In the last 3 to 4 years now, there have been problems with chinch bugs coming out of mature wheat fields and feeding on the small sorghum plants, and this year is no exception.&nbsp;

The overwintered adults emerge in early spring and fly into small grains where they mate and produce the first generation. Most problems in milo or feed occur when large groups of the immature, wingless nymphs migrate from maturing wheat fields and invade adjacent sorghum or sorghum/sudan hay fields where they attempt to complete development. They typically do not infest the entire field but can take out several rows of milo next to the wheat. &nbsp;

Problems with this insect were historically confined to eastern and central Kansas, with damage beginning in May or June, but in recent years, chinch bugs have become more of a problem further west in the state.&nbsp;

Chinch bugs puncture vascular tissues to extract plant juices and secrete digestive enzymes that cause the breakdown of surrounding plant tissues. Feeding punctures also can allow pathogens to enter the plant.&nbsp; Consequently, damaged plants present a variety of symptoms including stunting, yellowing, wilting, and necrotic lesions. The effect nymphal feeding has on plants depends to a large degree on the size, health and nutritional status of the plants. Growth stage and water balance are critical because small or drought-stressed plants have less ability to tolerate or recover from chinch bug feeding damage.&nbsp;

Using seed treatments: clothianidin (Poncho), imidacloprid (numerous products) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser) at planting can potentially decrease chinch bug damage and may protect plants for up to 3 weeks, unless the migration is heavy. Growers can use follow-up sprays on border rows if protection wears off before the end of chinch bug migration.&nbsp;

Most often the damage is noticed only after several rows of sorghum or feed have been severely stunted or killed. Ideally treating promptly as migrations begin and before significant numbers of bugs enter the field and small plants are affected is best.

An insecticide spray can be used over the affected rows and approximately an additional 100 feet beyond. Also, spraying about 100 feet into the wheat stubble is advisable if chinch bugs are still coming out of the wheat field.

Most currently approved insecticides have good efficacy against chinch bugs, if three factors are considered. First, it is important to use the full recommended rate of the selected insecticide, preferably applied in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. High gallonage ensures good plant coverage and enhances the movement of material into protected plant parts such as leaf sheaths, which increases the probability of contact with bugs. Second, the material should be applied with properly adjusted and calibrated equipment. Cone nozzles designed for high-pressure use will create smaller droplets and improve coverage. Third, the timing of the insecticide application is critical. Early morning applications are preferred because winds are calm (reducing drift), temperatures are cool (reducing volatilization of chemicals), and a large proportion of the chinch bug population will be on the plants and exposed to the application. None of the materials currently registered for use against chinch bugs has long residual efficacy and plants can outgrow the protection. Because peak migrations may continue for 10 days or more, monitoring is required to determine if additional applications to border rows are necessary.&nbsp;

There are several insecticides labeled for the control of chinch bugs listed in the K-State Research &amp; Extension publication “Sorghum Insect Management” which can be found on our web site at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a>

If you have any questions or need further information, contact me at the Cottonwood District Extension Office in Hays.&nbsp;

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District</figcaption>
 </figure>In the last 3 to 4 years now, there have been problems with chinch bugs coming out of mature wheat fields and feeding on the small sorghum plants, and this year is no exception.&nbsp;The overwintered adults emerge in early spring and fly into small grains where they mate and produce the first generation. Most problems in milo or feed occur when large groups of the immature, wingless nymphs migrate from maturing wheat fields and invade adjacent sorghum or sorghum/sudan hay fields where they attempt to complete development. They typically do not infest the entire field but can take out several rows of milo next to the wheat. &nbsp;Problems with this insect were historically confined to eastern and central Kansas, with damage beginning in May or June, but in recent years, chinch bugs have become more of a problem further west in the state.&nbsp;Chinch bugs puncture vascular tissues to extract plant juices and secrete digestive enzymes that cause the breakdown of surrounding plant tissues. Feeding punctures also can allow pathogens to enter the plant.&nbsp; Consequently, damaged plants present a variety of symptoms including stunting, yellowing, wilting, and necrotic lesions. The effect nymphal feeding has on plants depends to a large degree on the size, health and nutritional status of the plants. Growth stage and water balance are critical because small or drought-stressed plants have less ability to tolerate or recover from chinch bug feeding damage.&nbsp;Using seed treatments: clothianidin (Poncho), imidacloprid (numerous products) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser) at planting can potentially decrease chinch bug damage and may protect plants for up to 3 weeks, unless the migration is heavy. Growers can use follow-up sprays on border rows if protection wears off before the end of chinch bug migration.&nbsp;Most often the damage is noticed only after several rows of sorghum or feed have been severely stunted or killed. Ideally treating promptly as migrations begin and before significant numbers of bugs enter the field and small plants are affected is best.An insecticide spray can be used over the affected rows and approximately an additional 100 feet beyond. Also, spraying about 100 feet into the wheat stubble is advisable if chinch bugs are still coming out of the wheat field.Most currently approved insecticides have good efficacy against chinch bugs, if three factors are considered. First, it is important to use the full recommended rate of the selected insecticide, preferably applied in 20 to 40 gallons of water per acre. High gallonage ensures good plant coverage and enhances the movement of material into protected plant parts such as leaf sheaths, which increases the probability of contact with bugs. Second, the material should be applied with properly adjusted and calibrated equipment. Cone nozzles designed for high-pressure use will create smaller droplets and improve coverage. Third, the timing of the insecticide application is critical. Early morning applications are preferred because winds are calm (reducing drift), temperatures are cool (reducing volatilization of chemicals), and a large proportion of the chinch bug population will be on the plants and exposed to the application. None of the materials currently registered for use against chinch bugs has long residual efficacy and plants can outgrow the protection. Because peak migrations may continue for 10 days or more, monitoring is required to determine if additional applications to border rows are necessary.&nbsp;There are several insecticides labeled for the control of chinch bugs listed in the K-State Research &amp; Extension publication “Sorghum Insect Management” which can be found on our web site at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a>If you have any questions or need further information, contact me at the Cottonwood District Extension Office in Hays.&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Don’t forget about chinch bugs after wheat harvest 

County Fairs create memories that last a lifetime. I remember as a 4-H’er in Washington County Kansas I loved helping plan and build our Busy Bee 4-H Club float for the two parades down Main Street. It was not uncommon for me to be knitting the last row on a sweater or sewing the hem of a skirt the night before judging was supposed to take place. When our three kids were growing up in 4-H, preparations for the Fair made life in the Krug household a bit hectic at times. Now, more than a few years later, I have the privilege of helping teach my young granddaughters sewing and fiber arts skills as they complete their 4-H projects.&nbsp;

The 2020 Fair season in Kansas is going to have a different look this year. The Barton County Fair is one of the earliest Fairs in the state so with the uncertainty of COVID19 restrictions, a more virtual Fair is taking shape. Michelle, our 4-H and youth agent, has embraced the technology needed to pull this off and I’m along for the ride. Earlier this week I got to take a peek at several of the videos our young 4-H’ers completed in their various projects. They made me smile!

It’s so good to see these young people telling about what they learned in completing their projects. After all, sharing what they learned and building relationships with other 4-H’ers and volunteer leaders are really the most important reasons to participate. After the videos are judged, the public will have an opportunity to view them by going to flipgrid.com&nbsp; The flip code you will need to type in is: btcofair&nbsp;

The Ellis County Fair will get into full swing as the Barton County Fair is winding down. As of today, most of their Fair events will be face to face. Precautions are being made to provide more space between participants as items are being judged and exhibited. Hand sanitizing stations and masks will be available for Fairgoers and volunteers as well.

Most likely the other 103 Kansas Counties will have Fairs that run the gamut between completely virtual to a more normal slate of activities. I hope you will find a way to follow your favorite 4-H’ers in whatever format is provided.&nbsp;

And if there is an open class division at your County Fair, consider entering an exhibit. I just completed my on-line entry for the Barton County Fair with a photo of several tatted snowflakes that I made during the stay at home order. I call them my (don’t laugh) “Corona Flakes.”

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1593016082485.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>County Fairs create memories that last a lifetime. I remember as a 4-H’er in Washington County Kansas I loved helping plan and build our Busy Bee 4-H Club float for the two parades down Main Street. It was not uncommon for me to be knitting the last row on a sweater or sewing the hem of a skirt the night before judging was supposed to take place. When our three kids were growing up in 4-H, preparations for the Fair made life in the Krug household a bit hectic at times. Now, more than a few years later, I have the privilege of helping teach my young granddaughters sewing and fiber arts skills as they complete their 4-H projects.&nbsp;The 2020 Fair season in Kansas is going to have a different look this year. The Barton County Fair is one of the earliest Fairs in the state so with the uncertainty of COVID19 restrictions, a more virtual Fair is taking shape. Michelle, our 4-H and youth agent, has embraced the technology needed to pull this off and I’m along for the ride. Earlier this week I got to take a peek at several of the videos our young 4-H’ers completed in their various projects. They made me smile!It’s so good to see these young people telling about what they learned in completing their projects. After all, sharing what they learned and building relationships with other 4-H’ers and volunteer leaders are really the most important reasons to participate. After the videos are judged, the public will have an opportunity to view them by going to flipgrid.com&nbsp; The flip code you will need to type in is: btcofair&nbsp;The Ellis County Fair will get into full swing as the Barton County Fair is winding down. As of today, most of their Fair events will be face to face. Precautions are being made to provide more space between participants as items are being judged and exhibited. Hand sanitizing stations and masks will be available for Fairgoers and volunteers as well.Most likely the other 103 Kansas Counties will have Fairs that run the gamut between completely virtual to a more normal slate of activities. I hope you will find a way to follow your favorite 4-H’ers in whatever format is provided.&nbsp;And if there is an open class division at your County Fair, consider entering an exhibit. I just completed my on-line entry for the Barton County Fair with a photo of several tatted snowflakes that I made during the stay at home order. I call them my (don’t laugh) “Corona Flakes.”Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>.

KRUG: The fair is coming!

This year, the Barton County Fair is going to be quite different. The static exhibits such as foods and crafts are all going to be shown online, not out at the Expo buildings in plain view. Livestock shows will go on, but with a different schedule and with no spectators. This is all in place because of Covid 19 restrictions that needed to be in place in May to even be able to plan for a fair.&nbsp;

Before Covid sent us all to our homes, most 4H’ers were already hard at work so their projects would be them ready at Fair time. For example, in order to participate in the 4-H Market Beef show, that animal needs to be weighed and tagged by the Extension office. The weigh in date for 2020 was back on February 29th.&nbsp; (This is just one beef project).&nbsp; For a Foods project, the 4-H’er should be learning about the project and cooking all year long. Art projects are worked on for the entire year at times, and to get the perfect snowstorm picture, you need to have snow. Fair is the culmination of their yearlong hard work, and it is meant to celebrate the 4H’ers and what they have learned along the way.&nbsp;

For 2020, even though you cannot come out to the Expo grounds to view all of the finished projects, you can still help celebrate the children and their hard efforts. There will be several avenues to be able to view their projects. On flipgrid.com, you can search for 4-H Public Showcase with the flip code “btcofair” to view some of the virtual videos of the 4Hers and their projects! You can also visit the Barton County Fair website at bartoncountyfair.com. Facebook will also be busy with livestreaming! <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ksrecottonwood">https://www.facebook.com/ksrecottonwood</a> will livestream the livestock shows for people to be able to still watch amongst other activities. You can also go to the Barton County Fair’s Facebook page at <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BartonCoFair">https://www.facebook.com/BartonCoFair</a> for fun and exciting content!&nbsp;

This year has been challenging for many reasons; and The Barton County Fair falls in that category. With a little ingenuity, willingness to be flexible and the ability to learn new things, we will do our absolute best to celebrate what 4-H is about; the learning process and the journey it takes to get there above all!

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1592579538317.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>This year, the Barton County Fair is going to be quite different. The static exhibits such as foods and crafts are all going to be shown online, not out at the Expo buildings in plain view. Livestock shows will go on, but with a different schedule and with no spectators. This is all in place because of Covid 19 restrictions that needed to be in place in May to even be able to plan for a fair.&nbsp;Before Covid sent us all to our homes, most 4H’ers were already hard at work so their projects would be them ready at Fair time. For example, in order to participate in the 4-H Market Beef show, that animal needs to be weighed and tagged by the Extension office. The weigh in date for 2020 was back on February 29th.&nbsp; (This is just one beef project).&nbsp; For a Foods project, the 4-H’er should be learning about the project and cooking all year long. Art projects are worked on for the entire year at times, and to get the perfect snowstorm picture, you need to have snow. Fair is the culmination of their yearlong hard work, and it is meant to celebrate the 4H’ers and what they have learned along the way.&nbsp;For 2020, even though you cannot come out to the Expo grounds to view all of the finished projects, you can still help celebrate the children and their hard efforts. There will be several avenues to be able to view their projects. On flipgrid.com, you can search for 4-H Public Showcase with the flip code “btcofair” to view some of the virtual videos of the 4Hers and their projects! You can also visit the Barton County Fair website at bartoncountyfair.com. Facebook will also be busy with livestreaming! <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ksrecottonwood">https://www.facebook.com/ksrecottonwood</a> will livestream the livestock shows for people to be able to still watch amongst other activities. You can also go to the Barton County Fair’s Facebook page at <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BartonCoFair">https://www.facebook.com/BartonCoFair</a> for fun and exciting content!&nbsp;This year has been challenging for many reasons; and The Barton County Fair falls in that category. With a little ingenuity, willingness to be flexible and the ability to learn new things, we will do our absolute best to celebrate what 4-H is about; the learning process and the journey it takes to get there above all!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.

BOOR: Big changes at Barton Co. Fair in 2020

By BERNY UNRUH K-State Research &amp; Extension

Calling all Ellis County bakers! Join us at the Ellis County Fair for the King Arthur Flour contest. It has some great prizes in both the youth and the adult division.&nbsp; The rules and guidelines for this contest and all the other opportunities can be found at <a href="http://www.ellisco.net">www.ellisco.net</a>&nbsp; Look under Government and then under Ellis County Fair and “4-H Events” to find the Open Class portion of the fair book.&nbsp;

All fair entries must be pre-entered in advance at <a href="http://www.fairentry.com">www.fairentry.com</a> by Monday, July 6. This will allow entry cards to be printed and ready for you when you arrive to enter your exhibits.&nbsp; At the FairEntry website, search for Ellis County Fair in Kansas then set up your account using your email address and a password. You will receive email confirmation that your entry has been received.&nbsp;

For the King Arthur Flour baking competition, the exhibitor must bring the opened bag of King Arthur Flour OR submit a UPC label from the bag when the entry is made at the fair. The contestants will bake bar cookies from a recipe of their choosing. Bar cookies are baked in a shallow pan and they should be cut into 2”x 2” bars when cool.&nbsp; Place 3 bar cookies on a disposable plate or covered cardboard, then cover it with a plastic bag and secure it closed and bring it to the fair. Don’t forget to bring the recipe on entry day. Open class foods entries must be brought to the Fairgrounds exhibit hall between 8 and 9 am on Tuesday, July 14th.&nbsp; &nbsp;

Another opportunity to share your baking skills is the Special Class challenge that is open to anyone who wants to get in on the fun.&nbsp; The theme for this year is “A dozen of your favorite cookies”. The prizes awarded in this class include, “bragging rights”, your name added to the traveling trophy and a chance to taste the competitor’s entries. The judging for this class takes place at the conclusion of the open class foods judging.&nbsp;

So now is the time to plan your fair exhibits and get them entered online by July 6th to make the most of the Ellis County Fair experience. There really is something for everyone at the Ellis County Fair!&nbsp;

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1593190326422.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By BERNY UNRUH K-State Research &amp; ExtensionCalling all Ellis County bakers! Join us at the Ellis County Fair for the King Arthur Flour contest. It has some great prizes in both the youth and the adult division.&nbsp; The rules and guidelines for this contest and all the other opportunities can be found at <a href="http://www.ellisco.net">www.ellisco.net</a>&nbsp; Look under Government and then under Ellis County Fair and “4-H Events” to find the Open Class portion of the fair book.&nbsp;All fair entries must be pre-entered in advance at <a href="http://www.fairentry.com">www.fairentry.com</a> by Monday, July 6. This will allow entry cards to be printed and ready for you when you arrive to enter your exhibits.&nbsp; At the FairEntry website, search for Ellis County Fair in Kansas then set up your account using your email address and a password. You will receive email confirmation that your entry has been received.&nbsp;For the King Arthur Flour baking competition, the exhibitor must bring the opened bag of King Arthur Flour OR submit a UPC label from the bag when the entry is made at the fair. The contestants will bake bar cookies from a recipe of their choosing. Bar cookies are baked in a shallow pan and they should be cut into 2”x 2” bars when cool.&nbsp; Place 3 bar cookies on a disposable plate or covered cardboard, then cover it with a plastic bag and secure it closed and bring it to the fair. Don’t forget to bring the recipe on entry day. Open class foods entries must be brought to the Fairgrounds exhibit hall between 8 and 9 am on Tuesday, July 14th.&nbsp; &nbsp;Another opportunity to share your baking skills is the Special Class challenge that is open to anyone who wants to get in on the fun.&nbsp; The theme for this year is “A dozen of your favorite cookies”. The prizes awarded in this class include, “bragging rights”, your name added to the traveling trophy and a chance to taste the competitor’s entries. The judging for this class takes place at the conclusion of the open class foods judging.&nbsp;So now is the time to plan your fair exhibits and get them entered online by July 6th to make the most of the Ellis County Fair experience. There really is something for everyone at the Ellis County Fair!&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

Ellis County Fair will feature special contests

While uprooted trees and downed power lines caused a lot of damage in the Father’s Day storm that hit Great Bend, it could have been so much worse. I must admit it was a little scary sitting at the dining room table watching significant sized tree limbs fall from our previously well-shaped locust tree. Our power was just off a couple of hours which is a real testament to the power company workers who jumped into high gear and worked tirelessly to restore service.&nbsp;

Not everyone had their power restored so quickly so today I want to share some tips related to food safety during power outages. The temperature and sanitation of food storage areas is crucial to preventing bacterial growth, and severe weather and other emergencies can compromise this. Knowing what to do in these instances can minimize the need to throw away food and the risk of getting sick.

Before the power goes out, have coolers and frozen gel packs or ice on hand to keep refrigerated food cold if the power will be out for more than 4 hours. When the power goes out, keep the refrigerator and freezer doors closed as much as possible. A refrigerator will keep food cold for about 4 hours if you keep the door closed. A full freezer will keep its temperature for about 48 hours (24 hours if half-full).

After the power returns, you will need to evaluate each item separately. When in doubt, throw it out. With frozen food, check for ice crystals. The food in your freezer that partially or completely thaws may be safely refrozen if it still contains ice crystals or is 40 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Discard any food that has an unusual odor, color, or texture, or feels warm to the touch. Never taste a food to determine its safety. Realize too, that while re-freezing foods that still contain ice crystals may be safe to consume, often times the quality of the food product is reduced.

There is an excellent website, Foodsafety.gov that has a list of common foods stored in the refrigerator and freezer with specific guidelines. It would be handy to print it off and keep it close by for the next time the power goes off.

As households get back to normal following the last round of severe weather, remember we’re right in the middle of summer storm season. The neatest thing I saw happen following last weeks’ storm was the number of neighbors helping neighbors with the cleaning up and hauling off of tree debris. So during this time of so much uncertainty, it is good to see the spirit of our Central Kansas communities is stronger than ever!&nbsp;

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578680101176.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>While uprooted trees and downed power lines caused a lot of damage in the Father’s Day storm that hit Great Bend, it could have been so much worse. I must admit it was a little scary sitting at the dining room table watching significant sized tree limbs fall from our previously well-shaped locust tree. Our power was just off a couple of hours which is a real testament to the power company workers who jumped into high gear and worked tirelessly to restore service.&nbsp;Not everyone had their power restored so quickly so today I want to share some tips related to food safety during power outages. The temperature and sanitation of food storage areas is crucial to preventing bacterial growth, and severe weather and other emergencies can compromise this. Knowing what to do in these instances can minimize the need to throw away food and the risk of getting sick.Before the power goes out, have coolers and frozen gel packs or ice on hand to keep refrigerated food cold if the power will be out for more than 4 hours. When the power goes out, keep the refrigerator and freezer doors closed as much as possible. A refrigerator will keep food cold for about 4 hours if you keep the door closed. A full freezer will keep its temperature for about 48 hours (24 hours if half-full).After the power returns, you will need to evaluate each item separately. When in doubt, throw it out. With frozen food, check for ice crystals. The food in your freezer that partially or completely thaws may be safely refrozen if it still contains ice crystals or is 40 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Discard any food that has an unusual odor, color, or texture, or feels warm to the touch. Never taste a food to determine its safety. Realize too, that while re-freezing foods that still contain ice crystals may be safe to consume, often times the quality of the food product is reduced.There is an excellent website, Foodsafety.gov that has a list of common foods stored in the refrigerator and freezer with specific guidelines. It would be handy to print it off and keep it close by for the next time the power goes off.As households get back to normal following the last round of severe weather, remember we’re right in the middle of summer storm season. The neatest thing I saw happen following last weeks’ storm was the number of neighbors helping neighbors with the cleaning up and hauling off of tree debris. So during this time of so much uncertainty, it is good to see the spirit of our Central Kansas communities is stronger than ever!&nbsp;Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>.

KRUG: Food safety following a power outage

Some of them are creepy and crawly. Others can be vicious blood-suckers. Still others slowly whittle away at the wood in your home. But one thing homeowners know about all of the pests they may find is they would rather do without them.

This time of year, that’s nearly impossible, said Kansas State University entomologist Jeff Whitworth, who notes that many of the most common household pests become more active after March each year.

“Arthropods – insects, mites, spiders and others – are our No. 1 competitors for food and fiber, including wooden structures,” Whitworth said. “So, it behooves all of us to know as much as possible about these competitors so that we know which one’s are pests, which one’s are helping us, and the vast majority of which just occupy ecological niches that do not affect us.”

Whitworth is a co-author of the K-State Research and Extension publication,&nbsp;<a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3291.pdf">Household Pests of Kansas</a>, a 112-page guide to the most common pests in the Sunflower State.

“This book will help folks identify pests, or identify that the bug they have found is not a pest,” Whitworth said. “If it is a pest to be concerned about, they can read a little about what to expect and how to best get rid of them or keep them out of the house.”

Termites are one of the most worrisome insects for homeowners.

“It’s been said that every wooden structure has had, has, or will have an infestation of these wood-destroying insects,” said Whitworth, noting that termites have “swarmed a little later this year than usual.”

He added that&nbsp;Household Pests in Kansas&nbsp;includes a good description of how to tell the difference between termites and ants, and a recommendation to call a pest control professional as soon as you realize you have termites.

Some of the many pests that Whitworth said homeowners should be aware of include:

Most household pests are inactive from October through March, Whitworth said, though a few “pantry pests” stay active during that time because they feed on stored foods that are generally kept at temperatures of 50 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. “Cockroaches and bed bugs can certainly be active year-round, anywhere that temperatures are above 50 F,” he said.

In addition to his publication, Whitworth said two other books –&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S131.pdf">Insects in Kansas</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S152.pdf">Crop Insects in Kansas</a>&nbsp;– will help homeowners identify pests.

“Your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/stateandareamaps.html">local extension office</a>&nbsp;can also help,” he said. “Take the best, close-up photos you can, from several angles, and place something beside the specimen so the person making the identification can get an idea of size. You can also take the actual specimen in as good of condition as possible to the local extension office.”

When pest control measures are warranted, Whitworth recommended contacting an established company. “Get several estimates and each company’s tactic to manage your problem,” he said. “They will be different, but they will probably be happy to provide a free estimate. Don’t forget to get a warranty or guarantee, because they should provide these.”

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1592579538317.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Some of them are creepy and crawly. Others can be vicious blood-suckers. Still others slowly whittle away at the wood in your home. But one thing homeowners know about all of the pests they may find is they would rather do without them.This time of year, that’s nearly impossible, said Kansas State University entomologist Jeff Whitworth, who notes that many of the most common household pests become more active after March each year.“Arthropods – insects, mites, spiders and others – are our No. 1 competitors for food and fiber, including wooden structures,” Whitworth said. “So, it behooves all of us to know as much as possible about these competitors so that we know which one’s are pests, which one’s are helping us, and the vast majority of which just occupy ecological niches that do not affect us.”Whitworth is a co-author of the K-State Research and Extension publication,&nbsp;<a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3291.pdf">Household Pests of Kansas</a>, a 112-page guide to the most common pests in the Sunflower State.“This book will help folks identify pests, or identify that the bug they have found is not a pest,” Whitworth said. “If it is a pest to be concerned about, they can read a little about what to expect and how to best get rid of them or keep them out of the house.”Termites are one of the most worrisome insects for homeowners.“It’s been said that every wooden structure has had, has, or will have an infestation of these wood-destroying insects,” said Whitworth, noting that termites have “swarmed a little later this year than usual.”He added that&nbsp;Household Pests in Kansas&nbsp;includes a good description of how to tell the difference between termites and ants, and a recommendation to call a pest control professional as soon as you realize you have termites.Some of the many pests that Whitworth said homeowners should be aware of include:<ul>
 <li>Mosquitos and ticks.&nbsp;Aside from being blood-sucking nuisances, both can vector diseases.</li><li>Spiders.&nbsp;Most are harmless, but often scare homeowners. All spiders are poisonous but only two – the black widow and brown recluse – may require medical attention for both animals and humans.</li><li>Ants.&nbsp;They are mostly just a nuisance, constantly on the search for food scraps. The exception is the carpenter ant, which may start living in soft woods, insulation or other areas.</li><li>Carpenter bees.&nbsp;These are “always” a nuisance in late June to mid-July, Whitworth said. They don’t eat wood, but do tunnel and nest in it. The males have a habit of “dive-bombing” humans who approach their nests before the females have mated.</li>
 </ul>Most household pests are inactive from October through March, Whitworth said, though a few “pantry pests” stay active during that time because they feed on stored foods that are generally kept at temperatures of 50 degrees Fahrenheit or higher. “Cockroaches and bed bugs can certainly be active year-round, anywhere that temperatures are above 50 F,” he said.In addition to his publication, Whitworth said two other books –&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S131.pdf">Insects in Kansas</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S152.pdf">Crop Insects in Kansas</a>&nbsp;– will help homeowners identify pests.“Your&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/stateandareamaps.html">local extension office</a>&nbsp;can also help,” he said. “Take the best, close-up photos you can, from several angles, and place something beside the specimen so the person making the identification can get an idea of size. You can also take the actual specimen in as good of condition as possible to the local extension office.”When pest control measures are warranted, Whitworth recommended contacting an established company. “Get several estimates and each company’s tactic to manage your problem,” he said. “They will be different, but they will probably be happy to provide a free estimate. Don’t forget to get a warranty or guarantee, because they should provide these.”Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Troublesome pests crawling out of the woodwork

BELLE PLAINE, Kan. (AP) — More than a century after the arrival of the railroads to the Flint Hills of Kansas, a large-scale track expansion is tearing up a scenic stretch in some of the last remaining tallgrass prairie left in the nation.

The multiyear project by BNSF Railway to build a second main line of track in Kansas got little public attention until construction this year on a nearly 42-mile stretch of track that the railroad is laying from Ellinor to El Dorado. Located south of the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, the new line will run alongside much of Highway 177, a national scenic byway through the Flint Hills.

The work is occurring along the railroad’s right-of-way and 19 parcels of land it is acquiring, BNSF spokeswoman Amy Casas said in an email.

The project involves eight minor wetland fills, realignment of streams at three locations, seven new bridges and 36 culvert extensions, according to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers documents.

When Wichita resident Clayton Jamison and his wife traveled to Cottonwood Falls in late May, he was shocked as they came over a rise in the road a few miles north of Cassoday and saw the size of the excavation.

“It looked like a bomb went off,” Jamison said.

At one time, 150 million acres of tallgrass prairie stretched from Texas to Canada. Today only 4% of that ecosystem survives, with the largest piece in the Flint Hills, according to the Flint Hills Learning Center.

The Flint Hills, once an ancient inland seaway, has very shallow soil and hard limestone rocks that kept settlers from plowing it. Tallgrass prairie grasses grow up to 10 feet (3 meters) tall, with roots that extend up to 15 feet (4.5 meters) deep. Its ecosystem supports threatened species like prairie chickens.

“Up there that is a special place,” Jamison said of the Flint Hills. “It is just one of those things that have been that way for millennium times. It hasn’t changed a lot.”

BNSF said its earth moving is only temporary and that it will restore the area and plant native grass as required by its state construction stormwater permit and in “voluntary consultation” with The Nature Conservancy.

“We are also a big supporter of the ongoing efforts to preserve the tall grass prairie of the Flint Hills,” Casas wrote, noting donations the railroad has made to such efforts.

The Nature Conservancy said in an email that its land protection director is scheduled to look at the rail expansion project with BNSF next week.

“It’s always unfortunate to lose more native prairie, especially in the Flint Hills, which is the last uninterrupted expanse of tallgrass prairie in North America,” said Laura Rose Clawson, spokeswoman for The Nature Conservancy. “We understand the necessity of BNSF’s expansion project, but we hope they take steps to mitigate this loss of prairie.”

No environmental impact statement or public notice was required because the work is allowed under an existing nationwide permit, said Mark Frazier, regulatory branch chief for the Corps of Engineers’ Kansas City district.

The Corps, which has jurisdiction over U.S. waters, considered the impacts of each of the project’s 42 water crossings separately, Frazier said.

But even if federal regulators had considered the Flint Hills rail expansion as a single project, Frazier does not believe an environmental impact statement would have been required.

“When you consider them as separate projects the way we did for these permits, most of the impacts were temporary to allow for construction. Then they will be restored once they are done working,” said Sarah Reznicek, the Corps’ regulatory project manager who handled its review.

The expansion is being done to help with the transportation of consumer goods. BNSF said the project supports its customers’ growth. It noted that the railroad has invested about $815 million in Kansas during the last five years to maintain the railroad and expand it where needed.

Officials in the area say most of the complaints they have heard are from visitors, not locals.

“It’s not bothering us,” Chase County Register of Deeds Kathy Swift said.

BELLE PLAINE, Kan. (AP) — More than a century after the arrival of the railroads to the Flint Hills of Kansas, a large-scale track expansion is tearing up a scenic stretch in some of the last remaining tallgrass prairie left in the nation.The multiyear project by BNSF Railway to build a second main line of track in Kansas got little public attention until construction this year on a nearly 42-mile stretch of track that the railroad is laying from Ellinor to El Dorado. Located south of the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, the new line will run alongside much of Highway 177, a national scenic byway through the Flint Hills.The work is occurring along the railroad’s right-of-way and 19 parcels of land it is acquiring, BNSF spokeswoman Amy Casas said in an email.The project involves eight minor wetland fills, realignment of streams at three locations, seven new bridges and 36 culvert extensions, according to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers documents.When Wichita resident Clayton Jamison and his wife traveled to Cottonwood Falls in late May, he was shocked as they came over a rise in the road a few miles north of Cassoday and saw the size of the excavation.“It looked like a bomb went off,” Jamison said.At one time, 150 million acres of tallgrass prairie stretched from Texas to Canada. Today only 4% of that ecosystem survives, with the largest piece in the Flint Hills, according to the Flint Hills Learning Center.The Flint Hills, once an ancient inland seaway, has very shallow soil and hard limestone rocks that kept settlers from plowing it. Tallgrass prairie grasses grow up to 10 feet (3 meters) tall, with roots that extend up to 15 feet (4.5 meters) deep. Its ecosystem supports threatened species like prairie chickens.“Up there that is a special place,” Jamison said of the Flint Hills. “It is just one of those things that have been that way for millennium times. It hasn’t changed a lot.”BNSF said its earth moving is only temporary and that it will restore the area and plant native grass as required by its state construction stormwater permit and in “voluntary consultation” with The Nature Conservancy.“We are also a big supporter of the ongoing efforts to preserve the tall grass prairie of the Flint Hills,” Casas wrote, noting donations the railroad has made to such efforts.The Nature Conservancy said in an email that its land protection director is scheduled to look at the rail expansion project with BNSF next week.“It’s always unfortunate to lose more native prairie, especially in the Flint Hills, which is the last uninterrupted expanse of tallgrass prairie in North America,” said Laura Rose Clawson, spokeswoman for The Nature Conservancy. “We understand the necessity of BNSF’s expansion project, but we hope they take steps to mitigate this loss of prairie.”No environmental impact statement or public notice was required because the work is allowed under an existing nationwide permit, said Mark Frazier, regulatory branch chief for the Corps of Engineers’ Kansas City district.The Corps, which has jurisdiction over U.S. waters, considered the impacts of each of the project’s 42 water crossings separately, Frazier said.But even if federal regulators had considered the Flint Hills rail expansion as a single project, Frazier does not believe an environmental impact statement would have been required.“When you consider them as separate projects the way we did for these permits, most of the impacts were temporary to allow for construction. Then they will be restored once they are done working,” said Sarah Reznicek, the Corps’ regulatory project manager who handled its review.The expansion is being done to help with the transportation of consumer goods. BNSF said the project supports its customers’ growth. It noted that the railroad has invested about $815 million in Kansas during the last five years to maintain the railroad and expand it where needed.Officials in the area say most of the complaints they have heard are from visitors, not locals.“It’s not bothering us,” Chase County Register of Deeds Kathy Swift said.

Major railroad expansion tearing up Flint Hills in Kansas

The winter of 2019-2020 was not as harsh as the previous winter, but there were still conditions that resulted in negative impacts on cattle, particularly calves. One indication of the winter weather impacts was the number of requests for Mesonet data to document losses under the Livestock Indemnity Program.

The switch from cool spring conditions to very warm temperatures brings up the other side of stress to cattle. A comprehensive tool on the weather impacts should prove useful for future events. Besides cold weather stress, this tool also helps assess the response to excessive heat and humidity.

Actual animal response to temperature stress will be dependent on a number of factors not accounted for in the index. Those include, but are not limited to: age, hair coat (winter vs summer; wet vs dry, health, body condition, micro-environment, and acclimatization.

Users can access this tool from either the main Mesonet page by selecting from the drop down menu, Agriculture, and then Comfort Index; or directly from:&nbsp;<a href="http://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">http://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/</a>

Understanding the Comfort Index

Building on the Comprehensive Comfort Index, produced at University of Nebraska, this tool illustrates the impact of both extremes of hot and cold. The index is unique in that it includes, in addition to air temperature and relative humidity, effects of wind speed and solar radiation. Development and validation of the index used data from beef and dairy cattle. The map indicates where current conditions fit on the scale.&nbsp;

On the “About” page, there is a description of the values on the scale and their potential impact. There is also a link to the publications used to produce the page. For more information on navigating this resource, users can select a page tour from the main animal comfort page located at the top of the featured map.

A particularly useful resource is the chart feature. This allows you to monitor how conditions have fluctuated over the past week.&nbsp; Since stress impacts can be cumulative, having this feature allows producers to evaluate management requirements.

The current heat trend that we have been experiencing can be hard on your livestock. By using the comfort index tool, you can have a good idea of the stress they are under to better monitor the risks and be prepared. For any assistance with the tool, you can contact me at the office in Great Bend.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1592579538317.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The winter of 2019-2020 was not as harsh as the previous winter, but there were still conditions that resulted in negative impacts on cattle, particularly calves. One indication of the winter weather impacts was the number of requests for Mesonet data to document losses under the Livestock Indemnity Program.The switch from cool spring conditions to very warm temperatures brings up the other side of stress to cattle. A comprehensive tool on the weather impacts should prove useful for future events. Besides cold weather stress, this tool also helps assess the response to excessive heat and humidity.Actual animal response to temperature stress will be dependent on a number of factors not accounted for in the index. Those include, but are not limited to: age, hair coat (winter vs summer; wet vs dry, health, body condition, micro-environment, and acclimatization.Users can access this tool from either the main Mesonet page by selecting from the drop down menu, Agriculture, and then Comfort Index; or directly from:&nbsp;<a href="http://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">http://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/</a>Understanding the Comfort IndexBuilding on the Comprehensive Comfort Index, produced at University of Nebraska, this tool illustrates the impact of both extremes of hot and cold. The index is unique in that it includes, in addition to air temperature and relative humidity, effects of wind speed and solar radiation. Development and validation of the index used data from beef and dairy cattle. The map indicates where current conditions fit on the scale.&nbsp;On the “About” page, there is a description of the values on the scale and their potential impact. There is also a link to the publications used to produce the page. For more information on navigating this resource, users can select a page tour from the main animal comfort page located at the top of the featured map.Tracking conditionsA particularly useful resource is the chart feature. This allows you to monitor how conditions have fluctuated over the past week.&nbsp; Since stress impacts can be cumulative, having this feature allows producers to evaluate management requirements.The current heat trend that we have been experiencing can be hard on your livestock. By using the comfort index tool, you can have a good idea of the stress they are under to better monitor the risks and be prepared. For any assistance with the tool, you can contact me at the office in Great Bend.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Cattle comfort index

Today, the word ‘Mindfulness” is attached to almost everything we do. Becoming more aware of our eating, walking, or moving in general can be considered mindfulness. We had to cancel the classes we had scheduled in April due to COVID-19 but since the ban for our face-to-face meetings will be lifted July 4th, it is the perfect time to consider signing up for a class that focuses on mindfulness, offered through the Great Bend Recreation Commission.

Mindful Meditation with Do-In (pronounced doe-een) is being offered on Tuesdays and Thursdays, July 14th through the 30th. The 6 one-hour classes will be held at 10:00 AM at the Great Bend Activity Center, 2715 18th Street. The Mindful Meditation and Do-In classes begin with a short guided meditation designed to help you focus on the present moment. Too often our emotions or worries get in the way of letting us relax and take a deep breath. The Do-In exercises that follow the meditation are exercises for health. The exercises are suitable for people of any age and anyone who may be dealing with a chronic condition. The focus is on imagery, breathing and relaxation when performing Do-In exercises. Participants in the two sessions we led last fall had many positive comments.

My husband, John, who is a retired Chiropractor certified in Acupuncture, helps to lead the class. There is a $10 charge for this workshop that is payable to the Cottonwood Extension District. Call me at (620)793-1910 or e-mail me at <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a> to sign up for this fun class.

Update on our Cottonwood Office Protocols

While both the Hays and Great Bend offices are open once again, we must remain vigilant to keep safety of the participants, volunteers and public a top priority. If the business you need to conduct with our office can be done over the phone or e-mail, please consider that. When coming to our office we are asking everyone to use cloth face coverings and maintain a 6 foot distance with others as much as possible. We look forward to answering your questions so please stay in touch!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574802720194.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Today, the word ‘Mindfulness” is attached to almost everything we do. Becoming more aware of our eating, walking, or moving in general can be considered mindfulness. We had to cancel the classes we had scheduled in April due to COVID-19 but since the ban for our face-to-face meetings will be lifted July 4th, it is the perfect time to consider signing up for a class that focuses on mindfulness, offered through the Great Bend Recreation Commission.Mindful Meditation with Do-In (pronounced doe-een) is being offered on Tuesdays and Thursdays, July 14th through the 30th. The 6 one-hour classes will be held at 10:00 AM at the Great Bend Activity Center, 2715 18th Street. The Mindful Meditation and Do-In classes begin with a short guided meditation designed to help you focus on the present moment. Too often our emotions or worries get in the way of letting us relax and take a deep breath. The Do-In exercises that follow the meditation are exercises for health. The exercises are suitable for people of any age and anyone who may be dealing with a chronic condition. The focus is on imagery, breathing and relaxation when performing Do-In exercises. Participants in the two sessions we led last fall had many positive comments.My husband, John, who is a retired Chiropractor certified in Acupuncture, helps to lead the class. There is a $10 charge for this workshop that is payable to the Cottonwood Extension District. Call me at (620)793-1910 or e-mail me at <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a> to sign up for this fun class.Update on our Cottonwood Office ProtocolsWhile both the Hays and Great Bend offices are open once again, we must remain vigilant to keep safety of the participants, volunteers and public a top priority. If the business you need to conduct with our office can be done over the phone or e-mail, please consider that. When coming to our office we are asking everyone to use cloth face coverings and maintain a 6 foot distance with others as much as possible. We look forward to answering your questions so please stay in touch!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Including mindfulness in your daily routine

As the summer temperatures rise, safe food handling when eating outdoors becomes even more critical. As food heats up in summer temperatures the bacteria multiplies rapidly. Here are some simple food safety guidelines for transporting your food and serving it safely once you've arrived at the picnic spot.&nbsp;

Keeping food at proper temperatures is critical to preventing the growth of foodborne bacteria. The key is to never let your picnic food remain in the "Danger Zone" — between 40° F and 140° F — for more than 2 hours, or 1 hour if outdoor temperatures are above 90° F. This is when bacteria in food can multiply rapidly, and lead to foodborne illness.

Cold perishable food should be kept in the cooler at 40°F or below until serving time. Place cold food in a cooler with ice or frozen gel packs. Pack beverages in one cooler and perishable food in another. That way, as picnickers open and reopen the beverage cooler to replenish their drinks, the perishable foods won’t be exposed to warm outdoor air temperatures. Foods in individual serving dishes can be placed directly on ice, or in a shallow container set in a deep pan filled with ice. Drain off water as ice melts and replace ice frequently. Once you've served it, food should not sit out for longer than 2 hours, or 1 hour if the outdoor temperature is above 90°F. If it does - discard it.

Hot food should be kept hot, at or above 140°F. Hot food should be wrapped well and placed it in an insulated container until serving.&nbsp; Grilled food can be kept hot until served by moving it to the side of the grill rack, just away from the coals. This keeps it hot but prevents overcooking. Don’t forget to pack your food thermometer. Always use it to be sure your food is cooked thoroughly.&nbsp;

When serving, never re-use a plate or utensils that previously held raw meat, poultry, or seafood for serving — unless they’ve been washed first in hot, soapy water.&nbsp; Otherwise, you can spread bacteria from the raw juices to your cooked or ready-to-eat food. In storage, be sure to keep raw meat, poultry, and seafood securely wrapped. This keeps their juices from contaminating prepared/cooked foods or foods that will be eaten raw, such as fruits and vegetables.

If you don’t have access to running water, simply use a water jug, some soap, and paper towels. Or, use moist disposable towelettes for cleaning your hands. If you desire, follow this with a hand sanitizer but not instead of cleaning your hands.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>As the summer temperatures rise, safe food handling when eating outdoors becomes even more critical. As food heats up in summer temperatures the bacteria multiplies rapidly. Here are some simple food safety guidelines for transporting your food and serving it safely once you've arrived at the picnic spot.&nbsp;Keeping food at proper temperatures is critical to preventing the growth of foodborne bacteria. The key is to never let your picnic food remain in the "Danger Zone" — between 40° F and 140° F — for more than 2 hours, or 1 hour if outdoor temperatures are above 90° F. This is when bacteria in food can multiply rapidly, and lead to foodborne illness.Cold perishable food should be kept in the cooler at 40°F or below until serving time. Place cold food in a cooler with ice or frozen gel packs. Pack beverages in one cooler and perishable food in another. That way, as picnickers open and reopen the beverage cooler to replenish their drinks, the perishable foods won’t be exposed to warm outdoor air temperatures. Foods in individual serving dishes can be placed directly on ice, or in a shallow container set in a deep pan filled with ice. Drain off water as ice melts and replace ice frequently. Once you've served it, food should not sit out for longer than 2 hours, or 1 hour if the outdoor temperature is above 90°F. If it does - discard it.Hot food should be kept hot, at or above 140°F. Hot food should be wrapped well and placed it in an insulated container until serving.&nbsp; Grilled food can be kept hot until served by moving it to the side of the grill rack, just away from the coals. This keeps it hot but prevents overcooking. Don’t forget to pack your food thermometer. Always use it to be sure your food is cooked thoroughly.&nbsp;When serving, never re-use a plate or utensils that previously held raw meat, poultry, or seafood for serving — unless they’ve been washed first in hot, soapy water.&nbsp; Otherwise, you can spread bacteria from the raw juices to your cooked or ready-to-eat food. In storage, be sure to keep raw meat, poultry, and seafood securely wrapped. This keeps their juices from contaminating prepared/cooked foods or foods that will be eaten raw, such as fruits and vegetables.If you don’t have access to running water, simply use a water jug, some soap, and paper towels. Or, use moist disposable towelettes for cleaning your hands. If you desire, follow this with a hand sanitizer but not instead of cleaning your hands.	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Picnic food safety

Thatch control for cool-season lawn grasses such as bluegrass and tall fescue is usually done in the fall, but now is the time we should perform this operation for warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass and zoysiagrass. 

Because these operations thin the lawn, they should be performed when the lawn is in the best position to recover. For warm-season grasses that time is June through July. Buffalograss, our other common warm-season grass, normally does not need to be dethatched. 
 
When thatch is less than one-half inch thick, there is little cause for concern; on the contrary, it may provide some protection to the crown (growing point) of the turfgrass. However, when thatch exceeds one-half inch in thickness, the lawn may start to deteriorate. Thatch is best kept in check by power-raking and/or core-aerating.

If thatch is more than 3/4 inch thick, the lawn should be power-raked. Set the blades just deep enough to pull out the thatch. The lawn can be severely damaged by power-raking too deeply. In some cases, it may be easier to use a sod cutter to remove the existing sod and start over with seed, sprigs or plugs. 
 
If thatch is between one-half and a 3/4- inch, thick, core-aeration is a better choice. The soil-moisture level is important to do a good job of core-aerating. It should be neither too wet nor too dry, and the soil should crumble fairly easily when worked between your fingers. Go over the lawn enough times so that the aeration holes are about 2 inches apart.&nbsp; 
 
Excessive thatch accumulation can be prevented by not over-fertilizing with nitrogen. Frequent, light watering also encourages thatch. Water only when needed, and attempt to wet the entire root zone of the turf with each irrigation. 
 
Finally, where thatch is excessive, control should be viewed as a long-term, integrated process (i.e., to include proper mowing, watering, and fertilizing) rather than a one-shot cure. One power-raking or core-aeration will seldom solve the problem.

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Thatch control for cool-season lawn grasses such as bluegrass and tall fescue is usually done in the fall, but now is the time we should perform this operation for warm-season turfgrasses such as bermudagrass and zoysiagrass. Because these operations thin the lawn, they should be performed when the lawn is in the best position to recover. For warm-season grasses that time is June through July. Buffalograss, our other common warm-season grass, normally does not need to be dethatched. 
 
When thatch is less than one-half inch thick, there is little cause for concern; on the contrary, it may provide some protection to the crown (growing point) of the turfgrass. However, when thatch exceeds one-half inch in thickness, the lawn may start to deteriorate. Thatch is best kept in check by power-raking and/or core-aerating. If thatch is more than 3/4 inch thick, the lawn should be power-raked. Set the blades just deep enough to pull out the thatch. The lawn can be severely damaged by power-raking too deeply. In some cases, it may be easier to use a sod cutter to remove the existing sod and start over with seed, sprigs or plugs. 
 
If thatch is between one-half and a 3/4- inch, thick, core-aeration is a better choice. The soil-moisture level is important to do a good job of core-aerating. It should be neither too wet nor too dry, and the soil should crumble fairly easily when worked between your fingers. Go over the lawn enough times so that the aeration holes are about 2 inches apart.&nbsp; 
 
Excessive thatch accumulation can be prevented by not over-fertilizing with nitrogen. Frequent, light watering also encourages thatch. Water only when needed, and attempt to wet the entire root zone of the turf with each irrigation. 
 
Finally, where thatch is excessive, control should be viewed as a long-term, integrated process (i.e., to include proper mowing, watering, and fertilizing) rather than a one-shot cure. One power-raking or core-aeration will seldom solve the problem.Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Thatch control in warm-season lawns

There is a lot going on in our world right now and this is probably 
the most serious topic you will ever hear me address. I have been quiet 
about the things on my heart because I was afraid my words were not 
“right enough,” so please know that my words come from a place of love 
and compassion for all those around me.

My heart aches for the turmoil in our households, our communities and our world.

My heart aches for members of our communities that feel marginalized, distrusted and not valued.

My
 heart aches for my nephew (yep D – we’ll keep you forever) and the 
thought that he might fear for his job, his safety, his life because of 
his skin color.

My heart aches that ANY 4-H member in my contact 
might feel not valued, not heard, not recognized for their distinct 
perspective.

My heart aches for law enforcement officers who do 
the right thing and stand up for justice, and display compassion for 
their communities.

My heart aches for those who feel that violence is the only way to be seen and heard.

My heart aches for those blamed for the violence of others.

My
 heart aches for business owners whose means of providing a living for 
their own families — and employment for those who need it most — may 
be damaged.

My heart aches for too many people of color who have been thrown aside.

As
 a mom, I hate that I had to raise my daughter to not go places by 
herself because it wasn’t safe. My heart aches for the mommas of color 
who have to teach this to their children at a much deeper level.

My
 faith tells me to “love my neighbor” but it doesn’t allow me to pick 
and choose who those neighbors are. I know that my words only scratch 
the surface but know that they are from my heart and in love for my 
neighbors.

My heart aches for all of us who want to help, want to listen, want to make the world better…but don’t know how.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.

Michelle
 Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension 
District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth 
Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1575650994387.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>There is a lot going on in our world right now and this is probably 
the most serious topic you will ever hear me address. I have been quiet 
about the things on my heart because I was afraid my words were not 
“right enough,” so please know that my words come from a place of love 
and compassion for all those around me.My heart aches.My heart aches for the turmoil in our households, our communities and our world.My heart aches for members of our communities that feel marginalized, distrusted and not valued.My
 heart aches for my nephew (yep D – we’ll keep you forever) and the 
thought that he might fear for his job, his safety, his life because of 
his skin color.My heart aches that ANY 4-H member in my contact 
might feel not valued, not heard, not recognized for their distinct 
perspective.My heart aches for law enforcement officers who do 
the right thing and stand up for justice, and display compassion for 
their communities.My heart aches for those who feel that violence is the only way to be seen and heard.My heart aches for those blamed for the violence of others.My
 heart aches for business owners whose means of providing a living for 
their own families — and employment for those who need it most — may 
be damaged.My heart aches for too many people of color who have been thrown aside.As
 a mom, I hate that I had to raise my daughter to not go places by 
herself because it wasn’t safe. My heart aches for the mommas of color 
who have to teach this to their children at a much deeper level.My
 faith tells me to “love my neighbor” but it doesn’t allow me to pick 
and choose who those neighbors are. I know that my words only scratch 
the surface but know that they are from my heart and in love for my 
neighbors.My heart aches for all of us who want to help, want to listen, want to make the world better…but don’t know how.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle
 Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension 
District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth 
Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: 'My heart aches for ...'

By ALICIA BOOR K-State Research &amp; Extension

Some exciting news was announced to K-State Research and Extension last week! K-State Athletics will host our first “Celebrate Agriculture Day” with K-State Football this fall. While we have always known how important farming and agriculture are to everyone, the past couple of months have highlighted this to the world. Our history as Kansas State Agriculture College is something we recognize and celebrate. 
 
Our designated “Celebrate Agriculture” game is November 7 against Texas Tech, and we are excited to&nbsp;honor one Willie’s Farm Family from each county!

To help us at Extension decide who we will send from our counties, we need your help! We are asking for nominations of a family who farms that you feel deserves to be highlighted on November 7th. To enter a deserving family’s name, submit a short summary of 350 words or less on why you feel that they should win. Nominations are due to our offices by June 23rd with the announcement of the winners on June 30th. For a Barton County nomination, either send your submission in by mail to 1800 12th street in Great Bend or email Brenda at <a href="mailto:bwalton@ksu.edu">bwalton@ksu.edu</a> For an Ellis County nomination, mail it to 601 Main Street in Hays or email to Theresa a <a href="mailto:tam3@ksu.edu">tam3@ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp;

The selected farm family from each county will receive two complimentary tickets to the game with the opportunity to purchase additional discounted tickets and be recognized with all county representatives during the game. The nominated family will receive more information on this program in a follow-up email in July.

Farming and the families that support agriculture are integral to everyone’s life. Please help us at KSRE and KSU honor a family from our community and show football fans why farmers are the best!

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1591218629362.jpeg" alt="Courtesy&nbsp;K-State Research &amp; Extension" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy&nbsp;K-State Research &amp; Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR K-State Research &amp; ExtensionSome exciting news was announced to K-State Research and Extension last week! K-State Athletics will host our first “Celebrate Agriculture Day” with K-State Football this fall. While we have always known how important farming and agriculture are to everyone, the past couple of months have highlighted this to the world. Our history as Kansas State Agriculture College is something we recognize and celebrate. 
 
Our designated “Celebrate Agriculture” game is November 7 against Texas Tech, and we are excited to&nbsp;honor one Willie’s Farm Family from each county!To help us at Extension decide who we will send from our counties, we need your help! We are asking for nominations of a family who farms that you feel deserves to be highlighted on November 7th. To enter a deserving family’s name, submit a short summary of 350 words or less on why you feel that they should win. Nominations are due to our offices by June 23rd with the announcement of the winners on June 30th. For a Barton County nomination, either send your submission in by mail to 1800 12th street in Great Bend or email Brenda at <a href="mailto:bwalton@ksu.edu">bwalton@ksu.edu</a> For an Ellis County nomination, mail it to 601 Main Street in Hays or email to Theresa a <a href="mailto:tam3@ksu.edu">tam3@ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp;The selected farm family from each county will receive two complimentary tickets to the game with the opportunity to purchase additional discounted tickets and be recognized with all county representatives during the game. The nominated family will receive more information on this program in a follow-up email in July.Farming and the families that support agriculture are integral to everyone’s life. Please help us at KSRE and KSU honor a family from our community and show football fans why farmers are the best!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Celebrate agriculture with K-State football

For those of you that have been waiting patiently by reading another book or counting your stockpile of toilet paper, or for some…impatiently; it is time to look for bagworms. Although the cool weather we have experienced this spring will slow development, and consequently larvae hatching from eggs, bagworm caterpillars will eventually be present throughout Kansas feeding on broadleaf and evergreen trees and shrubs. 

Therefore, be prepared to act against bagworms once they are observed on plants. Bagworms are primarily a pest of conifers; however, they feed on a wide-range of host plants including a number of broadleaf plants, such as; rose, honey locust, hackberry, and flowering plum. It is important to apply insecticides when bagworms are less than 1/4 inch long to maximize effectiveness of insecticide applications and subsequently reduce plant damage.

Several insecticides are labeled for use against bagworms including those with the following active ingredients: acephate, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, trichlorfon, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, and spinosad. Most of these active ingredients are commercially available and sold under various trade names or as generic products. However, several insecticides may not be directly available to homeowners.

The key to managing bagworms with insecticides at this time of year is to apply insecticides early and frequently enough to kill the highly susceptible young caterpillars feeding on plant foliage.

Applying insecticides weekly for four to five weeks when bagworms are first noticed will reduce problems with bagworms later in the year. The bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, which is sold under various trade names, is only active on young caterpillars and must be consumed or ingested to be effective. Therefore, thorough coverage of all plant parts and frequent applications are required. The insecticide is sensitive to ultra-violet light degradation and rainfall, which can reduce residual activity (persistence). Spinosad is the active ingredient in several homeowner products, including: Natural Guard Spinosad; Captain Jack’s DeadBug Brew; and Monterey Garden Insect Spray. The insecticide works by contact and ingestion; however, activity is greatest when ingested by bagworms.

Cyfluthrin (BioAdvanced Vegetable &amp; Garden Insect Spray, lambda-cyhalothrin&nbsp; (Spectracide Triazicide, Bonide Caterpillar Killer, trichlorfon, chlorantraniliprole, and indoxacarb can also be used against young caterpillars. Again, thorough coverage of all plant parts, especially the tops of trees and shrubs, where bagworms commonly start feeding, and frequent applications are essential in achieving sufficient suppression of bagworm populations. 

The reason multiple applications are needed is that bagworm larvae do not hatch from eggs simultaneously, but hatch over time depending on temperature. In addition, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ (called ‘ballooning’) from neighboring plants on silken threads. If left unchecked, bagworms can cause significant damage and ruin the aesthetic quality of plants. In addition, bagworms may kill plants, especially newly transplanted small evergreens, since evergreens do not usually produce another flush of growth after being fed upon or defoliated by bagworms.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>For those of you that have been waiting patiently by reading another book or counting your stockpile of toilet paper, or for some…impatiently; it is time to look for bagworms. Although the cool weather we have experienced this spring will slow development, and consequently larvae hatching from eggs, bagworm caterpillars will eventually be present throughout Kansas feeding on broadleaf and evergreen trees and shrubs. Therefore, be prepared to act against bagworms once they are observed on plants. Bagworms are primarily a pest of conifers; however, they feed on a wide-range of host plants including a number of broadleaf plants, such as; rose, honey locust, hackberry, and flowering plum. It is important to apply insecticides when bagworms are less than 1/4 inch long to maximize effectiveness of insecticide applications and subsequently reduce plant damage.Several insecticides are labeled for use against bagworms including those with the following active ingredients: acephate, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, trichlorfon, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, and spinosad. Most of these active ingredients are commercially available and sold under various trade names or as generic products. However, several insecticides may not be directly available to homeowners.The key to managing bagworms with insecticides at this time of year is to apply insecticides early and frequently enough to kill the highly susceptible young caterpillars feeding on plant foliage.Applying insecticides weekly for four to five weeks when bagworms are first noticed will reduce problems with bagworms later in the year. The bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, which is sold under various trade names, is only active on young caterpillars and must be consumed or ingested to be effective. Therefore, thorough coverage of all plant parts and frequent applications are required. The insecticide is sensitive to ultra-violet light degradation and rainfall, which can reduce residual activity (persistence). Spinosad is the active ingredient in several homeowner products, including: Natural Guard Spinosad; Captain Jack’s DeadBug Brew; and Monterey Garden Insect Spray. The insecticide works by contact and ingestion; however, activity is greatest when ingested by bagworms.Cyfluthrin (BioAdvanced Vegetable &amp; Garden Insect Spray, lambda-cyhalothrin&nbsp; (Spectracide Triazicide, Bonide Caterpillar Killer, trichlorfon, chlorantraniliprole, and indoxacarb can also be used against young caterpillars. Again, thorough coverage of all plant parts, especially the tops of trees and shrubs, where bagworms commonly start feeding, and frequent applications are essential in achieving sufficient suppression of bagworm populations. The reason multiple applications are needed is that bagworm larvae do not hatch from eggs simultaneously, but hatch over time depending on temperature. In addition, young bagworms can ‘blow in’ (called ‘ballooning’) from neighboring plants on silken threads. If left unchecked, bagworms can cause significant damage and ruin the aesthetic quality of plants. In addition, bagworms may kill plants, especially newly transplanted small evergreens, since evergreens do not usually produce another flush of growth after being fed upon or defoliated by bagworms.Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Controlling bagworms 

Just as an athlete can experience an injury in competition, so too can a bull when he is turned out in a breeding pasture where his athleticism is going to be tested.

“Bulls will be the busiest in the first month of the breeding season when there are a lot of females coming into heat (estrus,” said Kansas State University veterinarian Bob Larson&nbsp;

“At the beginning of the breeding season, about 5% of the cows that aren’t pregnant will be in heat daily,” Larson said, citing an example of a 1:30 bull to female ratio in which, on average, two cows can be expected to be showing signs of estrus each day.

Because of that, Larson said even if the bulls have passed a breeding soundness exam prior to turnout, producers still need to watch them closely once they are in the pastures with the cows.

Common injuries include lameness due to feet and leg issues as well as a broken penis, which can happen when he is mounting a female and another bull shows aggression towards him. Later in the summer when the flies are more active, pinkeye can be a concern.

“A good time to check the bulls is when you are checking on the salt and mineral in the pastures in the early morning or at dusk,” said Bob Weaber, beef cattle specialist with K-State Research and Extension. “If the bull isn’t with the cows but is off in another part of the pasture laying down that is a concern.”&nbsp;

Weaber added it is important to maintain personal safety when working around bulls.

“Mature bulls can be difficult so it is best to observe them from your ATV, pickup truck or on the back of a horse,” Weaber said.

Lameness is easy to notice when the bull first gets up and begins moving around, Weaber said, while Larson added that a bull with a broken penis will show swelling on his underline right in front of the scrotum.

As the breeding season goes on, the physical demands on the bull should lessen.

“After the first 21 days of the season, producers should expect at least half of the cows to be pregnant,” Larson said. “If it’s a month into the breeding season and you see a lot of cows riding each other, that would be the time to have the veterinarian check on him.”

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Just as an athlete can experience an injury in competition, so too can a bull when he is turned out in a breeding pasture where his athleticism is going to be tested.“Bulls will be the busiest in the first month of the breeding season when there are a lot of females coming into heat (estrus,” said Kansas State University veterinarian Bob Larson&nbsp;“At the beginning of the breeding season, about 5% of the cows that aren’t pregnant will be in heat daily,” Larson said, citing an example of a 1:30 bull to female ratio in which, on average, two cows can be expected to be showing signs of estrus each day.Because of that, Larson said even if the bulls have passed a breeding soundness exam prior to turnout, producers still need to watch them closely once they are in the pastures with the cows.Common injuries include lameness due to feet and leg issues as well as a broken penis, which can happen when he is mounting a female and another bull shows aggression towards him. Later in the summer when the flies are more active, pinkeye can be a concern.“A good time to check the bulls is when you are checking on the salt and mineral in the pastures in the early morning or at dusk,” said Bob Weaber, beef cattle specialist with K-State Research and Extension. “If the bull isn’t with the cows but is off in another part of the pasture laying down that is a concern.”&nbsp;Weaber added it is important to maintain personal safety when working around bulls.“Mature bulls can be difficult so it is best to observe them from your ATV, pickup truck or on the back of a horse,” Weaber said.Lameness is easy to notice when the bull first gets up and begins moving around, Weaber said, while Larson added that a bull with a broken penis will show swelling on his underline right in front of the scrotum.As the breeding season goes on, the physical demands on the bull should lessen.“After the first 21 days of the season, producers should expect at least half of the cows to be pregnant,” Larson said. “If it’s a month into the breeding season and you see a lot of cows riding each other, that would be the time to have the veterinarian check on him.”Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Bull soundness

June is National Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Month so this is the perfect time to add some color to your meals. Many of the early garden crops are showcased at our local farmer’s markets that most likely opened this weekend. More and more choices and varieties will show up as the summer progresses.&nbsp;

It is important to include five to nine fruits and vegetables in your diet every day. For some that is not a difficult task but for many families that is not an easy task due to various reasons. In addition to fresh, fruits and vegetables can be purchased in many ways – canned, frozen and even dried. I have always liked to buy frozen because I can take out the amount that I need and return the bag to the freezer. The very best option is to grow fruits and vegetables yourself. If you have questions about getting your garden growing, don’t hesitate to call the Extension Office and we have Master Gardeners who would be happy to give you a call and give you some encouragement.&nbsp;

I often hear that fresh fruits and vegetables are too expensive. When all the options are compared, they usually cost the least when they are purchased in their fresh form. Prices can vary a lot depending on many factors such as the season, the store and the package size. Sometimes it will seem more expensive to buy a whole melon rather than a cut melon, but your cost per serving will usually end up being lower when you buy the whole melon. Fresh does have more of a risk of spoilage, so be sure to eat it all before it spoils.&nbsp;

If we compare the nutritional value, fruits and vegetables may be the most nutrient dense food of all of the foods in your grocery cart. If we compare a bag of apples to a bag of potato chips there is absolutely no comparison. I think everyone will agree that even if you have to pay a little more for a bag of apples, it is a win-win when nutrition is compared.&nbsp;

From avocados and apples to zucchini and watermelon there are so many fruits and vegetables to choose from. My favorite activity when I visit schools or a summer program is to write the ABC’s on a poster and have the students try to find a fruit or vegetable for every letter of the alphabet. We often have some very creative answers including quiche made with vegetables. Whether you have them as a snack, on a salad or in a smoothie, they will provide your body with the necessary vitamins and fiber. Make it a goal for your family to get at least five fruits and vegetables every day this next week.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>June is National Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Month so this is the perfect time to add some color to your meals. Many of the early garden crops are showcased at our local farmer’s markets that most likely opened this weekend. More and more choices and varieties will show up as the summer progresses.&nbsp;It is important to include five to nine fruits and vegetables in your diet every day. For some that is not a difficult task but for many families that is not an easy task due to various reasons. In addition to fresh, fruits and vegetables can be purchased in many ways – canned, frozen and even dried. I have always liked to buy frozen because I can take out the amount that I need and return the bag to the freezer. The very best option is to grow fruits and vegetables yourself. If you have questions about getting your garden growing, don’t hesitate to call the Extension Office and we have Master Gardeners who would be happy to give you a call and give you some encouragement.&nbsp;I often hear that fresh fruits and vegetables are too expensive. When all the options are compared, they usually cost the least when they are purchased in their fresh form. Prices can vary a lot depending on many factors such as the season, the store and the package size. Sometimes it will seem more expensive to buy a whole melon rather than a cut melon, but your cost per serving will usually end up being lower when you buy the whole melon. Fresh does have more of a risk of spoilage, so be sure to eat it all before it spoils.&nbsp;If we compare the nutritional value, fruits and vegetables may be the most nutrient dense food of all of the foods in your grocery cart. If we compare a bag of apples to a bag of potato chips there is absolutely no comparison. I think everyone will agree that even if you have to pay a little more for a bag of apples, it is a win-win when nutrition is compared.&nbsp;From avocados and apples to zucchini and watermelon there are so many fruits and vegetables to choose from. My favorite activity when I visit schools or a summer program is to write the ABC’s on a poster and have the students try to find a fruit or vegetable for every letter of the alphabet. We often have some very creative answers including quiche made with vegetables. Whether you have them as a snack, on a salad or in a smoothie, they will provide your body with the necessary vitamins and fiber. Make it a goal for your family to get at least five fruits and vegetables every day this next week.	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: National Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Month


At 9:30 a.m. Monday, Cottonwood Extension District will be having a virtual wheat demonstration plot tour for wheat growers in both Ellis and Barton counties, and the supporting ag industries.&nbsp;

To join the event or at a later date, the link is below. To prevent "Zoom bombing," a password is required. Visit&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;for the password or email&nbsp;<a href="mailto:scampbel@ksu.edu">scampbel@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<a href="https://ksu.zoom.us/j/94618047474?pwd=Mzc2NnNVZlBDREE1SUVVbnQvU0JRUT09">https://ksu.zoom.us/j/94618047474?pwd=Mzc2NnNVZlBDREE1SUVVbnQvU0JRUT09</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/5/1590953901180.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>
At 9:30 a.m. Monday, Cottonwood Extension District will be having a virtual wheat demonstration plot tour for wheat growers in both Ellis and Barton counties, and the supporting ag industries.&nbsp;
To join the event or at a later date, the link is below. To prevent "Zoom bombing," a password is required. Visit&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;for the password or email&nbsp;<a href="mailto:scampbel@ksu.edu">scampbel@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;
<a href="https://ksu.zoom.us/j/94618047474?pwd=Mzc2NnNVZlBDREE1SUVVbnQvU0JRUT09">https://ksu.zoom.us/j/94618047474?pwd=Mzc2NnNVZlBDREE1SUVVbnQvU0JRUT09</a>&nbsp;

Extension schedules virtual wheat plot tour on Monday

I just noticed that May was designated as Older Americans Month, so I’ll take advantage of the last day of the month to share some information from Erin Yelland, our Adult Development and Aging specialist at KSU. We are hearing a lot these days about how our seniors may be experiencing loneliness or social isolation. Let’s take a closer look and share some ways to combat this.

Loneliness is a feeling or experience that some people might have. It can occur when you do not have as much social interaction as you would like or even after a major life transition – such as divorce, death, a move, or even quarantine due to COVID19. Social isolation is when someone has little contact with other people on a regular basis. &nbsp;

So, what are some ways to combat loneliness and social isolation?&nbsp;

Connecting can be difficult during COVID19 but here are some easy ideas. Pick up the phone and call your friends, step outside and chat with neighbors, mail a letter, connect via video calls, send silly pictures, and try to have fun from afar.

Give me a call for some excellent fact sheets from our Keys to Embracing Aging resources. I am happy to share.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp; K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574802720194.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>I just noticed that May was designated as Older Americans Month, so I’ll take advantage of the last day of the month to share some information from Erin Yelland, our Adult Development and Aging specialist at KSU. We are hearing a lot these days about how our seniors may be experiencing loneliness or social isolation. Let’s take a closer look and share some ways to combat this.Loneliness is a feeling or experience that some people might have. It can occur when you do not have as much social interaction as you would like or even after a major life transition – such as divorce, death, a move, or even quarantine due to COVID19. Social isolation is when someone has little contact with other people on a regular basis. &nbsp;So, what are some ways to combat loneliness and social isolation?&nbsp;<ol>
 <li>Focus on your sense of purpose</li><li>Maintain your sense of belonging</li><li>Connect with community groups, family members and friends.&nbsp;</li>
 </ol>Connecting can be difficult during COVID19 but here are some easy ideas. Pick up the phone and call your friends, step outside and chat with neighbors, mail a letter, connect via video calls, send silly pictures, and try to have fun from afar.Give me a call for some excellent fact sheets from our Keys to Embracing Aging resources. I am happy to share.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp; K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Happy Older Americans month

Spring branding and processing day is often a time when community members and families join together to administer vaccinations, castrate, implant calves and apply hide identification before summer pasture turnout.

But this spring’s COVID-19 pandemic may require some changes, said experts at Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute. “It is critical to have the right labor on hand to help on processing day,” said K-State veterinarian Bob Larson, adding that families may need to manage that differently this year because of the COVID-19 human health challenge.

“This COVID-19 spring means that we may need to organize our labor into family groups to promote social distance between folks who don’t live together,” Larson said.

He also said that it is important for cow-calf producers to involve help that know how to best move around the animals.

“A few people that handle cattle well are way more helpful than a bunch of folks who don’t know what they are doing,” Larson said.

One way that cattle producers can inform themselves on good animal handling protocols is to complete the National Cattlemen’s Association’s Beef Quality Assurance trainings, said Brad White, K-State veterinarian and BCI director.

Bob Weaber, a beef cattle specialist with K-State Research and Extension, added that the training helps producers understand biological products and protocols,

“For example, modified live vaccines need to be protected from sunlight, so you’ll want to have a cooler for storage when you are working the calves,” Weaber said. “Also syringe maintenance is important. If you are using an automated syringe, make sure the tubes and gaskets are clean and in good shape.”

He also said this is the time to implant the calves.

“We know that through implanting there is an improved efficiency of gain and performance of calves and that is really valuable going into this fall with so much uncertainty in the markets,” Weaber said.

White added that while the calves are gathered up, go ahead and castrate the bulls to make them steers.

White added a note of caution:&nbsp;“As always, it is important to work with your veterinarian to come up with the right plan to fit the needs of your operation.”

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Spring branding and processing day is often a time when community members and families join together to administer vaccinations, castrate, implant calves and apply hide identification before summer pasture turnout.But this spring’s COVID-19 pandemic may require some changes, said experts at Kansas State University’s Beef Cattle Institute. “It is critical to have the right labor on hand to help on processing day,” said K-State veterinarian Bob Larson, adding that families may need to manage that differently this year because of the COVID-19 human health challenge.“This COVID-19 spring means that we may need to organize our labor into family groups to promote social distance between folks who don’t live together,” Larson said.He also said that it is important for cow-calf producers to involve help that know how to best move around the animals.“A few people that handle cattle well are way more helpful than a bunch of folks who don’t know what they are doing,” Larson said.One way that cattle producers can inform themselves on good animal handling protocols is to complete the National Cattlemen’s Association’s Beef Quality Assurance trainings, said Brad White, K-State veterinarian and BCI director.Bob Weaber, a beef cattle specialist with K-State Research and Extension, added that the training helps producers understand biological products and protocols,“For example, modified live vaccines need to be protected from sunlight, so you’ll want to have a cooler for storage when you are working the calves,” Weaber said. “Also syringe maintenance is important. If you are using an automated syringe, make sure the tubes and gaskets are clean and in good shape.”He also said this is the time to implant the calves.“We know that through implanting there is an improved efficiency of gain and performance of calves and that is really valuable going into this fall with so much uncertainty in the markets,” Weaber said.White added that while the calves are gathered up, go ahead and castrate the bulls to make them steers.White added a note of caution:&nbsp;“As always, it is important to work with your veterinarian to come up with the right plan to fit the needs of your operation.”Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Working the cattle amid COVID-19

All fertilizers are salts and can cause germination problems if too much is placed with the seed. Too much fertilizer may inhibit germination completely, which results in a loss of stand. In other instances, too much fertilizer placed with the seed may simply delay germination, or it may result in weak seedlings with poorly developed root systems. In either case, the affected seedlings will be at a competitive disadvantage and a loss of yield potential may result.

Several points should be kept in mind when evaluating seed-placed fertilizer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070143255.png" alt="Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>All fertilizers are salts and can cause germination problems if too much is placed with the seed. Too much fertilizer may inhibit germination completely, which results in a loss of stand. In other instances, too much fertilizer placed with the seed may simply delay germination, or it may result in weak seedlings with poorly developed root systems. In either case, the affected seedlings will be at a competitive disadvantage and a loss of yield potential may result.Several points should be kept in mind when evaluating seed-placed fertilizer.<ol>
 <li>Soil between the seed and the fertilizer band provides a buffer.</li><li>The potential for injury from seed-applied fertilizer is greater for sandy and/or dry soils.</li><li>Certain types of fertilizers should never be applied with the seed, even at low rates. No urea-containing fertilizer (urea, UAN solution) should be placed in direct seed contact. The hydrolysis of urea to ammonia can result in ammonia toxicity to seedlings.</li><li>We suggest no seed placed fertilizer for soybeans, sunflowers, or dry beans.</li>
 </ol>Remember that these maximum amounts assume you’re not including any potash. If you are adding potash, the maximum amounts in the chart below would be reduced.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/5/1590081941507.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.