By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Over the last several weeks, symptoms of wheat streak mosaic virus have been showing up in wheat fields across Kansas, including the Cottonwood District. 

This disease complex can be caused by several viruses, including wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and wheat mosaic virus (high plains). These viruses are vectored by the wheat curl mite, a near-microscopic mite that survives between seasons on volunteer wheat and other grassy hosts. These grassy hosts serve as a “green bridge” for mites to survive from one wheat crop to the next. Infections may occur in the fall or spring, but fall infections typically result in the highest levels of yield loss. 

Although wheat streak mosaic infections can happen at any time, symptoms develop most rapidly at temperatures above 70°F. Symptoms have become more severe in Kansas over the last several weeks as temperatures have warmed. 

This article is a condensed version of what was put into the K-State Agronomy eUpdate weekly newsletter. To read the full version, just do a Google search and also subscribe to the <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/">weekly email newsletter</a>.

Will a fungicide help with my wheat streak infection?

No. There is no evidence that a fungicide application will do anything to stop the progression of wheat streak mosaic complex or preserve yield in infected fields. Fungicides are specifically formulated to kill diseases caused by fungi (leaf &amp; stripe rust, leaf spots, head scab, etc.) but have no activity against viral diseases like wheat streak mosaic. 

In addition, fields that have moderate to severe wheat streak mosaic infections will often have reduced yield potential that will diminish the economic return from a fungicide applied to control one of those other diseases (rust, leaf spots, or head scab).

Why is the wheat streak complex so severe and widely distributed this season?

Although we are still trying to understand the extent of the damage across the state, says Kelsey Anderson Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist, there are a few factors that came together this season that may have contributed to the outbreak.

Wheat streak complex can be more severe in years where summer moisture that favors volunteer wheat establishment is followed by a warm fall that favors mite reproduction. In 2024, although August was relatively dry, precipitation in July and September would have supported late volunteer wheat emergence. Wheat curl mite populations prefer warm, dry weather and reproduce at high rates between 75-85°F. These mites only survive short periods (8-10 days) when conditions are warm, but during that time, they can lay up to 20 eggs. This rapid population growth can lead to a 25% increase in population size over the course of just two weeks. 

In 2024, Kansas experienced a very warm fall with higher-than-normal temperatures from September through November. These conditions may have sustained periods of time that were highly favorable for mite reproduction and movement across fields.

Is there anything I can do this season to help slow down the progression of the disease?

No. Efforts to control wheat curl mites with foliar miticides and/or insecticidal seed treatments have never proven effective and have not been shown to reduce the spread or severity of the viruses.

What can we do to prepare for the 2025 planting season?

The most critical way to prevent wheat streak complex infection is to control volunteer wheat after harvest and continue to control any secondary flushes of volunteer prior to planting. 

We also need to watch for hidden volunteer wheat in summer crops and cover crops. Although curl mites prefer wheat, they can also survive the summer on other grass species. Avoid planting wheat early to reduce the length of time mites have to increase their numbers and transmit disease.

Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1747233937338.jpeg" alt="Wheat streak mosaic virus. Courtesy image" />
 <figcaption>Wheat streak mosaic virus. Courtesy image</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictOver the last several weeks, symptoms of wheat streak mosaic virus have been showing up in wheat fields across Kansas, including the Cottonwood District. This disease complex can be caused by several viruses, including wheat streak mosaic virus, Triticum mosaic virus, and wheat mosaic virus (high plains). These viruses are vectored by the wheat curl mite, a near-microscopic mite that survives between seasons on volunteer wheat and other grassy hosts. These grassy hosts serve as a “green bridge” for mites to survive from one wheat crop to the next. Infections may occur in the fall or spring, but fall infections typically result in the highest levels of yield loss. Although wheat streak mosaic infections can happen at any time, symptoms develop most rapidly at temperatures above 70°F. Symptoms have become more severe in Kansas over the last several weeks as temperatures have warmed. This article is a condensed version of what was put into the K-State Agronomy eUpdate weekly newsletter. To read the full version, just do a Google search and also subscribe to the <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/">weekly email newsletter</a>. Will a fungicide help with my wheat streak infection?No. There is no evidence that a fungicide application will do anything to stop the progression of wheat streak mosaic complex or preserve yield in infected fields. Fungicides are specifically formulated to kill diseases caused by fungi (leaf &amp; stripe rust, leaf spots, head scab, etc.) but have no activity against viral diseases like wheat streak mosaic. In addition, fields that have moderate to severe wheat streak mosaic infections will often have reduced yield potential that will diminish the economic return from a fungicide applied to control one of those other diseases (rust, leaf spots, or head scab).Why is the wheat streak complex so severe and widely distributed this season? Although we are still trying to understand the extent of the damage across the state, says Kelsey Anderson Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist, there are a few factors that came together this season that may have contributed to the outbreak. Wheat streak complex can be more severe in years where summer moisture that favors volunteer wheat establishment is followed by a warm fall that favors mite reproduction. In 2024, although August was relatively dry, precipitation in July and September would have supported late volunteer wheat emergence. Wheat curl mite populations prefer warm, dry weather and reproduce at high rates between 75-85°F. These mites only survive short periods (8-10 days) when conditions are warm, but during that time, they can lay up to 20 eggs. This rapid population growth can lead to a 25% increase in population size over the course of just two weeks. In 2024, Kansas experienced a very warm fall with higher-than-normal temperatures from September through November. These conditions may have sustained periods of time that were highly favorable for mite reproduction and movement across fields.Is there anything I can do this season to help slow down the progression of the disease?No. Efforts to control wheat curl mites with foliar miticides and/or insecticidal seed treatments have never proven effective and have not been shown to reduce the spread or severity of the viruses.What can we do to prepare for the 2025 planting season? The most critical way to prevent wheat streak complex infection is to control volunteer wheat after harvest and continue to control any secondary flushes of volunteer prior to planting. We also need to watch for hidden volunteer wheat in summer crops and cover crops. Although curl mites prefer wheat, they can also survive the summer on other grass species. Avoid planting wheat early to reduce the length of time mites have to increase their numbers and transmit disease.Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Wheat Pathologist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: High levels of wheat streak mosaic virus found in parts of Kansas 

By MONIQUE KOERNER and ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

You are probably asking yourself, “What is QPR?” QPR stands for Question, Persuade and Refer. They are three steps anyone can learn to help prevent suicide. 

QPR is a suicide-prevention training designed to educate people from all walks of life on how to recognize the warning signs of suicide. QPR training helps people get comfortable asking the question "Are you thinking about suicide?" and then helping others get appropriate help. QPR is for anyone interested in helping someone who has thoughts of suicide.

Together with the Kansas Suicide Prevention Coalition, Monique and Alicia plan to host a QPR training May 30, 2025.

12:00 p.m. Friday, May 30 Fort Hays Tech North Central 2205 Wheatland Ave., Hays&nbsp;

To register: <a href="https://kansassuicidepreventioncoalition.org/training-registration/">https://kansassuicidepreventioncoalition.org/training-registration/</a>

The QPR mission is to reduce suicidal behaviors and save lives by providing innovative, practical and proven suicide prevention training. The signs of crisis are all around us. We believe that quality education empowers all people, regardless of their background to make a positive difference in the life of someone they know.

K-State Research and Extension is committed to helping the mental health crisis in Kansas by creating the Stress and Resiliency Transdisciplinary team. Our Stress and Resiliency team provides educational information about stress, stress management and resiliency, or one’s ability&nbsp;to adapt positively to difficult experiences. 

Areas of focus include all types of stress and general mental health information, because stress impacts all of us – regardless of demographic.

Increasing awareness and people’s willingness to talk about mental health will encourage more Kansans to get the help they need. 

Another goal is to equip Kansans with tools and techniques that help them recognize and manage stress within their lives, families and communities. Our team also strives to educate Kansans about resiliency - how to enhance it and how to incorporate it into their daily lives.

In addition to the above training, we are available to present QPR to a wide variety of audiences. Some examples would include workplaces, schools, colleges and universities, faith communities, emergency departments and services, and other civic organizations that are interested in learning more about the mental health crisis and suicide prevention.

For more information about mental health, stress, stress management or to schedule a QPR training, please contact Cottonwood Extension District at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. Or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu or Alica at aboor@ksu.edu

Alicia Boor is the Agriculture and Natural Resource Agent. You can reach her at 620-793-1910 or aboor@ksu.edu. Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/4/1617728198283.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER and ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictYou are probably asking yourself, “What is QPR?” QPR stands for Question, Persuade and Refer. They are three steps anyone can learn to help prevent suicide. QPR is a suicide-prevention training designed to educate people from all walks of life on how to recognize the warning signs of suicide. QPR training helps people get comfortable asking the question "Are you thinking about suicide?" and then helping others get appropriate help. QPR is for anyone interested in helping someone who has thoughts of suicide.Together with the Kansas Suicide Prevention Coalition, Monique and Alicia plan to host a QPR training May 30, 2025.12:00 p.m. Friday, May 30 Fort Hays Tech North Central 2205 Wheatland Ave., Hays&nbsp;To register: <a href="https://kansassuicidepreventioncoalition.org/training-registration/">https://kansassuicidepreventioncoalition.org/training-registration/</a><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746548795797.png" alt="QPR" />
 <figcaption>QPR</figcaption>
 </figure>The QPR mission is to reduce suicidal behaviors and save lives by providing innovative, practical and proven suicide prevention training. The signs of crisis are all around us. We believe that quality education empowers all people, regardless of their background to make a positive difference in the life of someone they know.K-State Research and Extension is committed to helping the mental health crisis in Kansas by creating the Stress and Resiliency Transdisciplinary team. Our Stress and Resiliency team provides educational information about stress, stress management and resiliency, or one’s ability&nbsp;to adapt positively to difficult experiences. Areas of focus include all types of stress and general mental health information, because stress impacts all of us – regardless of demographic.Increasing awareness and people’s willingness to talk about mental health will encourage more Kansans to get the help they need. Another goal is to equip Kansans with tools and techniques that help them recognize and manage stress within their lives, families and communities. Our team also strives to educate Kansans about resiliency - how to enhance it and how to incorporate it into their daily lives.In addition to the above training, we are available to present QPR to a wide variety of audiences. Some examples would include workplaces, schools, colleges and universities, faith communities, emergency departments and services, and other civic organizations that are interested in learning more about the mental health crisis and suicide prevention.For more information about mental health, stress, stress management or to schedule a QPR training, please contact Cottonwood Extension District at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. Or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu or Alica at aboor@ksu.eduAlicia Boor is the Agriculture and Natural Resource Agent. You can reach her at 620-793-1910 or aboor@ksu.edu. Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER & BOOR: Planned QPR presentation

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

State forestry and horticulture experts are urging patience and persistence when trying to manage bagworms, noting that caterpillars may emerge from eggs from late spring through early summer, depending on weather conditions.

Shad Hufnagel, forest health coordinator with the Kansas Forest Service, and Raymond Cloyd, extension specialist in horticultural entomology with K-State Research and Extension, advise that homeowners scout for bagworms from early- to mid-May and apply insecticides when young bagworms are present.

Once bagworms are detected, they said, homeowners might need to treat with an insecticide weekly for up to four weeks.

Cloyd said that in addition to emergence over time, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ - called ‘ballooning’ - from neighboring plants on silken threads, thus increasing the importance of treating multiple times during the growing season.

“Once the caterpillars emerge from eggs, they begin feeding on the host tree or shrub, creating a protective bag, hence the common name,” Cloyd said. “The plant material fed upon is used to build a protective covering that provides protection from predators and insecticide treatments, which can influence the effectiveness of insecticide applications.”

Hufnagel added “The larger and more robust the caterpillars and their cases become, the more difficult they are to control chemically.”

Bagworm feeding is commonly associated with such conifers as juniper, arborvitae, pine, and spruce, but Hufnagel said the caterpillars also feed on numerous deciduous host plants. Although defoliation of deciduous trees and shrubs typically does not result in long-term plant damage, extreme defoliation of conifers can cause significant plant stress and even plant mortality.

He said insecticides can be effective in mitigating damage to trees and shrubs. However, bagworm infestations are often cyclical; consequently, bagworm infestations may be low enough that spraying an insecticide may not be needed.

For increased effectiveness and to prevent bagworms from causing substantial plant damage, Hufnagel advises judicious treatment of windbreaks, Christmas trees, and ornamental landscape trees as soon as bagworms are present.

“Thorough coverage is important when treating for bagworms, including penetration into the interior plant canopy and upper branches,” he said. “Commercial treatments may be more effective for large trees or established windbreaks where applications from common household sprayers cannot reach the upper canopy of trees.”

Many insecticides are labeled for bagworms, but timing of application and thorough coverage will ensure the effectiveness of insecticides in managing bagworms. When bagworm caterpillars are small (1/8 to 1/4 of an inch long), products containing Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) or spinosad as the active ingredient can be effective in managing bagworms.

Cloyd said the recommended insecticides have minimal direct impact on beneficial insects compared to broad-spectrum insecticides, which could lead to outbreaks of spider mites or scale insects that can cause damage to treated trees and shrubs.

If insecticides are not applied when bagworm caterpillars are 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch in length, then broad-spectrum insecticides -- including those containing malathion, acephate, or cyfluthrin as the active ingredients -- can be applied. Be sure to read the product label and follow directions.

Hand removing and destroying bagworm bags is an option for smaller infestations. For more information on controlling bagworms, reference the publication, <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/bagworm-insect-pest-of-trees-and-shrubs_MF3474">Bagworm: Insect Pest of Trees and Shrubs</a>, written by Cloyd.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor&nbsp;s an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor&nbsp;s an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictState forestry and horticulture experts are urging patience and persistence when trying to manage bagworms, noting that caterpillars may emerge from eggs from late spring through early summer, depending on weather conditions.Shad Hufnagel, forest health coordinator with the Kansas Forest Service, and Raymond Cloyd, extension specialist in horticultural entomology with K-State Research and Extension, advise that homeowners scout for bagworms from early- to mid-May and apply insecticides when young bagworms are present.Once bagworms are detected, they said, homeowners might need to treat with an insecticide weekly for up to four weeks.Cloyd said that in addition to emergence over time, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ - called ‘ballooning’ - from neighboring plants on silken threads, thus increasing the importance of treating multiple times during the growing season.“Once the caterpillars emerge from eggs, they begin feeding on the host tree or shrub, creating a protective bag, hence the common name,” Cloyd said. “The plant material fed upon is used to build a protective covering that provides protection from predators and insecticide treatments, which can influence the effectiveness of insecticide applications.”Hufnagel added “The larger and more robust the caterpillars and their cases become, the more difficult they are to control chemically.”Bagworm feeding is commonly associated with such conifers as juniper, arborvitae, pine, and spruce, but Hufnagel said the caterpillars also feed on numerous deciduous host plants. Although defoliation of deciduous trees and shrubs typically does not result in long-term plant damage, extreme defoliation of conifers can cause significant plant stress and even plant mortality.He said insecticides can be effective in mitigating damage to trees and shrubs. However, bagworm infestations are often cyclical; consequently, bagworm infestations may be low enough that spraying an insecticide may not be needed.For increased effectiveness and to prevent bagworms from causing substantial plant damage, Hufnagel advises judicious treatment of windbreaks, Christmas trees, and ornamental landscape trees as soon as bagworms are present.“Thorough coverage is important when treating for bagworms, including penetration into the interior plant canopy and upper branches,” he said. “Commercial treatments may be more effective for large trees or established windbreaks where applications from common household sprayers cannot reach the upper canopy of trees.”Many insecticides are labeled for bagworms, but timing of application and thorough coverage will ensure the effectiveness of insecticides in managing bagworms. When bagworm caterpillars are small (1/8 to 1/4 of an inch long), products containing Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) or spinosad as the active ingredient can be effective in managing bagworms.Cloyd said the recommended insecticides have minimal direct impact on beneficial insects compared to broad-spectrum insecticides, which could lead to outbreaks of spider mites or scale insects that can cause damage to treated trees and shrubs.If insecticides are not applied when bagworm caterpillars are 1/8 to 1/4 of an inch in length, then broad-spectrum insecticides -- including those containing malathion, acephate, or cyfluthrin as the active ingredients -- can be applied. Be sure to read the product label and follow directions.Hand removing and destroying bagworm bags is an option for smaller infestations. For more information on controlling bagworms, reference the publication, <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/bagworm-insect-pest-of-trees-and-shrubs_MF3474">Bagworm: Insect Pest of Trees and Shrubs</a>, written by Cloyd.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Managing bagworms starts in early to mid-May

By STACY CAMBELL Cottonwood Extension

Effective weed control is essential for Kansas grain sorghum producers to achieve strong yields. 

One of the best management practices for effective weed control is planting grain sorghum into clean, weed-free fields. Grain sorghum planted in a weed-free field, coupled with a strong residual program up front, will start strong and outcompete late-emerging weeds. Also, the chances of chemical weed control failures after crop establishment are higher if grain sorghum is established in an already weed-infested field.

In dryland production systems of western Kansas, conservation tillage is a common practice. 

This practice helps retain more soil water and increases crop residue on the soil surface, which supports crop intensification. Higher residue amounts also benefit soil health by reducing soil erosion from wind and water, improving soil organic carbon accumulation, and enhancing soil structure. Conservation tillage systems rely on herbicides for effective preplant management of existing weeds, making subsequent weed management strategies more effective.

Preplant herbicide options ahead of grain sorghum are limited, and atrazine has been the basis of most chemical weed control programs in Kansas grain sorghum.

 Some of the options available can be found below.

Atrazine can be applied as early preplant, PPI, PRE, and POST. It has some activity on grasses like foxtails, but is considered a broadleaf herbicide. It will control susceptible populations of kochia, pigweeds, morningglories, mustards, and ragweeds.

2,4-D. For preplant burndown applications, low-volatile esters are more effective in controlling weeds and are preferably used over amine formulations. But, sorghum can be injured by carryover from preplant 2,4-D. Therefore, growers should follow label guidelines.

Dicamba provides control of susceptible emerged broadleaves and has a moderate residual control of germinating weeds (pigweeds, wild buckwheat, and lambsquarters). Mixtures of dicamba (8 to 16 oz/a) and atrazine (1 to 2 pints/a) in early spring are good options for kochia control.

Glyphosate provides a broad-spectrum control of glyphosate-susceptible weeds present in the field. Glyphosate resistance is widespread in the state, and the herbicide is often mixed with 2,4-D or dicamba for a broader spectrum and increased control.

Sharpen provides control of many broadleaf weeds like common lambsquarters, marestail, mustards, nightshade, Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, wild sunflower, and velvetleaf.

Gramoxone can only be handled and applied by certified applicators and is a nonselective, nonresidual contact herbicide often used for preplant burndown of weeds.

Reviton is a new group 14 (PPO-inhibiting) contact herbicide developed for nonselective broadleaf and grass weed control or suppression when applied to actively growing weeds.

Group 15 herbicides. Residual control of weeds that have not emerged can be achieved by including a Group 15 herbicide with a burndown application. S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, others) can be applied up to 45 days before planting seed treated with Concep III safener. Similarly, if safened seed is used, acetochlor (Warrant, others) or dimethenamid-P (Outlook, others) can be applied. Products that contain pyroxasulfone (Zidua, others) are not labeled for use in grain sorghum.

The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. 

Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements and follow all label instructions. 

For more detailed information, see the <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/2025-chemical-weed-control-for-field-crops-pastures-rangeland-and-noncropland_CHEMWEEDGUIDE">“2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland”</a> guide or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.

Information provided by Jeremie Kouame, Weed Scientist – Agricultural Research Center, Hays.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMBELL Cottonwood ExtensionEffective weed control is essential for Kansas grain sorghum producers to achieve strong yields. One of the best management practices for effective weed control is planting grain sorghum into clean, weed-free fields. Grain sorghum planted in a weed-free field, coupled with a strong residual program up front, will start strong and outcompete late-emerging weeds. Also, the chances of chemical weed control failures after crop establishment are higher if grain sorghum is established in an already weed-infested field.In dryland production systems of western Kansas, conservation tillage is a common practice. This practice helps retain more soil water and increases crop residue on the soil surface, which supports crop intensification. Higher residue amounts also benefit soil health by reducing soil erosion from wind and water, improving soil organic carbon accumulation, and enhancing soil structure. Conservation tillage systems rely on herbicides for effective preplant management of existing weeds, making subsequent weed management strategies more effective.Preplant herbicide options ahead of grain sorghum are limited, and atrazine has been the basis of most chemical weed control programs in Kansas grain sorghum. Some of the options available can be found below.Atrazine can be applied as early preplant, PPI, PRE, and POST. It has some activity on grasses like foxtails, but is considered a broadleaf herbicide. It will control susceptible populations of kochia, pigweeds, morningglories, mustards, and ragweeds.2,4-D. For preplant burndown applications, low-volatile esters are more effective in controlling weeds and are preferably used over amine formulations. But, sorghum can be injured by carryover from preplant 2,4-D. Therefore, growers should follow label guidelines.Dicamba provides control of susceptible emerged broadleaves and has a moderate residual control of germinating weeds (pigweeds, wild buckwheat, and lambsquarters). Mixtures of dicamba (8 to 16 oz/a) and atrazine (1 to 2 pints/a) in early spring are good options for kochia control.Glyphosate provides a broad-spectrum control of glyphosate-susceptible weeds present in the field. Glyphosate resistance is widespread in the state, and the herbicide is often mixed with 2,4-D or dicamba for a broader spectrum and increased control.Sharpen provides control of many broadleaf weeds like common lambsquarters, marestail, mustards, nightshade, Palmer amaranth, redroot pigweed, wild sunflower, and velvetleaf.Gramoxone can only be handled and applied by certified applicators and is a nonselective, nonresidual contact herbicide often used for preplant burndown of weeds.Reviton is a new group 14 (PPO-inhibiting) contact herbicide developed for nonselective broadleaf and grass weed control or suppression when applied to actively growing weeds.Group 15 herbicides. Residual control of weeds that have not emerged can be achieved by including a Group 15 herbicide with a burndown application. S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum, others) can be applied up to 45 days before planting seed treated with Concep III safener. Similarly, if safened seed is used, acetochlor (Warrant, others) or dimethenamid-P (Outlook, others) can be applied. Products that contain pyroxasulfone (Zidua, others) are not labeled for use in grain sorghum.The use of trade names is for clarity to readers and does not imply endorsement of a particular product, nor does exclusion imply non-approval. Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements and follow all label instructions. For more detailed information, see the <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/2025-chemical-weed-control-for-field-crops-pastures-rangeland-and-noncropland_CHEMWEEDGUIDE">“2025 Chemical Weed Control for Field Crops, Pastures, and Noncropland”</a> guide or check with your local K-State Research and Extension office for a paper copy.Information provided by Jeremie Kouame, Weed Scientist – Agricultural Research Center, Hays.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Get ahead of weeds: Preplant herbicide options for grain sorghum

May is Mental Health Awareness Month and the past few years have been extremely difficult to navigate. 

It has never been more important to talk about stress and mental strain each one of us may be experiencing. Sustained higher levels of stress can lead to depression, anxiety, fatigue, and other triggers that cause a greater propensity for attempting suicide. The stigma of mental health can also make it difficult for people to feel that they can reach out for support. 

There are a number of helpful sources available for people in need and I will highlight those today.

The National Suicide helpline is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week by calling or texting “988”. Support services are confidential and free of charge. This helpline is now a streamlined version of the suicide hotline and involves the ability to call and talk with someone, or text the number and use the text version if you do not want to talk.

In the Great Bend area, the Center for Counseling and Consultation can be reached on their confidential crisis line 24 hours a day, seven days a week at 800-875-2544 or 620-792-2544 as well as at their website&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://thecentergb.org/">https://thecentergb.org</a>.

In the Hays area, High Plains Mental Health is there to help. Contract them at 785-628-2871 or on their crisis line 24/7 at 800-432-0333. Their website is&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://hpmhc.com/">https://hpmhc.com</a>.

K-State Research and Extension also has available resources. The Stress and Resiliency team are trained in several programs including: Mental Health First Aid, Michigan State Farm Stress Training, and QPR (Question, Persuade, Refer). The Team is available for on sight programs, contact them at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/health/stress-management/trainings-programs.html">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/health/stress-management/trainings-programs.html</a>, or by email to&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rclews@ksu,.edu">rclews@ksu,.edu</a>,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:mcfarla@ksu.edu">mcfarla@ksu.edu</a>, or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>.

The Kansas Agriculture Mediations Services are ready to assist. They will gather your information and can connect you with financial advisors, legal advice, lawyers, and can also put you in contact with metal health facilities closer to your location. One call can get you in touch with many that can help your unique situation. They can be reached at 800-321-3276.

In closing, be sure to watch out for your friends and family. If you feel like something is wrong, ask. Help them get the help they need. 

And remember it is beneficial to implement daily coping strategies. Try taking a walk, get a message, or try guided restful breathing practices. Other coping suggestions to try, listen to music or just take ten minutes to write down your blessings. Positive thoughts and practices can go a long way to improve an outlook on life. 

But, mostly if you need help, please seek it. Your friends and family need you.&nbsp; &nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictMay is Mental Health Awareness Month and the past few years have been extremely difficult to navigate. It has never been more important to talk about stress and mental strain each one of us may be experiencing. Sustained higher levels of stress can lead to depression, anxiety, fatigue, and other triggers that cause a greater propensity for attempting suicide. The stigma of mental health can also make it difficult for people to feel that they can reach out for support. There are a number of helpful sources available for people in need and I will highlight those today.The National Suicide helpline is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week by calling or texting “988”. Support services are confidential and free of charge. This helpline is now a streamlined version of the suicide hotline and involves the ability to call and talk with someone, or text the number and use the text version if you do not want to talk.Local resources are also available. In the Great Bend area, the Center for Counseling and Consultation can be reached on their confidential crisis line 24 hours a day, seven days a week at 800-875-2544 or 620-792-2544 as well as at their website&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://thecentergb.org/">https://thecentergb.org</a>. In the Hays area, High Plains Mental Health is there to help. Contract them at 785-628-2871 or on their crisis line 24/7 at 800-432-0333. Their website is&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://hpmhc.com/">https://hpmhc.com</a>.K-State Research and Extension also has available resources. The Stress and Resiliency team are trained in several programs including: Mental Health First Aid, Michigan State Farm Stress Training, and QPR (Question, Persuade, Refer). The Team is available for on sight programs, contact them at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/health/stress-management/trainings-programs.html">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/health/stress-management/trainings-programs.html</a>, or by email to&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rclews@ksu,.edu">rclews@ksu,.edu</a>,&nbsp;<a href="mailto:mcfarla@ksu.edu">mcfarla@ksu.edu</a>, or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>.The Kansas Agriculture Mediations Services are ready to assist. They will gather your information and can connect you with financial advisors, legal advice, lawyers, and can also put you in contact with metal health facilities closer to your location. One call can get you in touch with many that can help your unique situation. They can be reached at 800-321-3276.In closing, be sure to watch out for your friends and family. If you feel like something is wrong, ask. Help them get the help they need. And remember it is beneficial to implement daily coping strategies. Try taking a walk, get a message, or try guided restful breathing practices. Other coping suggestions to try, listen to music or just take ten minutes to write down your blessings. Positive thoughts and practices can go a long way to improve an outlook on life. But, mostly if you need help, please seek it. Your friends and family need you.&nbsp; &nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: May is Mental Health Awareness Month

By TONY GUERRERO Hays Post

For the first time in Hays, the Kansas Science Festival sparked curiosity among children, turning downtown into a living lab of real-world science.

The festival was held on Sunday on Main Street and was filled with hands-on STEM activities. Organizer Dallas Haselhorst said it was the event's first outside of Manhattan.

"Science and STEM are really involved in everything. This was to show kids that there's a lot of different science and engineering-inspired technology," Haselhorst said.

With interactive booths and opportunities to meet researchers from across Kansas, the event aimed to highlight the importance of science in everyday life.

The festival featured four activity sites along Main Street, where about 25 presenters showcased various scientific fields to attendees.

Stacy Campbell, agent with the Cottonwood District, used a model aquifer at the festival to help children understand how underground water systems function.

Using food coloring and tubing, he demonstrated how water and pollutants travel through soil layers, providing a simple visual for kids.

"Even when I was a kid, I lived where the aquifer was... I always thought it was this big underground cavern where water was, but it's really in the soil. All these different layers can hold the water," Campbell said.

Several activities were held under the Hays Outdoor Pavilion, including a roped-off area where elephant toothpaste would erupt from a tube, requiring science goggles.

Arvin Cruz, chair of the Fort Hays State University Chemistry Department, supervised the FHSU Chemistry Club as they demonstrated experiments such as liquid nitrogen, disappearing styrofoam and burning cloth.

Cruz also emphasized the importance of making science approachable to kids and families rather than just experts, hoping similar events will encourage others to explore careers in science.

"Someday we'll be gone from Earth, and we'll need a new generation of scientists," Cruz said.&nbsp;

Activities spanned from the Hays Public Library to STEM Harvest on the south end of Main Street, where children could learn from researchers, examine artifacts and interact with animals.

Haselhorst said Hays was selected for the Kansas Science Festival due to its strong educational foundation, including Fort Hays State University and STEM Harvest.

He said that if the event is successful, Hays could become a model for bringing the festival to other rural communities across the state.

"Maybe in the future, aside from just those four locations, we line up Main Street with different presenters, tables and organizations showing what they do in the form of STEM," Haslehorst said.

Children also learned from the FHSU Robotics Team, the university’s Science and Mathematics Education Institute, the Sternberg Museum and the Hays Fire Department. They also had the chance to view the sun safely through telescopes and enjoy face painting.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746388925061.jpeg" alt="A boy watching an elephant toothpaste reaction at the Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A boy watching an elephant toothpaste reaction at the Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure>By TONY GUERRERO Hays PostFor the first time in Hays, the Kansas Science Festival sparked curiosity among children, turning downtown into a living lab of real-world science.The festival was held on Sunday on Main Street and was filled with hands-on STEM activities. Organizer Dallas Haselhorst said it was the event's first outside of Manhattan."Science and STEM are really involved in everything. This was to show kids that there's a lot of different science and engineering-inspired technology," Haselhorst said.With interactive booths and opportunities to meet researchers from across Kansas, the event aimed to highlight the importance of science in everyday life.The festival featured four activity sites along Main Street, where about 25 presenters showcased various scientific fields to attendees.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389016817.jpeg" alt="Children playing a game at a science booth at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Children playing a game at a science booth at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389091400.jpeg" alt="A boy holding a snake at the Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A boy holding a snake at the Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389120389.jpeg" alt="Children learning at an animal booth at the Hays Public Library during the Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Children learning at an animal booth at the Hays Public Library during the Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389223893.jpeg" alt="Two boys learning about groundwater flow at the K-State Extension Office during the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Two boys learning about groundwater flow at the K-State Extension Office during the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure>Stacy Campbell, agent with the Cottonwood District, used a model aquifer at the festival to help children understand how underground water systems function.Using food coloring and tubing, he demonstrated how water and pollutants travel through soil layers, providing a simple visual for kids."Even when I was a kid, I lived where the aquifer was... I always thought it was this big underground cavern where water was, but it's really in the soil. All these different layers can hold the water," Campbell said.Several activities were held under the Hays Outdoor Pavilion, including a roped-off area where elephant toothpaste would erupt from a tube, requiring science goggles.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389348925.jpeg" alt="Children watching an elephant toothpaste reaction at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Children watching an elephant toothpaste reaction at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389384705.jpeg" alt="A group of children watching a liquid nitrogen experiment at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A group of children watching a liquid nitrogen experiment at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389419236.jpeg" alt="A group of children watching a burning cloth experiment at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A group of children watching a burning cloth experiment at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure>Arvin Cruz, chair of the Fort Hays State University Chemistry Department, supervised the FHSU Chemistry Club as they demonstrated experiments such as liquid nitrogen, disappearing styrofoam and burning cloth.Cruz also emphasized the importance of making science approachable to kids and families rather than just experts, hoping similar events will encourage others to explore careers in science."Someday we'll be gone from Earth, and we'll need a new generation of scientists," Cruz said.&nbsp;Activities spanned from the Hays Public Library to STEM Harvest on the south end of Main Street, where children could learn from researchers, examine artifacts and interact with animals.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389273656.jpeg" alt="Three kids looking at a turtle and snakes at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Three kids looking at a turtle and snakes at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389570597.jpeg" alt="A girl petting a lizard at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A girl petting a lizard at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389609087.jpeg" alt="A girl petting a turtle at the Hays Public Library during the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A girl petting a turtle at the Hays Public Library during the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389659096.jpeg" alt="A snake being held at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A snake being held at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure>Haselhorst said Hays was selected for the Kansas Science Festival due to its strong educational foundation, including Fort Hays State University and STEM Harvest.He said that if the event is successful, Hays could become a model for bringing the festival to other rural communities across the state."Maybe in the future, aside from just those four locations, we line up Main Street with different presenters, tables and organizations showing what they do in the form of STEM," Haslehorst said.Children also learned from the FHSU Robotics Team, the university’s Science and Mathematics Education Institute, the Sternberg Museum and the Hays Fire Department. They also had the chance to view the sun safely through telescopes and enjoy face painting.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389833325.jpeg" alt="The Fort Hays State University Kansas Academy of Math and Science robotics teams shows off its Hays Community FIRST robot at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>The Fort Hays State University Kansas Academy of Math and Science robotics teams shows off its Hays Community FIRST robot at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746389858362.jpeg" alt="A girl looking through a large telescope at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A girl looking through a large telescope at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746390007254.jpeg" alt="A boy learning from the Sternberg Museum at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A boy learning from the Sternberg Museum at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746390061423.jpeg" alt="Two boys looking at fossils at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Two boys looking at fossils at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746390156916.jpeg" alt="A boy getting his face painted at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A boy getting his face painted at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746390128625.jpeg" alt="A girl getting her face painted at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>A girl getting her face painted at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1746390195536.jpeg" alt="The Fort Hays State University's Maker Van at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>The Fort Hays State University's Maker Van at the&nbsp;Kansas Science Festival in Hays. Photo By Tony Guerrero/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure>

Kansas Science Festival makes STEM fun for Hays children

In observance of Older American’s Month, Northwest Kansas Area Agency on Aging (NWKAAA) will be hosting its annual “Information Day” for older Kansans and caregivers on Wednesday, May 7.&nbsp;The theme this year is “Flip the Script on Aging.”

&nbsp;This event will be held at Big Creek Crossing (The Mall), 2918 Vine Street, Hays from 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. with bingo from 2:15 - 3:00 p.m. 

The day will include speakers, hands-on activities, vendor booths, door prizes and lots of giveaways. Enjoy complimentary coffee, donuts, hot dogs, chips, bottled water, and snacks while supplies last. 

Scheduled vendors and presenters include: NWKAAA, Alzheimer’s Association, Assistive Technology for Kansans, Audio-Reader, Central KS Library System, Cottonwood Extension District, Eagle Med/AirMedCare Network, First Call for Help, Hays Public Library (Bookmobile from 9-11:30 a.m.), Hays Senior Center, High Plains Mental Health Center, KS Dept for Aging &amp; Disability Services/Medicare, KS Guardianship Program, Kansas Legal Services, LINK (Living Independently in Northwest Kansas), Office of the Attorney General, Senior Companion/Foster Grandparent Programs, Senior Life Solutions, Sunflower Health Plan, and more! 

Women Who Lead is providing gift bags, filled with a variety of items, to the first 100 attendees. You don’t want to miss this fun and informative event! If you have questions, please contact NWKAAA at 785-628-8204&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1746022497871.png" alt="Northwest Kansas Area Agency on Aging" />
 <figcaption>Northwest Kansas Area Agency on Aging</figcaption>
 </figure>NWKAAAIn observance of Older American’s Month, Northwest Kansas Area Agency on Aging (NWKAAA) will be hosting its annual “Information Day” for older Kansans and caregivers on Wednesday, May 7.&nbsp;The theme this year is “Flip the Script on Aging.”&nbsp;This event will be held at Big Creek Crossing (The Mall), 2918 Vine Street, Hays from 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. with bingo from 2:15 - 3:00 p.m. The day will include speakers, hands-on activities, vendor booths, door prizes and lots of giveaways. Enjoy complimentary coffee, donuts, hot dogs, chips, bottled water, and snacks while supplies last. Scheduled vendors and presenters include: NWKAAA, Alzheimer’s Association, Assistive Technology for Kansans, Audio-Reader, Central KS Library System, Cottonwood Extension District, Eagle Med/AirMedCare Network, First Call for Help, Hays Public Library (Bookmobile from 9-11:30 a.m.), Hays Senior Center, High Plains Mental Health Center, KS Dept for Aging &amp; Disability Services/Medicare, KS Guardianship Program, Kansas Legal Services, LINK (Living Independently in Northwest Kansas), Office of the Attorney General, Senior Companion/Foster Grandparent Programs, Senior Life Solutions, Sunflower Health Plan, and more! Women Who Lead is providing gift bags, filled with a variety of items, to the first 100 attendees. You don’t want to miss this fun and informative event! If you have questions, please contact NWKAAA at 785-628-8204&nbsp;

'Flip the Script on Aging' Information Day presented by Northwest Kansas Area Agency on Aging

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension

Before a student-athlete is allowed to join a sports team, they have to complete an annual physical to make sure there aren’t any underlying conditions that could keep them from being able to fully participate.

For beef producers who want their herd to be successful during the breeding season, that means an annual breeding soundness exam, which includes a semen check and overall health assessment by a veterinarian.

Kansas State University Beef Cattle&nbsp;Institute experts recommend producers complete this assessment around six weeks ahead of the time bulls will be turned out on pasture with the females. They also recommend producers look at records on the bulls, assess their current body condition, and study the animal’s movement.

“When making a decision about a bull beyond conducting a breeding soundness exam, it is good to look at the bull’s records and look for any changes in the measurement of his scrotal circumference,” K-State veterinarian Bob Larson said.

He said that a decrease in scrotal circumference in a mature bull could indicate a significant issue that needs further investigation.

“If there is a problem, the testicles can either be a little softer or harder than normal, and there could also be sperm defects that will be noticed under a microscope,” Larson said.

At that six-week evaluation, it is important to assess the bull’s body condition, K-State beef cattle&nbsp;nutritionist Phillip Lancaster said.

“Going into the breeding season, the bulls should be at a body condition score six, which is a little above average,” Lancaster said. “We want them to be a little over-conditioned now because, during the breeding season, they will expel a lot of energy chasing females, causing them to lose weight.

”If bulls are in lighter condition, Lancaster recommends supplementing the bulls half to three-quarters of a percent of their body weight to get them to gain half a pound per day during the next 30 days.

“If the bulls are extra thin coming off grass in the summer, then the producer will need to get them back in condition next fall and winter,” Lancaster said.

Along with scrotal circumference, semen evaluation, and body condition, bulls should be routinely checked for feet and leg movement, K-State veterinarian Brian Lubbers said.

“If you are detecting upper limb lameness six weeks out, that is going to be hard to correct between now and pasture turnout,” Lubbers said. “Injuries can happen anytime, so bulls need to be continually assessed for their movement.”

To do that Lubbers recommends studying how the bulls walk coming to and leaving the chute. “If the bull has a foreign body in the foot like a rock or nail, or a sole abscess, we can correct those now so that he will likely be sound in the next six weeks,” Lubbers said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor&nbsp;an Agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.&nbsp; Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor&nbsp;an Agriculture and natural resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.&nbsp; Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood ExtensionBefore a student-athlete is allowed to join a sports team, they have to complete an annual physical to make sure there aren’t any underlying conditions that could keep them from being able to fully participate.For beef producers who want their herd to be successful during the breeding season, that means an annual breeding soundness exam, which includes a semen check and overall health assessment by a veterinarian.Kansas State University Beef Cattle&nbsp;Institute experts recommend producers complete this assessment around six weeks ahead of the time bulls will be turned out on pasture with the females. They also recommend producers look at records on the bulls, assess their current body condition, and study the animal’s movement.“When making a decision about a bull beyond conducting a breeding soundness exam, it is good to look at the bull’s records and look for any changes in the measurement of his scrotal circumference,” K-State veterinarian Bob Larson said.He said that a decrease in scrotal circumference in a mature bull could indicate a significant issue that needs further investigation.“If there is a problem, the testicles can either be a little softer or harder than normal, and there could also be sperm defects that will be noticed under a microscope,” Larson said.At that six-week evaluation, it is important to assess the bull’s body condition, K-State beef cattle&nbsp;nutritionist Phillip Lancaster said.“Going into the breeding season, the bulls should be at a body condition score six, which is a little above average,” Lancaster said. “We want them to be a little over-conditioned now because, during the breeding season, they will expel a lot of energy chasing females, causing them to lose weight.”If bulls are in lighter condition, Lancaster recommends supplementing the bulls half to three-quarters of a percent of their body weight to get them to gain half a pound per day during the next 30 days.“If the bulls are extra thin coming off grass in the summer, then the producer will need to get them back in condition next fall and winter,” Lancaster said.Along with scrotal circumference, semen evaluation, and body condition, bulls should be routinely checked for feet and leg movement, K-State veterinarian Brian Lubbers said.“If you are detecting upper limb lameness six weeks out, that is going to be hard to correct between now and pasture turnout,” Lubbers said. “Injuries can happen anytime, so bulls need to be continually assessed for their movement.”To do that Lubbers recommends studying how the bulls walk coming to and leaving the chute. “If the bull has a foreign body in the foot like a rock or nail, or a sole abscess, we can correct those now so that he will likely be sound in the next six weeks,” Lubbers said.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Bull evaluation

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension

It’s late April and the wheat crop is barreling into the flag leaf growth stages in many parts of the state. The rainy weather over the last week has growers wondering what the stripe rust outlook is now going forward. Some producers are likely considering the need for a flag leaf fungicide application. 

The good news is that, even though we’ve received some moisture, the risk for stripe rust in the state remains low, says Kelsey-Anderson Onofre, K-State Extension plant pathologist. Scouting efforts should continue over the next two weeks. 

In this article, Kelsey will walk through some of the reasons for the current low stripe rust risk and other diseases to be thinking about in wheat right now.

The risk of stripe rust in Kansas remains low for 2025. On March 27, K-State reported that it was shaping up to be a low stripe rust year in Kansas. That trend still appears to be holding true. 

Stripe rust has been active at low levels in Texas since February, but conditions have not been favorable for disease development. This is important because stripe rust does not survive the winter in Kansas and needs to work its way up from the south annually.&nbsp;Low disease pressure in Texas means fewer spores are available to make their way north to Kansas. 

Additionally, at the time of this report, only trace levels of stripe rust were reported in Oklahoma. 

The first stripe rust detection in Kansas was recently reported on April 28 in Ford County. For reference, in years when stripe rust is an issue, it is generally detected in Kansas before April 15. 

With all of this in mind, we believe it will be difficult for stripe rust to establish and “catch up” at this point in the season, says Kelsey. Because of this, the risk of stripe rust remains low in the state. As a reminder, the probability of a positive return on a fungicide application greatly diminishes when disease pressure is absent. 

That said, producers should continue to scout and report any occurrences through the remainder of the season. These next two weeks will be critical for much of the state.

Should growers be worried about leaf rust? Reports from Texas indicate that leaf rust is active. 

As a reminder, leaf rust is a disease that typically shows up late in the season in Kansas (heading to flowering) due to its preference for slightly warmer temperatures. It is possible for leaf rust to occasionally survive the winter in Kansas. Watching for leaf rust development over the next few weeks will be important. Now is also a good time to check your variety resistance level to this disease, google “<a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/kansas-wheat-variety-guide-2024_MF991.pdf">KS Wheat Variety Guide 2024</a>”.

Let’s turn our attention to the scab risk over the coming weeks. Wheat fields planted into corn residue are at the highest risk. Wet weather over the next couple of weeks will be critical for determining scab risk in the state. 

As a reminder, scab infection occurs at flowering, but symptoms are often not visible for 14-21 days after infection. Because of this, you cannot scout for scab the way you would stripe rust or other foliar diseases. Fungicide decisions need to be&nbsp;made according to weather-based risk and the field’s yield potential. However, if wheat was not planted into corn residue, your risk of scab is low.

Fungicides are most effective against scab when applied at early flowering (Feekes 10.5.1), but can provide protection even when used later in the flowering window. It is very important to pay attention to pre-harvest intervals at this point of the season and follow guidelines provided on product labels.

Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Plant Pathologist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood ExtensionIt’s late April and the wheat crop is barreling into the flag leaf growth stages in many parts of the state. The rainy weather over the last week has growers wondering what the stripe rust outlook is now going forward. Some producers are likely considering the need for a flag leaf fungicide application. The good news is that, even though we’ve received some moisture, the risk for stripe rust in the state remains low, says Kelsey-Anderson Onofre, K-State Extension plant pathologist. Scouting efforts should continue over the next two weeks. In this article, Kelsey will walk through some of the reasons for the current low stripe rust risk and other diseases to be thinking about in wheat right now.The risk of stripe rust in Kansas remains low for 2025. On March 27, K-State reported that it was shaping up to be a low stripe rust year in Kansas. That trend still appears to be holding true. Stripe rust has been active at low levels in Texas since February, but conditions have not been favorable for disease development. This is important because stripe rust does not survive the winter in Kansas and needs to work its way up from the south annually.&nbsp;Low disease pressure in Texas means fewer spores are available to make their way north to Kansas. Additionally, at the time of this report, only trace levels of stripe rust were reported in Oklahoma. The first stripe rust detection in Kansas was recently reported on April 28 in Ford County. For reference, in years when stripe rust is an issue, it is generally detected in Kansas before April 15. With all of this in mind, we believe it will be difficult for stripe rust to establish and “catch up” at this point in the season, says Kelsey. Because of this, the risk of stripe rust remains low in the state. As a reminder, the probability of a positive return on a fungicide application greatly diminishes when disease pressure is absent. That said, producers should continue to scout and report any occurrences through the remainder of the season. These next two weeks will be critical for much of the state.Should growers be worried about leaf rust? Reports from Texas indicate that leaf rust is active. As a reminder, leaf rust is a disease that typically shows up late in the season in Kansas (heading to flowering) due to its preference for slightly warmer temperatures. It is possible for leaf rust to occasionally survive the winter in Kansas. Watching for leaf rust development over the next few weeks will be important. Now is also a good time to check your variety resistance level to this disease, google “<a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/kansas-wheat-variety-guide-2024_MF991.pdf">KS Wheat Variety Guide 2024</a>”.Let’s turn our attention to the scab risk over the coming weeks. Wheat fields planted into corn residue are at the highest risk. Wet weather over the next couple of weeks will be critical for determining scab risk in the state. As a reminder, scab infection occurs at flowering, but symptoms are often not visible for 14-21 days after infection. Because of this, you cannot scout for scab the way you would stripe rust or other foliar diseases. Fungicide decisions need to be&nbsp;made according to weather-based risk and the field’s yield potential. However, if wheat was not planted into corn residue, your risk of scab is low.Fungicides are most effective against scab when applied at early flowering (Feekes 10.5.1), but can provide protection even when used later in the flowering window. It is very important to pay attention to pre-harvest intervals at this point of the season and follow guidelines provided on product labels.Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre, Extension Plant Pathologist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Should you spray? Stripe rust, other wheat diseases to watch for in Kansas

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension&nbsp;

Starting at age 30, our bodies naturally start to lose muscle mass. We lose about 3–5% every 10 years. You might not notice the effects at first. But over time, the reduced muscle mass leads to decreased strength. After a while, it can lead to a condition called sarcopenia.

With aging, you start losing muscle mass, muscle strength, and have some limitations with your activities.

Some muscle loss is expected with the natural aging process. But too much muscle loss can lead to mobility difficulties. Sarcopenia can make it harder to stand up from a chair, walk, open a jar, or carry groceries. It can also increase your risk of falling.

Certain factors may make muscle loss worse as you age. These include some chronic illnesses, a lack of exercise, and an unhealthy diet. Hormonal changes that occur during menopause can also contribute.

Researchers estimate that 10–20% of older adults have sarcopenia. But testing people for sarcopenia can be tricky. That’s because there isn’t a widely agreed-upon method to measure muscle loss. It’s also not clear exactly how much muscle someone can lose before it leads to disability or injury. So an NIH-funded team of experts recently set out to better define sarcopenia and its impact on people’s health.

The team analyzed data from several studies that looked at thousands of people aged 65 and older. They focused on three different measures of muscle health: grip strength, walking speed, and lean body mass. Those with weaker grip strength and slower walking speed (less than 2.6 feet per second) showed higher risk of falls, mobility limitations, hip fractures, and death. But lean body mass was not linked with these outcomes. As a result, the researchers recommended using grip strength and walking speed to help assess sarcopenia.

As muscle loss worsens, so can sarcopenia’s effects. Because sarcopenia increases your risk of falling, those who have it are nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized as those without it. Sarcopenia increases the risk of broken bones and the loss of independence with age. It can also make it more difficult for your body to fight certain diseases, like cancer.

You can take steps to prevent too much muscle loss and weakness as you age. Getting enough physical activity is key. In particular, you need to have resistance training because this is going to help build your strength. Resistance training can include activities like push-ups, squats, or lifting weights.

A healthy diet can also help prevent or manage sarcopenia. Your body needs protein to build and maintain muscle. Eating a diet rich in protein can keep your muscles healthy as you age. Experts suggest eating at least 1.2 grams of protein for every two pounds of body weight to treat or manage sarcopenia.

While more research is needed, some dietary supplements have shown promise for preventing muscle loss when combined with diet and exercise. These include amino acids, fish oil, vitamin D, selenium, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids.

If you think you might have sarcopenia, talk with your doctor. They can help you make a plan to prevent further muscle loss and preserve your health and independence.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522176561.png" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension&nbsp;Starting at age 30, our bodies naturally start to lose muscle mass. We lose about 3–5% every 10 years. You might not notice the effects at first. But over time, the reduced muscle mass leads to decreased strength. After a while, it can lead to a condition called sarcopenia.With aging, you start losing muscle mass, muscle strength, and have some limitations with your activities.Some muscle loss is expected with the natural aging process. But too much muscle loss can lead to mobility difficulties. Sarcopenia can make it harder to stand up from a chair, walk, open a jar, or carry groceries. It can also increase your risk of falling.Certain factors may make muscle loss worse as you age. These include some chronic illnesses, a lack of exercise, and an unhealthy diet. Hormonal changes that occur during menopause can also contribute.Researchers estimate that 10–20% of older adults have sarcopenia. But testing people for sarcopenia can be tricky. That’s because there isn’t a widely agreed-upon method to measure muscle loss. It’s also not clear exactly how much muscle someone can lose before it leads to disability or injury. So an NIH-funded team of experts recently set out to better define sarcopenia and its impact on people’s health.The team analyzed data from several studies that looked at thousands of people aged 65 and older. They focused on three different measures of muscle health: grip strength, walking speed, and lean body mass. Those with weaker grip strength and slower walking speed (less than 2.6 feet per second) showed higher risk of falls, mobility limitations, hip fractures, and death. But lean body mass was not linked with these outcomes. As a result, the researchers recommended using grip strength and walking speed to help assess sarcopenia.As muscle loss worsens, so can sarcopenia’s effects. Because sarcopenia increases your risk of falling, those who have it are nearly twice as likely to be hospitalized as those without it. Sarcopenia increases the risk of broken bones and the loss of independence with age. It can also make it more difficult for your body to fight certain diseases, like cancer.You can take steps to prevent too much muscle loss and weakness as you age. Getting enough physical activity is key. In particular, you need to have resistance training because this is going to help build your strength. Resistance training can include activities like push-ups, squats, or lifting weights.A healthy diet can also help prevent or manage sarcopenia. Your body needs protein to build and maintain muscle. Eating a diet rich in protein can keep your muscles healthy as you age. Experts suggest eating at least 1.2 grams of protein for every two pounds of body weight to treat or manage sarcopenia.While more research is needed, some dietary supplements have shown promise for preventing muscle loss when combined with diet and exercise. These include amino acids, fish oil, vitamin D, selenium, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids.If you think you might have sarcopenia, talk with your doctor. They can help you make a plan to prevent further muscle loss and preserve your health and independence.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

KOERNER: Keep your muscles healthy as you age, slow sarcopenia

Musk thistle is usually a biennial or winter annual, but it will occasionally occur as a summer annual. 

As a biennial, it produces a rosette the first year and develops flowers and seeds the second year. As a summer annual, this thistle completes its life cycle from germination through seed production in the same growing season. Seedlings may emerge anytime during the growing season, but the plants usually remain in the rosette stage for about 90% of their life cycle.

Musk thistle usually begins flowering in May and may bloom from seven to nine weeks. Seed dispersal begins seven to ten days after a head begins to bloom and an average of 11,000 seeds can be produced per plant with around 5,000 of the seeds capable of germination.

Musk thistle was declared a noxious week in Kansas in 1963. Kansas law requires all persons and organizations prevent its spread and eradicate it.

There are several different methods for controlling thistle. 

The first line of defense is proper grazing management. Invasion of thistle is slowed on grasslands that are properly stocked to maintain a good cover of competing vegetation. 

Burning does not control the thistle, but it makes control more effective. Burn according to your burn plan, and then spray 10-14 days after. 

For the most effective control, apply herbicides while the musk thistle is in the rosette stage and actively growing, usually early May. For fall, October 1 to soil freeze is an excellent time. During the fall, most musk thistles are in the rosette stage and are most susceptible to herbicides. Use herbicides when they are growing rapidly under good soil moisture and favorable air temperatures (70-90 degrees F). A 6-12 hours rain-free period after application at the recommended rate is adequate to allow herbicide absorption.

For control in pastures that have a scattered issue, you can remove them by hand. Dig the plant below the crown to prevent further development. Dig, remove the plant, and burn the flowers that are in late bud or bloom stage. 

Research shows that mowing is the most effective at full bloom, but must be repeated as necessary for effective control.

For questions over what herbicides are labeled for use, consult K-State Research and Extension’s Chemical Weed Control guide. It's available online or you can pick up a copy at most Extension offices. Column adapted from publication L-231.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictMusk thistle is usually a biennial or winter annual, but it will occasionally occur as a summer annual. As a biennial, it produces a rosette the first year and develops flowers and seeds the second year. As a summer annual, this thistle completes its life cycle from germination through seed production in the same growing season. Seedlings may emerge anytime during the growing season, but the plants usually remain in the rosette stage for about 90% of their life cycle.Musk thistle usually begins flowering in May and may bloom from seven to nine weeks. Seed dispersal begins seven to ten days after a head begins to bloom and an average of 11,000 seeds can be produced per plant with around 5,000 of the seeds capable of germination.Musk thistle was declared a noxious week in Kansas in 1963. Kansas law requires all persons and organizations prevent its spread and eradicate it.There are several different methods for controlling thistle. The first line of defense is proper grazing management. Invasion of thistle is slowed on grasslands that are properly stocked to maintain a good cover of competing vegetation. Burning does not control the thistle, but it makes control more effective. Burn according to your burn plan, and then spray 10-14 days after. For the most effective control, apply herbicides while the musk thistle is in the rosette stage and actively growing, usually early May. For fall, October 1 to soil freeze is an excellent time. During the fall, most musk thistles are in the rosette stage and are most susceptible to herbicides. Use herbicides when they are growing rapidly under good soil moisture and favorable air temperatures (70-90 degrees F). A 6-12 hours rain-free period after application at the recommended rate is adequate to allow herbicide absorption.For control in pastures that have a scattered issue, you can remove them by hand. Dig the plant below the crown to prevent further development. Dig, remove the plant, and burn the flowers that are in late bud or bloom stage. Research shows that mowing is the most effective at full bloom, but must be repeated as necessary for effective control.For questions over what herbicides are labeled for use, consult K-State Research and Extension’s Chemical Weed Control guide. It's available online or you can pick up a copy at most Extension offices. Column adapted from publication L-231.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Musk thistle eradication

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension&nbsp;

Over the last ten years, stripe rust has been one of the most damaging wheat diseases in Kansas. 

There are several factors that contribute to the development and severity of stripe rust in our region within a given year. The stripe rust pathogen typically does not survive in Kansas over the winter but can survive in Texas through the winter months and make its way back north as the weather warms in the spring. Because of this, weather conditions in Texas can be important indicators of how bad stripe rust will be in Kansas.

Our K-State plant pathologists have received reports that low levels of stripe and leaf rust were active in College Station, TX, and Waco, TX, in late February. 

Currently they have not received any reports of stripe rust in Oklahoma or Kansas. Historically, stripe rust detections in Kansas prior to April 15 have been associated with bad stripe rust years. Scouting efforts over the next few weeks will be very important.

Conditions this fall/winter were dry in parts of Texas that are important for stripe rust overwintering. At K-State, they combine this information with several weather-based models to help forecast whether or not stripe rust will be widespread and yield limiting in Kansas. 

Right now, all models are indicating that the stripe rust risk is generally low for this year. Historically, years that begin like this have ended with lower-than-average yield losses in Kansas to this disease.

Of course, stripe rust severity in Kansas is still driven by weather conditions in the state in the late spring. Once stripe rust is detected in Kansas, cool evenings and extended periods of canopy moisture will be necessary for disease establishment at levels that would result in yield losses.

The disease situation can change rapidly, and it is important to continue to scout for signs of disease development as the season progresses. 

K-State Research &amp; Extension will continue to provide updates on stripe rust occurrence and weather outlook as we move toward critical growth stages for fungicide applications in Kansas over the next several weeks. Growers can also get these weekly updates by subscribing to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate newsletter, by googling it and subscribing.

If you detect any stripe rust please contact me, so we can use this information to update our surveillance maps for stipe rust detection. And of course, if you have any questions or need assistance please do not hesitate to reach out and contact me in the Cottonwood District office in Hays.

Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre and Erick DeWolf, K-State Extension plant pathologists.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/5/1621099033810.jpeg" alt="Wheat stripe rust. Extension photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Wheat stripe rust. Extension photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension&nbsp;Over the last ten years, stripe rust has been one of the most damaging wheat diseases in Kansas. There are several factors that contribute to the development and severity of stripe rust in our region within a given year. The stripe rust pathogen typically does not survive in Kansas over the winter but can survive in Texas through the winter months and make its way back north as the weather warms in the spring. Because of this, weather conditions in Texas can be important indicators of how bad stripe rust will be in Kansas.Our K-State plant pathologists have received reports that low levels of stripe and leaf rust were active in College Station, TX, and Waco, TX, in late February. Currently they have not received any reports of stripe rust in Oklahoma or Kansas. Historically, stripe rust detections in Kansas prior to April 15 have been associated with bad stripe rust years. Scouting efforts over the next few weeks will be very important.What is the outlook for Kansas wheat? Conditions this fall/winter were dry in parts of Texas that are important for stripe rust overwintering. At K-State, they combine this information with several weather-based models to help forecast whether or not stripe rust will be widespread and yield limiting in Kansas. Right now, all models are indicating that the stripe rust risk is generally low for this year. Historically, years that begin like this have ended with lower-than-average yield losses in Kansas to this disease.Of course, stripe rust severity in Kansas is still driven by weather conditions in the state in the late spring. Once stripe rust is detected in Kansas, cool evenings and extended periods of canopy moisture will be necessary for disease establishment at levels that would result in yield losses.The disease situation can change rapidly, and it is important to continue to scout for signs of disease development as the season progresses. K-State Research &amp; Extension will continue to provide updates on stripe rust occurrence and weather outlook as we move toward critical growth stages for fungicide applications in Kansas over the next several weeks. Growers can also get these weekly updates by subscribing to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate newsletter, by googling it and subscribing.If you detect any stripe rust please contact me, so we can use this information to update our surveillance maps for stipe rust detection. And of course, if you have any questions or need assistance please do not hesitate to reach out and contact me in the Cottonwood District office in Hays.Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre and Erick DeWolf, K-State Extension plant pathologists.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMBELL: Outlook for stripe rust in 2025 Kansas wheat crop is optimistic

By JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp;

Have you ever wanted to make a difference in your community, support local agriculture, youth, families, and community development, or help guide educational outreach in Barton and Ellis Counties? Serving on the Cottonwood Extension District Board may be just the opportunity you’re looking for.

The filing deadline for the 2025 Cottonwood Extension District Board Election is June 1, 2025. Interested individuals must be residents of either Barton or Ellis County and file for candidacy through the respective county clerk’s office. Four positions—two from each county—will be on the ballot during the upcoming election.

What Is the Cottonwood Extension District?

The Cottonwood Extension District is part of K-State Research and Extension, a statewide system that brings the resources of Kansas State University to local communities. Our staff work in areas such as agriculture and natural resources, family and consumer sciences, 4-H youth development, and community vitality. Programs are offered through educational workshops, field demonstrations, school enrichment, one-on-one consultations, and more.

The Cottonwood District serves both Barton and Ellis Counties through offices in Great Bend and Hays, and is guided by a locally elected board of directors.

The Extension District Board plays a vital role in overseeing the planning, budgeting, and staffing of district programs and services. Board members work closely with local extension agents and administrative staff to ensure that educational needs of the community are being met effectively. The board also provides fiscal oversight and strategic guidance to support long-term impact and sustainability.

Board members are elected to four-year terms and meet regularly throughout the year. This is a great opportunity to serve your community while gaining insight into the important work being done to support agriculture, health, youth, and economic development in our region.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1745338245919.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp;Have you ever wanted to make a difference in your community, support local agriculture, youth, families, and community development, or help guide educational outreach in Barton and Ellis Counties? Serving on the Cottonwood Extension District Board may be just the opportunity you’re looking for.The filing deadline for the 2025 Cottonwood Extension District Board Election is June 1, 2025. Interested individuals must be residents of either Barton or Ellis County and file for candidacy through the respective county clerk’s office. Four positions—two from each county—will be on the ballot during the upcoming election.What Is the Cottonwood Extension District?The Cottonwood Extension District is part of K-State Research and Extension, a statewide system that brings the resources of Kansas State University to local communities. Our staff work in areas such as agriculture and natural resources, family and consumer sciences, 4-H youth development, and community vitality. Programs are offered through educational workshops, field demonstrations, school enrichment, one-on-one consultations, and more.The Cottonwood District serves both Barton and Ellis Counties through offices in Great Bend and Hays, and is guided by a locally elected board of directors.The Role of the BoardThe Extension District Board plays a vital role in overseeing the planning, budgeting, and staffing of district programs and services. Board members work closely with local extension agents and administrative staff to ensure that educational needs of the community are being met effectively. The board also provides fiscal oversight and strategic guidance to support long-term impact and sustainability.Board members are elected to four-year terms and meet regularly throughout the year. This is a great opportunity to serve your community while gaining insight into the important work being done to support agriculture, health, youth, and economic development in our region.How to FileFiling is easy. Simply contact your County Clerk’s office—either in Barton County or Ellis County—and request to file for the Cottonwood Extension District Board election. The deadline to file is June 1, 2025.For more information about the Cottonwood Extension District and the work we do, visit our website at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/">cottonwood.k-state.edu</a> or call the office in Hays at 785-628-9430 or Great Bend at 620-793-1910.