritional Considerations Despite its poor appearance,&nbsp;low test weight or sprouted wheat retains much of its energy and protein content as animal feed. In fact, the nutrient composition often compares well to regular wheat: ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Crude Protein: Often 12–14%, depending on variety and growing conditions. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): Generally, 80–85%, making it a high-energy feed. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sprouting Effect: Enzymatic changes during sprouting may actually increase starch digestibility, though spoilage is a concern if storage is poor. The main challenge is balancing the ration correctly. Wheat is&nbsp;high in starch and low in fiber, so overfeeding can lead to digestive upsets like&nbsp;acidosis&nbsp;or&nbsp;founder&nbsp;making feeding management a key consideration. Tips for Feeding Damaged Wheat Safely 1.&nbsp; Limit Inclusion: Start with low levels and increase gradually. Supplementing grazing cattle: limit feeding to 0.3 to 0.5% of bodyweight per feeding or as only ½ of less of a supplement fed at a higher rate. No more than 2 to 3 pounds per day for a growing calf or 4 to 6 pounds for a mature beef cow. Increase feeding frequency when feeding wheat, doubling the feeding rate and feeding every other day is not recommended. Growing and finishing cattle on mixed rations: wheat can replace part of the corn. We recommend no more than 1/3 of the total ration or ½ of the grain in the concentrate portion of the ration. Feeding management becomes more important when feeding highly digestible grains like wheat. 2.&nbsp; Process with Care: Processing increases digestibility of wheat by 20 to 30%. Coarsely rolling wheat improves digestibility but avoid fine grinding. When processing is too fine the starch in wheat is digested too fast in the rumen and increases the risk of ruminal acidosis. 3.&nbsp; Balance the Ration: Wheat should be fed with adequate&nbsp;roughage&nbsp;(hay, silage, or straw) to maintain rumen health. Avoid low-roughage low-fiber diets. 4.&nbsp; Monitor Intakes Closely: Watch for signs of overeating, scours, or bloating when feeding sprouted or damaged wheat.

Other Considerations Storage is Key: Keep wheat dry and cool. Sprouted grain with higher moisture is especially vulnerable to spoilage. Test for Mycotoxins or Mold: Sprouted wheat may be more prone to spoilage. If stored improperly, mold and toxins can develop. Always test suspect lots before feeding. Feeding downgraded wheat can be a benefit for cattle producers to gain access to a high-energy feed at a discount — provided it’s done safely and with proper nutrition support. Before incorporating low-quality wheat into your feeding program, consult with a&nbsp;livestock nutritionist&nbsp;or&nbsp;Extension specialist&nbsp;to balance the ration and ensure safety with careful management.

Used with permission from Paul Beck, Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Beef Cattle Nutrition Specialist

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

&nbsp;BY ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictThis year’s weather has delayed harvest and left many wheat growers with fields of low-test weight and sprouted grain. This damage causes large discounts at the elevator because the grain does not meet standards for milling or export. Wheat that does not meet market specs still have value as livestock feed either as part of supplements for grazing cattle or in mixed diets to growing and finishing cattle.Feeding Value and Nutritional Considerations Despite its poor appearance,&nbsp;low test weight or sprouted wheat retains much of its energy and protein content as animal feed. In fact, the nutrient composition often compares well to regular wheat: ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Crude Protein: Often 12–14%, depending on variety and growing conditions. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): Generally, 80–85%, making it a high-energy feed. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sprouting Effect: Enzymatic changes during sprouting may actually increase starch digestibility, though spoilage is a concern if storage is poor. The main challenge is balancing the ration correctly. Wheat is&nbsp;high in starch and low in fiber, so overfeeding can lead to digestive upsets like&nbsp;acidosis&nbsp;or&nbsp;founder&nbsp;making feeding management a key consideration. Tips for Feeding Damaged Wheat Safely 1.&nbsp; Limit Inclusion: Start with low levels and increase gradually. Supplementing grazing cattle: limit feeding to 0.3 to 0.5% of bodyweight per feeding or as only ½ of less of a supplement fed at a higher rate. No more than 2 to 3 pounds per day for a growing calf or 4 to 6 pounds for a mature beef cow. Increase feeding frequency when feeding wheat, doubling the feeding rate and feeding every other day is not recommended. Growing and finishing cattle on mixed rations: wheat can replace part of the corn. We recommend no more than 1/3 of the total ration or ½ of the grain in the concentrate portion of the ration. Feeding management becomes more important when feeding highly digestible grains like wheat. 2.&nbsp; Process with Care: Processing increases digestibility of wheat by 20 to 30%. Coarsely rolling wheat improves digestibility but avoid fine grinding. When processing is too fine the starch in wheat is digested too fast in the rumen and increases the risk of ruminal acidosis. 3.&nbsp; Balance the Ration: Wheat should be fed with adequate&nbsp;roughage&nbsp;(hay, silage, or straw) to maintain rumen health. Avoid low-roughage low-fiber diets. 4.&nbsp; Monitor Intakes Closely: Watch for signs of overeating, scours, or bloating when feeding sprouted or damaged wheat.Other Considerations Storage is Key: Keep wheat dry and cool. Sprouted grain with higher moisture is especially vulnerable to spoilage. Test for Mycotoxins or Mold: Sprouted wheat may be more prone to spoilage. If stored improperly, mold and toxins can develop. Always test suspect lots before feeding. Feeding downgraded wheat can be a benefit for cattle producers to gain access to a high-energy feed at a discount — provided it’s done safely and with proper nutrition support. Before incorporating low-quality wheat into your feeding program, consult with a&nbsp;livestock nutritionist&nbsp;or&nbsp;Extension specialist&nbsp;to balance the ration and ensure safety with careful management.Used with permission from Paul Beck, Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Beef Cattle Nutrition SpecialistAlicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: Making the most of damaged wheat by feeding to beef cattle

Ellis County wheat growers, don’t miss out on entering your best wheat into the Ellis County Fair – Open Class Market Wheat Show. 

Entries are fast and easy. Fill up a provided bag of your best wheat while unloading at any elevator in Ellis County, or at your bins at home and return the crop data card after harvest to either the elevator or Cottonwood Extension District Office, 601 Main Street, Hays. 

Cash and ribbons will be awarded to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners.

Your entries and ribbons can be picked up at the conclusion of the fair on Sunday, July 20 between 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. at the Schenk building or after the fair at the Cottonwood Extension Office.

If you have any questions call us at 785-628-9430, or email Theresa tam3@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749561950525.jpeg" alt="Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Cottonwood Extension DistrictEllis County wheat growers, don’t miss out on entering your best wheat into the Ellis County Fair – Open Class Market Wheat Show. Entries are fast and easy. Fill up a provided bag of your best wheat while unloading at any elevator in Ellis County, or at your bins at home and return the crop data card after harvest to either the elevator or Cottonwood Extension District Office, 601 Main Street, Hays. Entry deadline is July 7.Cash and ribbons will be awarded to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners.Your entries and ribbons can be picked up at the conclusion of the fair on Sunday, July 20 between 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. at the Schenk building or after the fair at the Cottonwood Extension Office.If you have any questions call us at 785-628-9430, or email Theresa tam3@ksu.edu

Farmers can enter their wheat for prizes, cash at the Ellis County Fair

It’s county fair season in Kansas, and while local events are a great way to enjoy the sun and time with friends, heat can be an invisible fun bandit for livestock.&nbsp;

Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said it’s important for youth showing livestock to watch animals closely and know the symptoms of heat stress.&nbsp;All animals – as well as people -- can experience heat stress, which occurs when the body cannot get rid of excessive heat, either through sweating or other means.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Tarpoff said cattle handle heat differently than other animals. In particular, they struggle with the ability to sweat, which makes them reliant on getting rid of heat through their respiratory system, such as breathing the heat out. Cattle will accumulate heat during the day, then dissipate the heat load during the night when it's cooler.

“It takes 4-6 hours to return cattle to regular temperature,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;&nbsp;He added that one way to tell if a show steer or heifer is affected by heat stress is to look for unusual behavior from that animal. Symptoms may include reduced feed intake, increased time standing and crowding around water. In the show barn, animals may also display an increase in breathing rate.&nbsp;&nbsp;

One way to keep animals cool is to make sure barns get plenty of ventilation. Tarpoff said that heat stress mitigation strategies should be planned with cattle comfort in mind, and each strategy will be unique to the housing situation. Other factors to consider include whether the animal has its winter or summer hair coat, hair color, and past health issues.&nbsp;

Tarpoff said youth should consider reducing animal handling during heat intervals, and having those handling events completed by 10 a.m.&nbsp;“Weighing, processing, sampling and shipping cattle are all necessary tasks but they should be strategically conducted during the very early morning hours to ensure cattle comfort,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;

Another way to avoid heat stress is to provide plenty of water to cattle. Tarpoff said the amount of water cattle need doubles as the heat increases from 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.

Tarpoff also encourages youth to consider moisture levels from the washing areas. Some locations can artificially increase the humidity and cause unneeded stress on livestock. “Monitoring conditions and preparing for heat stress is a must when caring for your animals,” he said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District It’s county fair season in Kansas, and while local events are a great way to enjoy the sun and time with friends, heat can be an invisible fun bandit for livestock.&nbsp;Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said it’s important for youth showing livestock to watch animals closely and know the symptoms of heat stress.&nbsp;All animals – as well as people -- can experience heat stress, which occurs when the body cannot get rid of excessive heat, either through sweating or other means.&nbsp;&nbsp;Tarpoff said cattle handle heat differently than other animals. In particular, they struggle with the ability to sweat, which makes them reliant on getting rid of heat through their respiratory system, such as breathing the heat out. Cattle will accumulate heat during the day, then dissipate the heat load during the night when it's cooler.“It takes 4-6 hours to return cattle to regular temperature,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;&nbsp;He added that one way to tell if a show steer or heifer is affected by heat stress is to look for unusual behavior from that animal. Symptoms may include reduced feed intake, increased time standing and crowding around water. In the show barn, animals may also display an increase in breathing rate.&nbsp;&nbsp;One way to keep animals cool is to make sure barns get plenty of ventilation. Tarpoff said that heat stress mitigation strategies should be planned with cattle comfort in mind, and each strategy will be unique to the housing situation. Other factors to consider include whether the animal has its winter or summer hair coat, hair color, and past health issues.&nbsp;Tarpoff said youth should consider reducing animal handling during heat intervals, and having those handling events completed by 10 a.m.&nbsp;“Weighing, processing, sampling and shipping cattle are all necessary tasks but they should be strategically conducted during the very early morning hours to ensure cattle comfort,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;Another way to avoid heat stress is to provide plenty of water to cattle. Tarpoff said the amount of water cattle need doubles as the heat increases from 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.Tarpoff also encourages youth to consider moisture levels from the washing areas. Some locations can artificially increase the humidity and cause unneeded stress on livestock. “Monitoring conditions and preparing for heat stress is a must when caring for your animals,” he said.The&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Kansas Mesonet</a>, a network of Kansas weather stations which has offices on the K-State campus in Manhattan, provides an&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Animal Comfort Index</a>&nbsp;to help producers and youth monitor care for livestock. The online service is free to the public.&nbsp;The Barton County Fair starts June 25th&nbsp;and runs through the 29th. Come out and support the youth of our communities and see what projects they have on display. It’s a fun-filled five days of the children showing off all of their hard work, and an enjoyable time for the entire family. For a schedule of events, you can go to <a href="https://www.bartoncountyfair.com/">bartoncountyfair.com</a>.&nbsp; We hope to see you all there!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.