By&nbsp;ZANE IRWIN <a href="https://www.kcur.org/politics-elections-and-government/2025-12-30/whos-running-to-represent-kansas-in-the-u-s-senate-in-2026-heres-a-guide-to-the-candidates">Kansas News Service</a>

Democratic political outsiders are vying to unseat Kansas Sen. Roger Marshall — and end nearly a century of Republican control of the state’s U.S. Senate seats.

A Democrat has not represented Kansas in the U.S. Senate since before the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032138/" target="_blank">original Wizard of Oz</a>&nbsp;film played in theaters.

Ever since Democratic Sen. George McGill left his seat in January of 1939, Kansas Republicans have enjoyed&nbsp;<a href="https://www.senate.gov/states/KS/senators.htm" target="_blank">an 86-year run</a>&nbsp;in the upper chamber of Congress.

Ahead of the 2026 elections, five Democratic candidates&nbsp;<a href="https://www.fec.gov/data/elections/senate/KS/2026/" target="_blank">have filed</a>&nbsp;to challenge first-term Republican Sen. Roger Marshall.

<a href="https://www.cookpolitical.com/ratings/senate-race-ratings" target="_blank">Oddsmakers</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/2026-senate/" target="_blank">favor</a>&nbsp;Republicans to retain their majority in the Senate. But Democrats hope enough&nbsp;<a href="https://www.npr.org/2025/12/17/nx-s1-5645003/trump-poll-economy-approval" target="_blank">popular dissatisfaction</a>&nbsp;with the current presidential administration might damage Republicans’ electoral chances in Congress.

Primary elections are on Aug. 4, 2026. Voters will decide the next governor of Kansas — as well as a U.S. senator, state attorney general, state insurance commissioner, secretary of state and state treasurer — on Nov. 3, 2026.

This list will be updated as candidates join or leave the race.

Read more on this candidate at&nbsp;<a href="https://mikeforkansas.my.canva.site/">https://mikeforkansas.my.canva.site/.</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1767109934439.png" alt="Voters in Kansas City, Kansas, showing up at the Wyandotte County Election office for the last minutes of early voting on Nov. 7, 2022.&nbsp;Carlos Moreno / KCUR 89.3 V" />
 <figcaption>Voters in Kansas City, Kansas, showing up at the Wyandotte County Election office for the last minutes of early voting on Nov. 7, 2022.&nbsp;Carlos Moreno / KCUR 89.3 V</figcaption>
 </figure>By&nbsp;ZANE IRWIN <a href="https://www.kcur.org/politics-elections-and-government/2025-12-30/whos-running-to-represent-kansas-in-the-u-s-senate-in-2026-heres-a-guide-to-the-candidates">Kansas News Service</a><h2>Democratic political outsiders are vying to unseat Kansas Sen. Roger Marshall — and end nearly a century of Republican control of the state’s U.S. Senate seats.</h2>A Democrat has not represented Kansas in the U.S. Senate since before the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0032138/" target="_blank">original Wizard of Oz</a>&nbsp;film played in theaters.Ever since Democratic Sen. George McGill left his seat in January of 1939, Kansas Republicans have enjoyed&nbsp;<a href="https://www.senate.gov/states/KS/senators.htm" target="_blank">an 86-year run</a>&nbsp;in the upper chamber of Congress.Ahead of the 2026 elections, five Democratic candidates&nbsp;<a href="https://www.fec.gov/data/elections/senate/KS/2026/" target="_blank">have filed</a>&nbsp;to challenge first-term Republican Sen. Roger Marshall.<a href="https://www.cookpolitical.com/ratings/senate-race-ratings" target="_blank">Oddsmakers</a>&nbsp;<a href="https://centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/2026-senate/" target="_blank">favor</a>&nbsp;Republicans to retain their majority in the Senate. But Democrats hope enough&nbsp;<a href="https://www.npr.org/2025/12/17/nx-s1-5645003/trump-poll-economy-approval" target="_blank">popular dissatisfaction</a>&nbsp;with the current presidential administration might damage Republicans’ electoral chances in Congress.Primary elections are on Aug. 4, 2026. Voters will decide the next governor of Kansas — as well as a U.S. senator, state attorney general, state insurance commissioner, secretary of state and state treasurer — on Nov. 3, 2026.This list will be updated as candidates join or leave the race.<h2>Republican candidates</h2><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1767109296258.png" alt="Official photo / Roger Marshall, incumbent Republican candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas." />
 <figcaption>Official photo / Roger Marshall, incumbent Republican candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas.</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Roger Marshall, Republican</h2><ul>
 <li>Political experience: Marshall, in Great Bend, assumed office as Kansas’ junior senator in 2021. Previously, he served one term as the U.S. Representative for the state’s “Big First” rural district encompassing much of western and central Kansas.&nbsp;</li><li>What else? Marshall is a former OB-GYN. He also served in the U.S. Army Reserve for seven years.&nbsp;</li><li>Platform: The former physician has taken strong stances against expanded abortion access and mask mandates&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kcur.org/news/2021-08-26/kansas-senator-roger-marshall-is-a-doctor-but-his-covid-19-advice-doesnt-always-sound-like-it" target="_blank">during the COVID-19 pandemic</a>. He was&nbsp;<a href="https://www.npr.org/sections/insurrection-at-the-capitol/2021/01/07/954380156/here-are-the-republicans-who-objected-to-the-electoral-college-count" target="_blank">one of six Republican senators</a>&nbsp;who objected to the 2020 electoral count based on unsubstantiated&nbsp;claims of widespread voter fraud — after rioters descended on the capitol and disrupted proceedings. Most recently, the senator proposed&nbsp;<a href="https://www.marshall.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/senator-marshall-drops-the-marshall-plan/" target="_blank">a “Marshall” plan</a>&nbsp;to address rising health care costs. Instead of extending enhanced premium tax credits for three years, as Democrats had demanded during the government shutdown, Marshall proposed extending the credits for one year and then replacing them with health savings accounts. Congress&nbsp;<a href="https://www.npr.org/2025/12/20/nx-s1-5649415/what-lawmakers-advanced-and-stalled-on-health-care-this-week" target="_blank">did not end up extending the subsidies</a>&nbsp;at all.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><h2>Democratic Candidates</h2><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1767109433077.png" alt="Christy Davis for Kansas /&nbsp;Christy Davis, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas." />
 <figcaption>Christy Davis for Kansas /&nbsp;Christy Davis, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas.</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Christy Davis, Democrat</h2><ul>
 <li>Political experience: Davis, in Cottonwood Falls,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2022/06/23/usda-announces-additional-farm-service-agency-and-rural-development-state-directors#:~:text=Rural%20Development:,10%2Dyear%2Dold%20son." target="_blank">served</a>&nbsp;as the Kansas director for USDA rural development under former President Joe Biden. She was also on the board of the Chase County Chamber of Commerce and led the Symphony in the Flint Hills.</li><li>What else? Davis ran for Kansas’ 1st Congressional District in 2020.&nbsp;</li><li>Platform: Davis says President Trump’s tariffs are causing instability for farmers and rural communities. On immigration, Davis’ website says she will “fight for immigration reform that provides a pathway to citizenship and ends inhumane policies that terrorize families and unconstitutionally deprive Kansans of due process.”&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1767109524020.png" alt="Anne Parelkar for U.S. Senate 2026 / Facebook&nbsp;Anne Parelkar, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas." />
 <figcaption>Anne Parelkar for U.S. Senate 2026 / Facebook&nbsp;Anne Parelkar, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas.</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Anne Parelkar, Democrat</h2><ul>
 <li>Political experience: Parelkar, in Overland Park, has never run for public office.&nbsp;</li><li>What else? Parelkar has worked as an immigration attorney. She’s admitted to practice law in Kansas, Missouri and Arkansas, where she grew up.&nbsp;</li><li>Platform: In an email, Parelkar said she wants to create “a single consolidated program” to provide health care to people under 18, rather than relying on a patchwork of options like Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program, or CHIP. She said that would simplify coverage and ensure children have health care access regardless of family circumstances. Parelkar also would like to pass stronger antitrust and consumer protection laws.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1767109637361.png" alt="Erik Murray for Kansas /&nbsp;Erik Murray, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas." />
 <figcaption>Erik Murray for Kansas /&nbsp;Erik Murray, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas.</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Erik Murray, Democrat</h2><ul>
 <li>Political experience: Murray, in Kansas City, Kansas, is a commercial real estate developer. He has never run for public office.&nbsp;</li><li>What else? The Unified Government of Wyandotte County and Kansas City, Kansas, recently chose Murray’s firm to lead a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.metrowiremedia.com/news/indian-springs-redevelopment-nears-1-billion-with-updated-plans" target="_blank">billion-dollar project</a>&nbsp;to redevelop the site of the former Indian Springs mall.&nbsp;</li><li>Platform: If elected, Murray’s website says he would focus on lowering costs for starting and running small businesses. He&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article313616915.html" target="_blank">told the Kansas City Star</a>&nbsp;that he supports federal policies like the Opportunity Zones program, which provides tax incentives for investments in economically distressed areas.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1767109732278.png" alt="&nbsp;Michael Soetaert for Senate / Facebook&nbsp;Michael Soetaert, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas." />
 <figcaption>&nbsp;Michael Soetaert for Senate / Facebook&nbsp;Michael Soetaert, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas.</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Michael Soetaert, Democrat</h2>Read more on this candidate at&nbsp;<a href="https://mikeforkansas.my.canva.site/">https://mikeforkansas.my.canva.site/.</a><ul>
 <li>Political experience: Soetaert was,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cityofwellington.net/newsview.aspx?nid=6940" target="_blank">until recently</a>, a city council member in Wellington. For years, the former Republican has run for various local, state and federal offices.&nbsp;</li><li>What else? Soetaert grew up in Spring Hill, Kansas.&nbsp;</li><li>Platform: Soetaert&nbsp;<a href="https://www.hutchnews.com/story/news/local/2019/10/23/council-grove-man-running-for-city-offices-congress/2468107007/" target="_blank">told the Hutchinson News</a>&nbsp;in 2019 that he was a conservative, pro-life candidate. His website says he changed his mind on the issue of abortion after “Kansans&nbsp;<a href="https://www.kcur.org/news/2022-08-02/kansas-voters-rejected-an-amendment-that-would-have-stripped-away-abortion-rights" target="_blank">voted</a>&nbsp;for bodily autonomy.” Soetaert supported the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.npr.org/2022/12/08/1140808263/what-does-the-respect-for-marriage-act-do-the-answer-will-vary-by-state" target="_blank">Respect for Marriage Act</a>&nbsp;in 2022, which shored up some protections for gay marriage in case the U.S. Supreme Court overturns its 2015 decision establishing the right.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1767109811675.png" alt="&nbsp;Sandy for Kansas / X.Com&nbsp;Sandy Spidel Neumann, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas." />
 <figcaption>&nbsp;Sandy for Kansas / X.Com&nbsp;Sandy Spidel Neumann, Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senate in Kansas.</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Sandy Spidel Neumann, Democrat</h2><ul>
 <li>Political experience: Spidel Neumann, in Mission, has not held public office.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.fec.gov/data/receipts/individual-contributions/?contributor_name=Sandy+Spidel+Neumann" target="_blank">Records</a>&nbsp;show she has made over 120 donations to Democratic candidates and organizations, including a recent $5,000 donation to the Kansas Democratic Party.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>What else? She recently retired after over 20 years as a financial services executive at Ameriprise.&nbsp;</li><li>Platform: On health care, Spidel Neumann says she “supports reinstating Medicaid funding, extending funding for ACA subsidies, keeping the government out of women’s healthcare decisions, and fighting pharmaceutical companies to reduce arbitrary and escalating drug prices.” She says she opposes cuts to funding for veterans’ mental health and other services.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>

Who's running to represent Kansas in the U.S. Senate in 2026? Here's a guide to the candidates

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

With Kansas farmers facing rising financial pressures, Kansas State University is hosting a series of Agricultural Profitability Conferences across the state, beginning in December and continuing through early February.

The Cottonwood Extension District along with several other districts is hosting one of these conferences in Hays at the Agricultural Research Center, 1232 240th Avenue on Thursday, January 15th, says Stacy Campbell, Agricultural Agent for the Cottonwood District. Registration starts at 8:30 a.m. and the conference concludes at 3:00 p.m.

The conferences, Making ‘Cents’ of a Shifting Ag Economy, are organized by K-State’s Department of Agricultural Economics, offering insights into economic trends, farm policy, land values and strategies to maintain profitability during difficult times.

"The goal of this is to help crop producers deal with the struggling economy,” said department head Allen Featherstone. “In 2021, only 4.4% of Kansas farmers had a negative net farm income. But in 2024, that number jumped to 28.5%. Many producers are feeling the strain.”

The conferences will focus on preparing farmers to navigate economic downturns, manage input costs, and take advantage of new opportunities.

“We want to help producers think through what they can do now to position themselves for when profitability improves,” Featherstone said.

K-State farm economist Robin Reid, one of the conference presenters, said this year’s topics include updates on agricultural policy, farm bill changes, and land values. Reid will be joined by Jenny Ifft, Extension Agricultural Policy specialist, to discuss provisions in the recently passed “One Big Beautiful Bill Act.”

“A lot of the elements we typically think of in a farm bill were in that act — enhancements to crop insurance, Agricultural Risk Coverage, Price Loss Coverage, and more,” Reid said. “While the changes are smaller in scope than past farm bills, they will be very beneficial to farmers.”

Reid added that the conferences will also discuss stress and mental health, as well as farm succession and retirement planning.

“There’s a generation of baby boomer farmers out there who may be thinking: ‘Do I want to go through a couple more years of low commodity prices?’” Reid said. “This may be the time to bring in the next generation and teach them how to manage through a down economy.”

She emphasized that despite the challenges, there are still opportunities for farmers.

“There will be marketing opportunities ahead, or possibilities to try new crops or diversifying operations. We don’t want these events to feel like it’s all doom and gloom,” she said. “We are promoting these as profitability conferences, and that’s our focus.”

Each event will include time for open discussion, giving attendees a chance to ask questions and share experiences with fellow producers and experts.

“Interaction during difficult times is important,” Featherstone said. “It helps farmers understand they’re not alone and that others have weathered downturns before.”

Reid noted that conference panels will include K-State economists, Farm Service Agency personnel and others who can provide practical advice

A $10 registration fee will be collected at the door. RSVP is requested for the meal count by Monday, January 12th. Scan the QR code or call 785-628-9430 to register by January 12th.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictWith Kansas farmers facing rising financial pressures, Kansas State University is hosting a series of Agricultural Profitability Conferences across the state, beginning in December and continuing through early February.The Cottonwood Extension District along with several other districts is hosting one of these conferences in Hays at the Agricultural Research Center, 1232 240th Avenue on Thursday, January 15th, says Stacy Campbell, Agricultural Agent for the Cottonwood District. Registration starts at 8:30 a.m. and the conference concludes at 3:00 p.m.The conferences, Making ‘Cents’ of a Shifting Ag Economy, are organized by K-State’s Department of Agricultural Economics, offering insights into economic trends, farm policy, land values and strategies to maintain profitability during difficult times."The goal of this is to help crop producers deal with the struggling economy,” said department head Allen Featherstone. “In 2021, only 4.4% of Kansas farmers had a negative net farm income. But in 2024, that number jumped to 28.5%. Many producers are feeling the strain.”The conferences will focus on preparing farmers to navigate economic downturns, manage input costs, and take advantage of new opportunities.“We want to help producers think through what they can do now to position themselves for when profitability improves,” Featherstone said.K-State farm economist Robin Reid, one of the conference presenters, said this year’s topics include updates on agricultural policy, farm bill changes, and land values. Reid will be joined by Jenny Ifft, Extension Agricultural Policy specialist, to discuss provisions in the recently passed “One Big Beautiful Bill Act.”“A lot of the elements we typically think of in a farm bill were in that act — enhancements to crop insurance, Agricultural Risk Coverage, Price Loss Coverage, and more,” Reid said. “While the changes are smaller in scope than past farm bills, they will be very beneficial to farmers.”Reid added that the conferences will also discuss stress and mental health, as well as farm succession and retirement planning.“There’s a generation of baby boomer farmers out there who may be thinking: ‘Do I want to go through a couple more years of low commodity prices?’” Reid said. “This may be the time to bring in the next generation and teach them how to manage through a down economy.”She emphasized that despite the challenges, there are still opportunities for farmers.“There will be marketing opportunities ahead, or possibilities to try new crops or diversifying operations. We don’t want these events to feel like it’s all doom and gloom,” she said. “We are promoting these as profitability conferences, and that’s our focus.”Each event will include time for open discussion, giving attendees a chance to ask questions and share experiences with fellow producers and experts.“Interaction during difficult times is important,” Featherstone said. “It helps farmers understand they’re not alone and that others have weathered downturns before.”Reid noted that conference panels will include K-State economists, Farm Service Agency personnel and others who can provide practical adviceA $10 registration fee will be collected at the door. RSVP is requested for the meal count by Monday, January 12th. Scan the QR code or call 785-628-9430 to register by January 12th.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1767110813264.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>

CAMPBELL: Making ‘cents’ of a shifting ag economy – Jan. 15 in Hays

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

Staying active when the weather turns cold and windy can be tough! There are several strategies that can help us stay active and healthy throughout the winter months.

According to Family and Consumer Sciences specialist, Sharolyn Jackson, the physical activity guidelines for adults are 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity activity or about 30 minutes five days of the week.

This can include a 10- to 15-minute brisk walk outdoors. Be sure that you are dressed appropriately in layers with a hat and gloves in addition to good walking shoes and a weather-appropriate coat.

Jackson also notes that kids love to be out in the snow and adults can join in for some fun activity. In addition, raking leaves or shoveling snow can definitely provide good exercise. Just be sure that you active without overdoing it! Muscles will be tired and a little achy after good exercise but you don’t want to work to the point of injury.

You can also get a good walk around your house or by using the bottom step of stairs to step up and down. I keep a walking pad in my office and try to use it when I will be listening in on a call or workshop.

Jackson has good ideas for indoor activity also.

“The three things you should focus on are strength, flexibility and balance,” she said. “Strengthening and stretching exercises can be pretty simple, either with specialized equipment or using body weight. You can also do arm curls with cans of vegetables while watching TV, or buy resistance bands and follow the diagrams that come with the packaging.”

Small jumps, or hops, around the home help to build bone strength. Simple hops may feel silly for adults to do, but you can be creative to do what works for you.

“For balance, simple things can help,” Jackson said. “When brushing your teeth or washing the dishes, stand on one foot. That builds strength and balance.”

She also suggested a wide-leg squat, standing up and sitting down, while watching TV or talking with family.

Be watching for program such as <a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/efbc4e2c-21a4-4ff5-888b-6e9dd34db818">Stay Strong Stay Healthy</a> and Walk With Ease across the Cottonwood Extension District in early 2026.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran, Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran, Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictStaying active when the weather turns cold and windy can be tough! There are several strategies that can help us stay active and healthy throughout the winter months.According to Family and Consumer Sciences specialist, Sharolyn Jackson, the physical activity guidelines for adults are 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity activity or about 30 minutes five days of the week.This can include a 10- to 15-minute brisk walk outdoors. Be sure that you are dressed appropriately in layers with a hat and gloves in addition to good walking shoes and a weather-appropriate coat.Jackson also notes that kids love to be out in the snow and adults can join in for some fun activity. In addition, raking leaves or shoveling snow can definitely provide good exercise. Just be sure that you active without overdoing it! Muscles will be tired and a little achy after good exercise but you don’t want to work to the point of injury.You can also get a good walk around your house or by using the bottom step of stairs to step up and down. I keep a walking pad in my office and try to use it when I will be listening in on a call or workshop.Jackson has good ideas for indoor activity also.“The three things you should focus on are strength, flexibility and balance,” she said. “Strengthening and stretching exercises can be pretty simple, either with specialized equipment or using body weight. You can also do arm curls with cans of vegetables while watching TV, or buy resistance bands and follow the diagrams that come with the packaging.”Small jumps, or hops, around the home help to build bone strength. Simple hops may feel silly for adults to do, but you can be creative to do what works for you.“For balance, simple things can help,” Jackson said. “When brushing your teeth or washing the dishes, stand on one foot. That builds strength and balance.”She also suggested a wide-leg squat, standing up and sitting down, while watching TV or talking with family.Be watching for program such as <a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/efbc4e2c-21a4-4ff5-888b-6e9dd34db818">Stay Strong Stay Healthy</a> and Walk With Ease across the Cottonwood Extension District in early 2026.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Staying active when weather turns cold

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Well over half of the farmland in Kansas is leased. Therefore, there are lots of different lease arrangements, factors to consider and places where misunderstandings can happen. Additionally, many leases are still oral leases that are “signed” with a handshake.

One of the best ways to create a better understanding between tenant and landlord in most cases is to have a written lease. Having a written lease can lead to many topics for discussion that otherwise might not be considered. 

These, would include but are not limited to:

Hunting/fishing rights Recreation access Payment due dates Termination procedures

In addition to the previously mentioned items, a written pasture lease for example can spell out responsibilities of both parties in regards to:

Care of fences Noxious weed control Water supply maintenance Grazing capacity restrictions and beginning and ending date of grazing season

A bonus of a written lease is that it documents the terms of the business relationship in case the contract is questioned. This can be especially important if the land changes hands.

Obviously, it is not necessary to have a written lease in order to have good communication between tenant and landlord but it can be helpful in spelling things out and avoiding misunderstandings and hard feelings. There may be some cases when introducing the possibility of implementing a written lease might damage the business relationship. 

Whether you have a written lease or not, make sure thoselines of communication are kept open, visit with each other at least a few times a year.

Local county and district extension offices have several resources concerning leases, written leasing arrangement forms, cash rental rate averages, Kansas Agricultural Lease Law publication C-668, etc. 

Go to&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="http://www.agmanager.info/">www.agmanager.info</a>&nbsp;and click onto the Farm Management tab. If you have questions contact your local County or District Extension Office.

 I can be contacted in the Cottonwood District Great Bend Office at 620-793-1910, and Stacy Campbell in the Hays office at 785-628-9430.

The Cottonwood District will be hosting two meetings over farmland leasing arrangements on January 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.

The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office at 3007 10th&nbsp;St. in Great Bend at 9 a.m. Coffee and doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays at 601 Main at 1 p.m. and light refreshments will be provided.

These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank. An RSVP is appreciated at 620-793-1910 by January 7. We hope to see you there!

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765905139384.png" alt="Image by Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Image by Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictWell over half of the farmland in Kansas is leased. Therefore, there are lots of different lease arrangements, factors to consider and places where misunderstandings can happen. Additionally, many leases are still oral leases that are “signed” with a handshake.One of the best ways to create a better understanding between tenant and landlord in most cases is to have a written lease. Having a written lease can lead to many topics for discussion that otherwise might not be considered. These, would include but are not limited to:Hunting/fishing rights Recreation access Payment due dates Termination procedures In addition to the previously mentioned items, a written pasture lease for example can spell out responsibilities of both parties in regards to: Care of fences Noxious weed control Water supply maintenance Grazing capacity restrictions and beginning and ending date of grazing season A bonus of a written lease is that it documents the terms of the business relationship in case the contract is questioned. This can be especially important if the land changes hands.Obviously, it is not necessary to have a written lease in order to have good communication between tenant and landlord but it can be helpful in spelling things out and avoiding misunderstandings and hard feelings. There may be some cases when introducing the possibility of implementing a written lease might damage the business relationship. Whether you have a written lease or not, make sure thoselines of communication are kept open, visit with each other at least a few times a year.Local county and district extension offices have several resources concerning leases, written leasing arrangement forms, cash rental rate averages, Kansas Agricultural Lease Law publication C-668, etc. Go to&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="http://www.agmanager.info/">www.agmanager.info</a>&nbsp;and click onto the Farm Management tab. If you have questions contact your local County or District Extension Office. I can be contacted in the Cottonwood District Great Bend Office at 620-793-1910, and Stacy Campbell in the Hays office at 785-628-9430.The Cottonwood District will be hosting two meetings over farmland leasing arrangements on January 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office at 3007 10th&nbsp;St. in Great Bend at 9 a.m. Coffee and doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays at 601 Main at 1 p.m. and light refreshments will be provided.These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank. An RSVP is appreciated at 620-793-1910 by January 7. We hope to see you there!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Written lease offers better understanding between farm tenant, landlord 

By STACY CAMPBELL and ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

The Cottonwood Extension District will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing Arrangements on Thursday, Jan. 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.

The first Farmland Leasing Arrangements meeting on Jan. 8, will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9:00 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main Street, at 1:00 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided.

An RSVP is appreciated if planning to attend the Farmland Leasing Arrangements program on Jan. 8th in Great Bend call 620-793-1910, and at Hays 785-628-9430 by Jan. 7. We hope to see you there!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1745338245919.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL and ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictThe Cottonwood Extension District will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing Arrangements on Thursday, Jan. 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.The first Farmland Leasing Arrangements meeting on Jan. 8, will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9:00 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main Street, at 1:00 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided.An RSVP is appreciated if planning to attend the Farmland Leasing Arrangements program on Jan. 8th in Great Bend call 620-793-1910, and at Hays 785-628-9430 by Jan. 7. We hope to see you there!

Farmland leasing program meeting set for Jan. 8

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

As the holiday season winds down, many households face the question: what to do with the Christmas tree and holiday greenery? Instead of sending them to the landfill, consider recycling them! Repurposing your tree and greenery is an eco-friendly way to give them a second life while benefiting your garden, wildlife, or community.

Here are some practical and creative ways to recycle your Christmas tree and greenery:

1. Turn It in to Mulch Most natural Christmas trees can be chipped into mulch, which is excellent for garden beds and pathways. If you have access to a chipper, you can do this yourself. Otherwise, check with your local recycling center or municipal services—many communities offer free tree chipping programs.

2. Create Habitat for Wildlife Place your tree in your yard or garden to create shelter for birds and small animals during the winter months. You can even decorate it with birdseed ornaments, suet, or peanut butter-coated pinecones to provide food for wildlife.

3. Compost the Greenery Cut branches and greenery can be added to your compost pile or used as a base layer. The needles are rich in carbon and can help balance the compost's nitrogen content. Keep in mind that large branches should be trimmed down for easier decomposition.

4. Protect Your Plants Lay trimmed branches over perennial beds to help insulate them during the cold months. The branches can act as a natural mulch, protecting plants from harsh winter temperatures.

5. Check Local Recycling Programs Many communities have specific programs for tree and greenery recycling. Some cities collect trees curbside for recycling into mulch or erosion control products. Contact your local solid waste department or extension office for details.

6. Use It for Erosion Control In some areas, recycled Christmas trees are used for erosion control in wetlands or along riverbanks. These trees help stabilize soil and provide a natural barrier against erosion.

Avoid These Mistakes · Don’t Burn It Indoors: Dry trees are highly flammable and can create a fire hazard. They also produce creosote, which can build up in your chimney.

· Remove All Decorations: Before recycling, ensure all ornaments, tinsel, and lights are removed to prevent contamination.

· Avoid Artificial Trees: Artificial trees cannot be recycled and should be reused or donated if in good condition.

Recycling your tree or greenery is a simple step that can have a big impact on the environment. By giving your holiday decorations a sustainable farewell, you can enjoy the spirit of the season while also taking care of our planet.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictAs the holiday season winds down, many households face the question: what to do with the Christmas tree and holiday greenery? Instead of sending them to the landfill, consider recycling them! Repurposing your tree and greenery is an eco-friendly way to give them a second life while benefiting your garden, wildlife, or community.Here are some practical and creative ways to recycle your Christmas tree and greenery:1. Turn It in to Mulch Most natural Christmas trees can be chipped into mulch, which is excellent for garden beds and pathways. If you have access to a chipper, you can do this yourself. Otherwise, check with your local recycling center or municipal services—many communities offer free tree chipping programs.2. Create Habitat for Wildlife Place your tree in your yard or garden to create shelter for birds and small animals during the winter months. You can even decorate it with birdseed ornaments, suet, or peanut butter-coated pinecones to provide food for wildlife.3. Compost the Greenery Cut branches and greenery can be added to your compost pile or used as a base layer. The needles are rich in carbon and can help balance the compost's nitrogen content. Keep in mind that large branches should be trimmed down for easier decomposition.4. Protect Your Plants Lay trimmed branches over perennial beds to help insulate them during the cold months. The branches can act as a natural mulch, protecting plants from harsh winter temperatures.5. Check Local Recycling Programs Many communities have specific programs for tree and greenery recycling. Some cities collect trees curbside for recycling into mulch or erosion control products. Contact your local solid waste department or extension office for details.6. Use It for Erosion Control In some areas, recycled Christmas trees are used for erosion control in wetlands or along riverbanks. These trees help stabilize soil and provide a natural barrier against erosion.Avoid These Mistakes · Don’t Burn It Indoors: Dry trees are highly flammable and can create a fire hazard. They also produce creosote, which can build up in your chimney.· Remove All Decorations: Before recycling, ensure all ornaments, tinsel, and lights are removed to prevent contamination.· Avoid Artificial Trees: Artificial trees cannot be recycled and should be reused or donated if in good condition.Recycling your tree or greenery is a simple step that can have a big impact on the environment. By giving your holiday decorations a sustainable farewell, you can enjoy the spirit of the season while also taking care of our planet.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910K-State Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider. Kansas State University, County Extension Councils, Extension Districts, and U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperating.

BOOR: How to recycle your Christmas tree and holiday greenery

Folks that are not involved in farming may think that farmers own the bulk of the land they use to produce their crops and livestock. The truth is over 50% of Kansas farmland is rented, with many farmers operating a mix of owned and rented land. Very few farms operate exclusively on rented land (less than 10%). These averages reflect the common practice for Kansas farmers to rent land from multiple, often non-farming, landowners to form a complete farming operation.

Why is that you ask? Simply put, land is expensive and to purchase most or all of the land an agricultural producer would need is cost prohibitive. Therefore, many producers lease agricultural land from typically a number of landowners or landlords.

Each year we get a number of questions from landowners and tenants on agricultural land leasing—from average cash rental rates to written lease forms, etc.

The Cottonwood Extension District in Barton and Ellis county which is part of K-State Extension will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing Arrangements on Thursday, January 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.

The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9:00 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main, at 1:00 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided. These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank.

An RSVP is appreciated--if attending in Great Bend at 620-793-1910, and in Hays at 785-628-9430 by January 7th. We hope to see you there!

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictFolks that are not involved in farming may think that farmers own the bulk of the land they use to produce their crops and livestock. The truth is over 50% of Kansas farmland is rented, with many farmers operating a mix of owned and rented land. Very few farms operate exclusively on rented land (less than 10%). These averages reflect the common practice for Kansas farmers to rent land from multiple, often non-farming, landowners to form a complete farming operation.Why is that you ask? Simply put, land is expensive and to purchase most or all of the land an agricultural producer would need is cost prohibitive. Therefore, many producers lease agricultural land from typically a number of landowners or landlords.Each year we get a number of questions from landowners and tenants on agricultural land leasing—from average cash rental rates to written lease forms, etc.The Cottonwood Extension District in Barton and Ellis county which is part of K-State Extension will be hosting two meetings over Farmland Leasing Arrangements on Thursday, January 8, 2026. Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor will go over the ends and outs of good arrangements. Kay Prather from Kansas Agriculture Mediation will also be in attendance to answer any legal questions you may have over leasing.The first one will be held at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 3007 10th St. in Great Bend, at 9:00 a.m. Coffee and Doughnuts will be provided. The second one will be at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays, 601 Main, at 1:00 p.m., and light refreshments will be provided. These are possible with a generous sponsorship from First Kansas Bank.An RSVP is appreciated--if attending in Great Bend at 620-793-1910, and in Hays at 785-628-9430 by January 7th. We hope to see you there!Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Agricultural land leasing program; Jan. 8

By&nbsp;TAMARA ROBERTSON Cottonwood Extension District

Written by Lizzy Vajnar, Ellis County 4-H Member

4-H offers youth the opportunity to explore a wide range of project areas while developing responsibility, leadership, and essential life skills. From livestock and animal care to science-based projects, each experience helps members grow both personally and professionally. While the community gets to view exhibits at the Ellis County Fair, these projects represent a year-long commitment for 4-H members. Several Ellis County 4-H members shared how their projects have shaped their journeys and influenced their lives and future goals.

For Keeli Kimzey, the horse project is more than just riding; it’s about teamwork, patience, and accomplishment. “My favorite part about working with my horses is the feeling of accomplishment when we do something well,” Kimzey said. “By staying calm and working through problems, we’re learning together at the same time.” One of Kimzeys’ most memorable experiences came after her first Kansas State Fair Horse Show. “My family and I were leaving Hutchinson when my mom got a call saying I had won Grand Champion Intermediate Horse Showman,” she said. “We had to turn around and go back so I could receive my buckle.” Through the horse project, Kimzey has learned patience and perseverance—skills that continue to benefit her both inside and outside the arena.

Inside the building during the Ellis County Fair, Lizzy Vajnar enjoys showcasing her photography and educational displays. “I really have enjoyed having entries in the photography project for the past 10 years and assisting with educational displays at the fair. Watching my photography skills grow throughout the years has been truly unique.” Her dedication has earned her numerous Grand and Reserve Champion awards in both 4-H and open photography exhibits. “I believe these skills have improved my ability to photograph wildlife, take portraits of friends and family, and produce quality images for school journalism publications or other organizations. My educational displays help share the variety of projects and experiences I have learned from, as well as promote the 4-H program as a whole.”

Participating in shooting sports teaches many skills from the range to the meeting room. Alex Rohr, President of the Shooting Sports 4-H Club, enjoys the friendships and quality time the group shares during practices, meetings, and competitions. With effort and practice from the entire team, the Ellis County 4-H Shooting Sports team achieved First Place Overall Team at the Kansas 4-H State Shotgun Competition, with several team members earning top individual finishes in both Senior and Junior divisions. “One of the most rewarding aspects of the project is seeing personal growth through practice for competitions,” Rohr said. “I’ve learned how to get better at talking in front of a gathering of people, especially at our meetings. Shooting Sports has also taught me to keep a program organized and running efficiently.”

Together, these experiences reflect the wide impact of 4-H projects on youth across Ellis County. Whether in the arena, behind the camera, or on the shooting range,

members are gaining skills that extend far beyond their project areas. 4-H helps to build confidence, leadership, and a strong sense of responsibility that will serve all members well into the future. These stories highlight just a few of the many ways 4-H members grow through hands-on learning and dedication. Additional project experiences and member perspectives will be featured in a future article.

Tamara Robertson is the 4-H Youth Development Agent with Kansas State Extension, in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Tamara at tarobertson@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Ellis County Office at 785-628-9430.

Kansas State University is an equal opportunity provider and employer. All Kansas State University Extension educational programs and materials available without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/3/1741105651681.jpeg" alt="Tamara Robertson is the 4-H Youth Development Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Tamara Robertson is the 4-H Youth Development Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By&nbsp;TAMARA ROBERTSON Cottonwood Extension DistrictWritten by Lizzy Vajnar, Ellis County 4-H Member4-H offers youth the opportunity to explore a wide range of project areas while developing responsibility, leadership, and essential life skills. From livestock and animal care to science-based projects, each experience helps members grow both personally and professionally. While the community gets to view exhibits at the Ellis County Fair, these projects represent a year-long commitment for 4-H members. Several Ellis County 4-H members shared how their projects have shaped their journeys and influenced their lives and future goals.For Keeli Kimzey, the horse project is more than just riding; it’s about teamwork, patience, and accomplishment. “My favorite part about working with my horses is the feeling of accomplishment when we do something well,” Kimzey said. “By staying calm and working through problems, we’re learning together at the same time.” One of Kimzeys’ most memorable experiences came after her first Kansas State Fair Horse Show. “My family and I were leaving Hutchinson when my mom got a call saying I had won Grand Champion Intermediate Horse Showman,” she said. “We had to turn around and go back so I could receive my buckle.” Through the horse project, Kimzey has learned patience and perseverance—skills that continue to benefit her both inside and outside the arena.Inside the building during the Ellis County Fair, Lizzy Vajnar enjoys showcasing her photography and educational displays. “I really have enjoyed having entries in the photography project for the past 10 years and assisting with educational displays at the fair. Watching my photography skills grow throughout the years has been truly unique.” Her dedication has earned her numerous Grand and Reserve Champion awards in both 4-H and open photography exhibits. “I believe these skills have improved my ability to photograph wildlife, take portraits of friends and family, and produce quality images for school journalism publications or other organizations. My educational displays help share the variety of projects and experiences I have learned from, as well as promote the 4-H program as a whole.”Participating in shooting sports teaches many skills from the range to the meeting room. Alex Rohr, President of the Shooting Sports 4-H Club, enjoys the friendships and quality time the group shares during practices, meetings, and competitions. With effort and practice from the entire team, the Ellis County 4-H Shooting Sports team achieved First Place Overall Team at the Kansas 4-H State Shotgun Competition, with several team members earning top individual finishes in both Senior and Junior divisions. “One of the most rewarding aspects of the project is seeing personal growth through practice for competitions,” Rohr said. “I’ve learned how to get better at talking in front of a gathering of people, especially at our meetings. Shooting Sports has also taught me to keep a program organized and running efficiently.”Together, these experiences reflect the wide impact of 4-H projects on youth across Ellis County. Whether in the arena, behind the camera, or on the shooting range,members are gaining skills that extend far beyond their project areas. 4-H helps to build confidence, leadership, and a strong sense of responsibility that will serve all members well into the future. These stories highlight just a few of the many ways 4-H members grow through hands-on learning and dedication. Additional project experiences and member perspectives will be featured in a future article.Tamara Robertson is the 4-H Youth Development Agent with Kansas State Extension, in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Tamara at tarobertson@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Ellis County Office at 785-628-9430.Kansas State University is an equal opportunity provider and employer. All Kansas State University Extension educational programs and materials available without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex, age, or disability.

ROBERTSON: 4-H project experience 

Cottonwood Extension District<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1766419509307.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>

Stay Strong, Stay Healthy: new strength training program for older adults

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Water supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. 

In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.

Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.

Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:

· contamination sources upslope or near the well;

· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;

· inadequate well maintenance and service; and

· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.

Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. 

When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.

Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist. 

Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667

Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666 </a>

Testing Private Water Systems MF3655 <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655</a>

Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765989648006.png" alt="Illustration by Kansas Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>Illustration by Kansas Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictWater supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:· contamination sources upslope or near the well;· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;· inadequate well maintenance and service; and· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist. Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667 Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666 </a>Testing Private Water Systems MF3655 <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655</a>Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.edu.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Private wells in Kansas: Safe location and maintenance guidelines

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

One of the best ways to keep your mind and body functioning at its best is to exercise. 

When I worked with small children we always used to say, “the best exercise for the brain is exercise!” The same holds true as we age. 

Exercise produces a wide range of benefits for not only our physical health, but also mental health. Regular participation in strengthening exercises can help you build muscle and increase bone density. It can also help relieve stress and reduce depression symptoms. 

The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program focuses on improving the health and well-being of older adults. The goal of the program is to provide safe, structured and effective strength training for adults. No one is too inactive, or too young to participate. Strength training promotes quality of life and independence, especially for adults over 60. 

Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an evidence-based program that has been shown to increase strength, balance, and flexibility.

You might be asking yourself, “I wonder what we’ll do?” It is an eight-week program that meets twice a week for one-hour. We will do warm up exercises, easy strengthening exercises, with or without weights, based on your preference, and finish with cool-down stretches and breathing exercises. 

The best part is there are no membership fees like at a gym and there is no special clothes or equipment needed. We will have weights available if you want to use them. You will work at your own pace and progress as you are able. There are modifications to the exercises based on your own fitness level.

Regular classes will begin January 5, 2025, and will be held on Mondays and Wednesdays at 9:30 a.m. for 16 sessions. All classes will be held at our office in Hays located at 601 Main Street. There will be a one-time fee of $20 to participate in the eight-week program. 

Please call the office if you have any questions or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu.

Please note that our office will be closed from December 24, 2025, through January 2, 2026. If you can’t register before the closure, don’t worry—we can complete your registration on January 5. Simply plan to attend the first class.

Cottonwood Extension District would like to extend a huge thank you to Heartland Community Foundation. This project was funded in part by a grant from the Ellis County Legacy Fund and the Dane G. Hansen Community Grant Fund-Heartland of the Heartland

Community Foundation. Their funding allowed us to purchase our own weight set for our district so we will be able to offer classes on a regular basis.

Come join me for some fun and get healthier and stronger!

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/8/1691425639307.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure><div><iframe title="Post Podcast: 'Stay Strong, Stay Healthy' program starts Jan. 5 in Hays" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=y49b6-19e8d23-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictOne of the best ways to keep your mind and body functioning at its best is to exercise. When I worked with small children we always used to say, “the best exercise for the brain is exercise!” The same holds true as we age. Exercise produces a wide range of benefits for not only our physical health, but also mental health. Regular participation in strengthening exercises can help you build muscle and increase bone density. It can also help relieve stress and reduce depression symptoms. The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program focuses on improving the health and well-being of older adults. The goal of the program is to provide safe, structured and effective strength training for adults. No one is too inactive, or too young to participate. Strength training promotes quality of life and independence, especially for adults over 60. Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an evidence-based program that has been shown to increase strength, balance, and flexibility.You might be asking yourself, “I wonder what we’ll do?” It is an eight-week program that meets twice a week for one-hour. We will do warm up exercises, easy strengthening exercises, with or without weights, based on your preference, and finish with cool-down stretches and breathing exercises. The best part is there are no membership fees like at a gym and there is no special clothes or equipment needed. We will have weights available if you want to use them. You will work at your own pace and progress as you are able. There are modifications to the exercises based on your own fitness level.Regular classes will begin January 5, 2025, and will be held on Mondays and Wednesdays at 9:30 a.m. for 16 sessions. All classes will be held at our office in Hays located at 601 Main Street. There will be a one-time fee of $20 to participate in the eight-week program. Please call the office if you have any questions or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu.Please note that our office will be closed from December 24, 2025, through January 2, 2026. If you can’t register before the closure, don’t worry—we can complete your registration on January 5. Simply plan to attend the first class.Cottonwood Extension District would like to extend a huge thank you to Heartland Community Foundation. This project was funded in part by a grant from the Ellis County Legacy Fund and the Dane G. Hansen Community Grant Fund-Heartland of the HeartlandCommunity Foundation. Their funding allowed us to purchase our own weight set for our district so we will be able to offer classes on a regular basis.Come join me for some fun and get healthier and stronger!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

🎙 KOERNER: 'Stay Strong, Stay Healthy' program starts Jan. 5 in Hays 

JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension District

As we turn the calendar to December and reflect on the year behind us, one theme continues to stand out across the Cottonwood Extension District: community matters. Not just as a concept, but as a lived experience; built through relationships, shared learning, and people willing to step forward and make a difference.

Cooperative Extension has existed in Kansas for more than a century, but its strength today is the same as it was in 1914: local people helping local people, supported by university research. And when you look closely, you’ll find Extension woven into the fabric of nearly every part of community life.

You see it in a 4-H member learning leadership skills for the first time while preparing a project for the county fair. You see it in a producer seeking support during drought or planning for next year’s pasture and forage needs. You see it in families who attend wellness or financial programs and leave with tools to improve their quality of life. And you see it in the countless volunteers who give time, talent, and heart to strengthen their communities.

Extension work is diverse; agriculture, youth development, health, family resources, community vitality, but it is all driven by the same belief: Knowledge is most powerful when it is shared.

In a world with search engines, apps, and endless online information, some might ask: Why do we still need Extension?

· Google can provide information, but it can’t provide connection.

· Technology can offer data, but it cannot replace trusted relationships.

· And online advice can be generic, but Extension is specific to Kansas, our climate, our challenges, and our way of life.

Extension doesn’t just deliver facts. It delivers understanding, context, and support grounded in real-world experience.

Even more importantly, Extension builds confidence, especially in young people. When a 4-H member gives their first speech, masters a skill, or discovers a new interest that may become a career, they’re experiencing something much bigger than a moment. They’re experiencing growth — the kind that stays with them long after awards and ribbons are forgotten.

As we prepare to enter a new year, I want to offer sincere gratitude to the Cottonwood District communities, partners, and volunteers who make this work meaningful. Your support ensures that Extension remains strong, relevant, and accessible.

And as always, we are here for you. Whether you’re producing food, raising a family, strengthening a community organization, or simply trying something new, Extension is your partner.

Because Extension isn’t just a service. It’s a relationship. It’s a commitment. And most of all, Extension is community.

Wishing you a season of peace, gratitude, and connection. We look forward to serving you in the new year.

Jay Harris&nbsp; is the District Director for K-State Extension, Cottonwood District (Ellis and Barton Counties).

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 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1745338245919.png" alt=" " />
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 </figure>JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension DistrictAs we turn the calendar to December and reflect on the year behind us, one theme continues to stand out across the Cottonwood Extension District: community matters. Not just as a concept, but as a lived experience; built through relationships, shared learning, and people willing to step forward and make a difference.Cooperative Extension has existed in Kansas for more than a century, but its strength today is the same as it was in 1914: local people helping local people, supported by university research. And when you look closely, you’ll find Extension woven into the fabric of nearly every part of community life.You see it in a 4-H member learning leadership skills for the first time while preparing a project for the county fair. You see it in a producer seeking support during drought or planning for next year’s pasture and forage needs. You see it in families who attend wellness or financial programs and leave with tools to improve their quality of life. And you see it in the countless volunteers who give time, talent, and heart to strengthen their communities.Extension work is diverse; agriculture, youth development, health, family resources, community vitality, but it is all driven by the same belief: Knowledge is most powerful when it is shared.In a world with search engines, apps, and endless online information, some might ask: Why do we still need Extension?The answer is simple:· Google can provide information, but it can’t provide connection.· Technology can offer data, but it cannot replace trusted relationships.· And online advice can be generic, but Extension is specific to Kansas, our climate, our challenges, and our way of life.Extension doesn’t just deliver facts. It delivers understanding, context, and support grounded in real-world experience.Even more importantly, Extension builds confidence, especially in young people. When a 4-H member gives their first speech, masters a skill, or discovers a new interest that may become a career, they’re experiencing something much bigger than a moment. They’re experiencing growth — the kind that stays with them long after awards and ribbons are forgotten.As we prepare to enter a new year, I want to offer sincere gratitude to the Cottonwood District communities, partners, and volunteers who make this work meaningful. Your support ensures that Extension remains strong, relevant, and accessible.And as always, we are here for you. Whether you’re producing food, raising a family, strengthening a community organization, or simply trying something new, Extension is your partner.Because Extension isn’t just a service. It’s a relationship. It’s a commitment. And most of all, Extension is community.Wishing you a season of peace, gratitude, and connection. We look forward to serving you in the new year.Jay Harris&nbsp; is the District Director for K-State Extension, Cottonwood District (Ellis and Barton Counties).

HARRIS: Extension is community: Why local engagement matters

Kansas State University Research and Extension invites beef producers from Pawnee County and all surrounding counties to attend the upcoming Calving School on Wednesday, December 17 at the J.A. Haas Building, 400 E. 18th Street, Larned. Doors open at 5:30 p.m., with the steak meal and program beginning at 6:00 p.m.

This educational event is designed to support producers across central and western Kansas as they prepare for the upcoming calving season. The program will feature practical, research-based information that benefits operations of all sizes and experience levels.

Two K-State specialists will lead the evening’s presentations:&nbsp;Dr. AJ Tarpoff, K-State Associate Professor and Beef Extension Veterinarian, and&nbsp;Dr. Jason Warner, K-State Assistant Professor and Extension Cow-Calf Specialist.

Dr. Tarpoff will outline the normal stages of calving and provide practical instruction on how to recognize and manage difficult calving situations. His presentation will include guidance on when and how to intervene, along with a hands-on demonstration using a life-size cow and calf model to show proper use of calving equipment.

Dr. Warner will discuss winter cow/calf management strategies to help producers maintain herd health through the colder months. He will also cover key pre-calving nutritional fundamentals that support strong calves and productive cows.&nbsp;

“Calving season brings its own set of challenges, and our goal is to equip producers with tools they can take home and use right away,” said Kyle Grant, Pawnee County Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent. “We are excited to welcome participants not only from Pawnee County, but from all neighboring counties as well. This program is truly designed for the region.”

The event is being hosted in collaboration with 21 Central District, Cottonwood District, Ford County, Gray County, Hodgeman County, Rice County, and Walnut Creek District, all working together to promote the program and support attendance from across the area.

A complimentary steak meal will be provided, and participants are asked to RSVP by Friday, December 12.

To register call the Pawnee County Extension Office at&nbsp;620-285-6901,email Kyle Grant at&nbsp;kkgrant@ksu.edu,or register online at&nbsp;<a href="https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_emOKM1G0QLYiog6">bit.ly/pawnee-fallagprograms</a>.

This program is made possible through the generous support of local sponsors, including Bar F; Cauble Prisoner Transport Service LLC; Crieg Grandy Trucking LLC; Diamond Ag Research Inc.; Farm Bureau Financial Services – Leigh Anne Seeman; Frick Veterinary Services; G-S Cattle, Co.; Golden Valley Inc.; Grant Farms; Hanson Farming, Co.; High Plains Farm Credit; Josefiak Meats, Co.; La Crosse Livestock Market, LLC; Larned Veterinary Clinic, P.A.; Loving Farms; Maxwell Farm to Table; Meade Locker &amp; Processing LLC; National Beef Dodge City; Pawnee County COOP; Seeman Farms; Seibert Feeding LLC; Snodgrass Transfer LLC; and Ward Feed Yard, Inc.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/12/1701716288462.jpeg" alt="Courtesy image" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy image</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictKansas State University Research and Extension invites beef producers from Pawnee County and all surrounding counties to attend the upcoming Calving School on Wednesday, December 17 at the J.A. Haas Building, 400 E. 18th Street, Larned. Doors open at 5:30 p.m., with the steak meal and program beginning at 6:00 p.m.This educational event is designed to support producers across central and western Kansas as they prepare for the upcoming calving season. The program will feature practical, research-based information that benefits operations of all sizes and experience levels.Two K-State specialists will lead the evening’s presentations:&nbsp;Dr. AJ Tarpoff, K-State Associate Professor and Beef Extension Veterinarian, and&nbsp;Dr. Jason Warner, K-State Assistant Professor and Extension Cow-Calf Specialist.Dr. Tarpoff will outline the normal stages of calving and provide practical instruction on how to recognize and manage difficult calving situations. His presentation will include guidance on when and how to intervene, along with a hands-on demonstration using a life-size cow and calf model to show proper use of calving equipment.Dr. Warner will discuss winter cow/calf management strategies to help producers maintain herd health through the colder months. He will also cover key pre-calving nutritional fundamentals that support strong calves and productive cows.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765381035305.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>“Calving season brings its own set of challenges, and our goal is to equip producers with tools they can take home and use right away,” said Kyle Grant, Pawnee County Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent. “We are excited to welcome participants not only from Pawnee County, but from all neighboring counties as well. This program is truly designed for the region.”The event is being hosted in collaboration with 21 Central District, Cottonwood District, Ford County, Gray County, Hodgeman County, Rice County, and Walnut Creek District, all working together to promote the program and support attendance from across the area.A complimentary steak meal will be provided, and participants are asked to RSVP by Friday, December 12.To register call the Pawnee County Extension Office at&nbsp;620-285-6901,email Kyle Grant at&nbsp;kkgrant@ksu.edu,or register online at&nbsp;<a href="https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_emOKM1G0QLYiog6">bit.ly/pawnee-fallagprograms</a>.This program is made possible through the generous support of local sponsors, including Bar F; Cauble Prisoner Transport Service LLC; Crieg Grandy Trucking LLC; Diamond Ag Research Inc.; Farm Bureau Financial Services – Leigh Anne Seeman; Frick Veterinary Services; G-S Cattle, Co.; Golden Valley Inc.; Grant Farms; Hanson Farming, Co.; High Plains Farm Credit; Josefiak Meats, Co.; La Crosse Livestock Market, LLC; Larned Veterinary Clinic, P.A.; Loving Farms; Maxwell Farm to Table; Meade Locker &amp; Processing LLC; National Beef Dodge City; Pawnee County COOP; Seeman Farms; Seibert Feeding LLC; Snodgrass Transfer LLC; and Ward Feed Yard, Inc.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: K-State Research, Extension to host calving school in Pawnee County on Wednesday

By BECKY KISER Hays Post

The city of Hays approved financing for three projects to create new businesses and expand others.

Ordinances to authorize issuing industrial revenue bonds for the expansion of Agiliti and Vernie's Trux-N-Equip. were unanimously approved by the city commission during its meeting on Thursday.&nbsp;

Agiliti leases the former Sizewise facility in south Hays and employs about 91 employees. The company plans to purchase the building and expand its campus, completing the $6.5 million project by the end of 2027. About 140 additional jobs will be added over five years at the medical equipment manufacturer.&nbsp;

The bonds, which have no taxpayer commitment, would allow Agiliti to obtain a sales tax exemption for all construction-related purchases and a real property tax abatement for up to 10 years.

The new location of Vernies Trux-N-Equip. is at 48th Street and General Hays, site of the former Hays Livestock sales barn.  &nbsp;

Vernie's&nbsp;is asking for the issuance of industrial revenue bonds for the $2.2-million project, which is nearing completion. No property tax abatement is requested. A community improvement district is also being sought.

Exit 161 construction engineering contract

Bids were sought for construction engineering services for infrastructure construction, including water/sewer main extensions and street/intersection improvements to a city-owned 90-acre greenfield site at Interstate 70, Exit 161. 

Commissioners approved the low bid of $38,632 from Driggs Design Group, PA, with the cost to be funded from general obligation bonds.

"There are some grant dollars involved, and this bond issue comes from debt that is rolling off, so there won't be any impact to property tax dollars," Toby Dougherty, city manager,&nbsp;said.

The infrastructure would serve 11 buildable lots, ranging in size from 2 to 8 acres, for commercial and residential development.

Following a review of its 2025 pool season operation, the Hays Recreation Commission requested a 50% reimbursement for its operating loss, as outlined in the pool services agreement with the city. City commissioners voted to pay $25,501 to the recreation commission from the 2025 General Fund Pool Budget.

Commissioners re-appointed Hays resident Hali Bielser to the CARE Council for a second two-year term.

The 2026 cereal malt beverage city licenses for participating businesses were approved.

Commissioners also heard from Ellis County Cottonwood Extension Agents Monique Koerner, Karissa Frasier and Tamara Roberts about their programs and upcoming projects for 2026.&nbsp;

Sarah Wasinger, president/CEO of the Chamber in Hays, told the commission the chamber is circulating a petition to Hays residents urging the state Water Transfer Panel to hold the final hearing and approve the transfer application from Hays and Russell.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Mayor Sandy Jacobs and Commissioner Alaina Cunningham were absent from the meeting.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765556290561.jpeg" alt="Hays city commissioners at the Dec. 11 meeting. Photo by Becky Kiser/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Hays city commissioners at the Dec. 11 meeting. Photo by Becky Kiser/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure>By BECKY KISER Hays PostThe city of Hays approved financing for three projects to create new businesses and expand others.Ordinances to authorize issuing industrial revenue bonds for the expansion of Agiliti and Vernie's Trux-N-Equip. were unanimously approved by the city commission during its meeting on Thursday.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765556053525.png" alt="Agililti-Hays is on the south end of Commerce Parkway. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Agililti-Hays is on the south end of Commerce Parkway. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Agiliti leases the former Sizewise facility in south Hays and employs about 91 employees. The company plans to purchase the building and expand its campus, completing the $6.5 million project by the end of 2027. About 140 additional jobs will be added over five years at the medical equipment manufacturer.&nbsp;The bonds, which have no taxpayer commitment, would allow Agiliti to obtain a sales tax exemption for all construction-related purchases and a real property tax abatement for up to 10 years.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765555821943.png" alt="New location of Vernie's Trux-N-Equip. City of Hays" />
 <figcaption>New location of Vernie's Trux-N-Equip. City of Hays</figcaption>
 </figure>The new location of Vernies Trux-N-Equip. is at 48th Street and General Hays, site of the former Hays Livestock sales barn. &nbsp;Vernie's&nbsp;is asking for the issuance of industrial revenue bonds for the $2.2-million project, which is nearing completion. No property tax abatement is requested. A community improvement district is also being sought.Exit 161 construction engineering contractBids were sought for construction engineering services for infrastructure construction, including water/sewer main extensions and street/intersection improvements to a city-owned 90-acre greenfield site at Interstate 70, Exit 161. Commissioners approved the low bid of $38,632 from Driggs Design Group, PA, with the cost to be funded from general obligation bonds."There are some grant dollars involved, and this bond issue comes from debt that is rolling off, so there won't be any impact to property tax dollars," Toby Dougherty, city manager,&nbsp;said.The infrastructure would serve 11 buildable lots, ranging in size from 2 to 8 acres, for commercial and residential development.Pool reimbursement requestFollowing a review of its 2025 pool season operation, the Hays Recreation Commission requested a 50% reimbursement for its operating loss, as outlined in the pool services agreement with the city. City commissioners voted to pay $25,501 to the recreation commission from the 2025 General Fund Pool Budget.CARE CouncilCommissioners re-appointed Hays resident Hali Bielser to the CARE Council for a second two-year term.Cereal malt beverage licensesThe 2026 cereal malt beverage city licenses for participating businesses were approved.Citizen commentsCommissioners also heard from Ellis County Cottonwood Extension Agents Monique Koerner, Karissa Frasier and Tamara Roberts about their programs and upcoming projects for 2026.&nbsp;Sarah Wasinger, president/CEO of the Chamber in Hays, told the commission the chamber is circulating a petition to Hays residents urging the state Water Transfer Panel to hold the final hearing and approve the transfer application from Hays and Russell.&nbsp;&nbsp;<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Hays City Commission" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=chr44-19ebffa-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>Mayor Sandy Jacobs and Commissioner Alaina Cunningham were absent from the meeting.

 🎙 Hays City Commission approves industrial revenue bonds for two business expansions

STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Once in a while we get asked, “how cold does it have to get to kill insects?” Perhaps it is important to understand why cold temperatures kill insects. 

Insects are unlike mammals and birds because they must generate their own heat (called ectotherms). Insects die when they are exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids. If they want to survive winter, they must avoid freezing or tolerate freezing. Over time, insects have developed several strategies to survive cold temperatures and none of them involve wearing fleece.

Some insects just move into human structures in the fall and keep warm until spring. A common example are the multicolored Asian lady beetles aggregating on and in houses every year. Even if they are protected inside, they will likely die before spring if they don’t get food and water. Some insects also migrate to warmer climates to avoid freezing. A classic example is monarch butterflies moving from Canada to Mexico every year. Sounds pretty good about now!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765295808489.png" alt="Woolly bears overwinter as cold-hardy caterpillars. Photo by IronChris, Wiki." />
 <figcaption>Woolly bears overwinter as cold-hardy caterpillars. Photo by IronChris, Wiki.</figcaption>
 </figure>STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictOnce in a while we get asked, “how cold does it have to get to kill insects?” Perhaps it is important to understand why cold temperatures kill insects. Insects are unlike mammals and birds because they must generate their own heat (called ectotherms). Insects die when they are exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids. If they want to survive winter, they must avoid freezing or tolerate freezing. Over time, insects have developed several strategies to survive cold temperatures and none of them involve wearing fleece.Some insects just move into human structures in the fall and keep warm until spring. A common example are the multicolored Asian lady beetles aggregating on and in houses every year. Even if they are protected inside, they will likely die before spring if they don’t get food and water. Some insects also migrate to warmer climates to avoid freezing. A classic example is monarch butterflies moving from Canada to Mexico every year. Sounds pretty good about now!A lot of our persistent insects in Kansas have to overwinter outside, and two strategies have evolved to survive extreme conditions: freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance. Freeze-avoidant insects keep body fluids liquid and freeze-tolerant insects can handle the formation of internal ice. Wait a minute, what? I know…either strategy seems impossible.The main strategy for insects living in the northern hemisphere, where we can have cold temperatures for long periods of time, is freeze avoidance. Freeze avoidance can be achieved a few ways. Sometimes insects enter a “dry” hibernation by getting rid of all the food and water in their body. That way, ice can’t form inside the body and kill them. Water needs food or dust particles in order to crystallize; water can cool down to -42°C without freezing if particles are absent. Other insects have a super waxy coating on the exoskeleton that protects against ice formation on the body. Amazingly, some freeze-avoidant insects also produce cryoprotectants, such as glycerol and sugar, to reduce the lethal freezing temperature of the body. So yes, cryoprotectants act like the antifreeze in your car. I can’t make this stuff up!Most insects living in the southern hemisphere, where the climate is more variable, employ freeze tolerance. These insects can stand ice formation in the body. Some will actually initiate freezing their body at relatively high temperatures in order to prepare for a longer hibernation. An example of a freeze-tolerant insect is the woolly bear. [Side note: several winter festivals celebrate the woolly bears kinda like Groundhog's Day.]No matter the overwintering strategy, all insects will eventually die if it gets cold enough. However, the lower lethal temperature is different for each species. Insects can overwinter in any life stage - some are belowground and some aboveground. It gets complicated quickly. And as you can see a lot of insects can withstand very cold temperatures. Find out more about how insects survive the winter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology</a>Information provided by Erin Hodgson, Iowa State University Extension Entomologists.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.