GREAT BEND — Wheat growers can make plans to attend the Cottonwood Extension District's Barton County Wheat Plot Field Day on May 25 beginning at 8:30 a.m.

Come hear what extension specialist have to say about each wheat variety, production practices and pest management. There is always time for questions and discussion.

The location of the field day is 2.5 miles west on West Barton County Road at the intersection of NW 50th Avenue.

Donuts and refreshments will be provided courtesy of American Ag Credit and Ed Jr. Farm.

 In case of inclement weather, the field day will be held at American Ag Credit, 5634 10th St., Great Bend.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/5/1620849725737.jpeg" alt=" Cottonwood Extension District-Barton County Wheat Plot Field Day is May 25. (File photo)" />
 <figcaption> Cottonwood Extension District-Barton County Wheat Plot Field Day is May 25. (File photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>SubmittedGREAT BEND — Wheat growers can make plans to attend the Cottonwood Extension District's Barton County Wheat Plot Field Day on May 25 beginning at 8:30 a.m.Come hear what extension specialist have to say about each wheat variety, production practices and pest management. There is always time for questions and discussion.The location of the field day is 2.5 miles west on West Barton County Road at the intersection of NW 50th Avenue.Donuts and refreshments will be provided courtesy of American Ag Credit and Ed Jr. Farm. In case of inclement weather, the field day will be held at American Ag Credit, 5634 10th St., Great Bend.

Cottonwood Extension's Barton Co. wheat plot field day next week

This garden is located at the Kansas State Agricultural Research Center – Hays, formerly called the Experiment Station. It is located just south of Hays Frontier Park, south of the US Highway 183 Alternate (bypass). If you head south on Main, continue south across the Alternate, then take the first drive on your left (east off of 240 th Ave).

The drive curves. When the road takes a right turn, you are at a place to park to view not just the Trial Garden but the Backyard Demonstration Garden as well.

This vegetable garden serves as a trial garden for vegetable varieties being tested by K-State horticulture specialists to help update the list of KSRE recommended vegetable varieties. The Hays garden has typically tested tomatoes, sweet and hot peppers. Other plants such as zucchini and yellow squash are also sometimes grown.

The vegetables are planted, maintained and harvested by the Ellis County Master Gardeners. The actual number of new varieties tested varies year by year. Trial cultivars are planted side by side and include cultivars of the same species that are accepted standards currently in the trade.

Evaluations of each plant are done throughout the growing season. Quantitative and qualitative data is carefully collected for each variety, recorded and then reported to K-State at the end of the season. After harvesting and documenting the performance information, the fruit can be used by the Master Gardener who is doing the data collection. When quantities allow, produce is often shared with all Master Gardeners and/or provided to local food banks.

Master Gardeners of Ellis County, Cottonwood District. More information available at&nbsp; www.cottonwood.ksu.edu or call 785-628-9430

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/3/1614966296214.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>This garden is located at the Kansas State Agricultural Research Center – Hays, formerly called the Experiment Station. It is located just south of Hays Frontier Park, south of the US Highway 183 Alternate (bypass). If you head south on Main, continue south across the Alternate, then take the first drive on your left (east off of 240 th Ave).The drive curves. When the road takes a right turn, you are at a place to park to view not just the Trial Garden but the Backyard Demonstration Garden as well.This vegetable garden serves as a trial garden for vegetable varieties being tested by K-State horticulture specialists to help update the list of KSRE recommended vegetable varieties. The Hays garden has typically tested tomatoes, sweet and hot peppers. Other plants such as zucchini and yellow squash are also sometimes grown.The vegetables are planted, maintained and harvested by the Ellis County Master Gardeners. The actual number of new varieties tested varies year by year. Trial cultivars are planted side by side and include cultivars of the same species that are accepted standards currently in the trade.Evaluations of each plant are done throughout the growing season. Quantitative and qualitative data is carefully collected for each variety, recorded and then reported to K-State at the end of the season. After harvesting and documenting the performance information, the fruit can be used by the Master Gardener who is doing the data collection. When quantities allow, produce is often shared with all Master Gardeners and/or provided to local food banks.Master Gardeners of Ellis County, Cottonwood District. More information available at&nbsp; www.cottonwood.ksu.edu or call 785-628-9430

From the Ellis County Master Gardeners: Vegetable trial garden

We are approaching the time of year when many people take a vacation. In the rush to get everything done before leaving, don't forget your houseplants will probably need watering while you are gone. The best alternative is to have someone water them for you. However, if this is not possible, there are alternatives. 1. Well-watered plants can be placed inside a plastic bag. Prop up the bag by using wooden dowels or something similar to keep the plastic off the leaves. Make sure the enclosed plants will not receive full sun as heat buildup may cook them. Bright, indirect light is best. Plants should keep for about a week with this method. 2. This method requires an old dish drying rack, a bathtub in a bathroom with some natural light, and some shoelaces. Place the drying rack upside down in the tub and add several inches of water. Push one end of a shoelace through a drainage hole on the bottom of a pot and into the potting soil of your houseplant. The other end of the shoelace dangles into the water. You have made a wick system that will replace the water in the pot as the plant uses it. Plants can last a couple of weeks if you have enough natural light.​

3. Numerous commercial products that can be used to automatically water houseplants in your absence. The advantage of these products is that the houseplant does not normally need to be moved. All require a reservoir from which water is either siphoned or pumped to individual houseplants. Houseplants should last as long as the water holds out. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>We are approaching the time of year when many people take a vacation. In the rush to get everything done before leaving, don't forget your houseplants will probably need watering while you are gone. The best alternative is to have someone water them for you. However, if this is not possible, there are alternatives. 1. Well-watered plants can be placed inside a plastic bag. Prop up the bag by using wooden dowels or something similar to keep the plastic off the leaves. Make sure the enclosed plants will not receive full sun as heat buildup may cook them. Bright, indirect light is best. Plants should keep for about a week with this method. 2. This method requires an old dish drying rack, a bathtub in a bathroom with some natural light, and some shoelaces. Place the drying rack upside down in the tub and add several inches of water. Push one end of a shoelace through a drainage hole on the bottom of a pot and into the potting soil of your houseplant. The other end of the shoelace dangles into the water. You have made a wick system that will replace the water in the pot as the plant uses it. Plants can last a couple of weeks if you have enough natural light.​3. Numerous commercial products that can be used to automatically water houseplants in your absence. The advantage of these products is that the houseplant does not normally need to be moved. All require a reservoir from which water is either siphoned or pumped to individual houseplants. Houseplants should last as long as the water holds out. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Watering houseplants while on vacation 

Fluctuating commodity prices, weather challenges and other factors mean farmers are used to a certain amount of stress. But the pandemic in the past year added that much more, according to a Kansas State University behavioral health specialist.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Farming is difficult in the best of circumstances, and to add a layer of stress such as the pandemic makes it more difficult to do the work and to recover from a mental health perspective,” said Bradley Dirks, K-State Research and Extension Behavioral Health Specialist.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“There are so many things impacting our mental health in rural areas. It’s almost like a perfect storm,” said Dirks, who noted that everyone has a different response to stress. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Dirks noted that in rural communities and particularly in farming operations, people often work in solitary situations. Those stretches of time spent alone are typically balanced with church, school, community or other social gatherings. The pandemic made it difficult if not impossible to have that social balance, which further isolated many people.&nbsp;&nbsp;

That isolation plus mental health resources that are few and far between can magnify the problem for those seeking help. Even telehealth sessions with a counselor are difficult or non-existent for those lacking good broadband internet. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Dirks said some indications of stress include a lack of sleep, resulting in fatigue which magnifies everyday problems. Too many days like that result in a lack of concentration, irritability, anxiety, and changes in appetite which can cause further isolation. Some people turn to alcohol or other substances as a means to cope, which can further negatively impact our relationships. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“One of the things that makes us successful is our ability to power through. One of the things that impairs our ability to be healthy is our unwillingness to say we need help,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Part of the solution is to educate people, Dirks said. More than 50% of us will feel depressed or anxious at some point in our lives so we are not alone or unique in our struggles.&nbsp;&nbsp;

To help connect rural Kansans with resources, the K-State Research and Extension Stress and Resiliency Transdisciplinary Team was assembled. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“We’re in a great position with our extension agents and our extension system as a whole, to be able to identify the problem as well as be part of the solution,” Dirks said. The team works in both rural and urban areas.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Any group across the state – bank group, church group, or farm related organization -- can contact team members Rebecca McFarland at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rmcfarla@ksu.edu" target="_blank">rmcfarla@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or Rachael Clews at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rclews@ksu.edu" target="_blank">rclews@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;to request a one- to two-hour program on the topic of mental health. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Numerous people on the team have been trained in QPR (Question, Persuade and Respond), Dirks said. That program is focused on people who are potentially suicidal – those who see no way out. Some team members are also trained in what he called mental health first aid, not as therapists but to recognize what to do when they know someone is struggling. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Dirks encourages anyone who is struggling with mental health challenges or who knows someone who may be, to seek help.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Fluctuating commodity prices, weather challenges and other factors mean farmers are used to a certain amount of stress. But the pandemic in the past year added that much more, according to a Kansas State University behavioral health specialist.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Farming is difficult in the best of circumstances, and to add a layer of stress such as the pandemic makes it more difficult to do the work and to recover from a mental health perspective,” said Bradley Dirks, K-State Research and Extension Behavioral Health Specialist.&nbsp;&nbsp;“There are so many things impacting our mental health in rural areas. It’s almost like a perfect storm,” said Dirks, who noted that everyone has a different response to stress. &nbsp;&nbsp;Dirks noted that in rural communities and particularly in farming operations, people often work in solitary situations. Those stretches of time spent alone are typically balanced with church, school, community or other social gatherings. The pandemic made it difficult if not impossible to have that social balance, which further isolated many people.&nbsp;&nbsp;That isolation plus mental health resources that are few and far between can magnify the problem for those seeking help. Even telehealth sessions with a counselor are difficult or non-existent for those lacking good broadband internet. &nbsp;&nbsp;Dirks said some indications of stress include a lack of sleep, resulting in fatigue which magnifies everyday problems. Too many days like that result in a lack of concentration, irritability, anxiety, and changes in appetite which can cause further isolation. Some people turn to alcohol or other substances as a means to cope, which can further negatively impact our relationships. &nbsp;&nbsp;“One of the things that makes us successful is our ability to power through. One of the things that impairs our ability to be healthy is our unwillingness to say we need help,” he said.&nbsp;&nbsp;Part of the solution is to educate people, Dirks said. More than 50% of us will feel depressed or anxious at some point in our lives so we are not alone or unique in our struggles.&nbsp;&nbsp;To help connect rural Kansans with resources, the K-State Research and Extension Stress and Resiliency Transdisciplinary Team was assembled. &nbsp;&nbsp;“We’re in a great position with our extension agents and our extension system as a whole, to be able to identify the problem as well as be part of the solution,” Dirks said. The team works in both rural and urban areas.&nbsp;&nbsp;Any group across the state – bank group, church group, or farm related organization -- can contact team members Rebecca McFarland at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rmcfarla@ksu.edu" target="_blank">rmcfarla@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or Rachael Clews at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:rclews@ksu.edu" target="_blank">rclews@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;to request a one- to two-hour program on the topic of mental health. &nbsp;&nbsp;Numerous people on the team have been trained in QPR (Question, Persuade and Respond), Dirks said. That program is focused on people who are potentially suicidal – those who see no way out. Some team members are also trained in what he called mental health first aid, not as therapists but to recognize what to do when they know someone is struggling. &nbsp;&nbsp;Dirks encourages anyone who is struggling with mental health challenges or who knows someone who may be, to seek help.&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Mental health in rural Kansas

Wheat growers can make plans to attend the Ellis County Wheat Variety Plot Field Day conducted by the Cottonwood Extension District on May 25 beginning at 6 p.m.

Come hear what extension specialist have to say about each variety. There is always something in the plot to see and learn from, whether it is about the individual varieties, insects or diseases that are sometimes spotted in the plot.

The field day location is north of the Victoria Exit on Cathedral Road, go one mile west on Fairground Road and turn south onto 330th Avenue.

A free meal and refreshments will immediately follow the field day.

All interested people are invited to attend. No RSVP necessary.

In case of inclement weather, the event will be held at the VFW Hall in Victoria, 204 E. Main Street.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/5/1620850316151.png" alt="Extension wheat plot tour (File photo)" />
 <figcaption>Extension wheat plot tour (File photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>SubmittedWheat growers can make plans to attend the Ellis County Wheat Variety Plot Field Day conducted by the Cottonwood Extension District on May 25 beginning at 6 p.m.Come hear what extension specialist have to say about each variety. There is always something in the plot to see and learn from, whether it is about the individual varieties, insects or diseases that are sometimes spotted in the plot.The field day location is north of the Victoria Exit on Cathedral Road, go one mile west on Fairground Road and turn south onto 330th Avenue.A free meal and refreshments will immediately follow the field day.All interested people are invited to attend. No RSVP necessary.In case of inclement weather, the event will be held at the VFW Hall in Victoria, 204 E. Main Street.

Extension sets annual Ellis County wheat plot tour for May 25

It’s no secret that as we age our senses decline. This is normal and is called age-related sensory decline. Earlier this week I had the opportunity to share the educational program “Gray for a Day” with a group of high school students in their human development class. My presentation provided the young people with an “aha” moment as they thought about family members experiencing losses. I also used my time with them to share my thoughts on living a healthy lifestyle to push back these signs of aging.&nbsp;

The “Gray for a Day” kit contained glasses which simulated what it would be like to have macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts or glaucoma. Participants who kept the glasses on while doing the rest of the exercises were challenged to do simple tasks like counting out pills (we used beads) to put in a medicine dispenser. I also had the students tape a couple of their fingers together to simulate the stiffness that is experienced with arthritis. Tying a piece of yarn around their partners wrist was no small task when they couldn’t bend fingers.&nbsp;

Ear plugs in their ears and part of a cotton ball in their nose affected their sense of hearing and smell. Breathing through a straw helped participants see what it would feel like if they experienced decreased lung efficiency such as COPD.

The group of high school students stayed engaged throughout the activity. In evaluations I had them fill out, they indicated that it tested their patience. Several others noted they could see how hard it was to do simple functions when people age. &nbsp;

The PowerPoint presentation I opened with, highlighted that beginning in the mid-40’s throughout the 70’s, the senses of hearing, vision, touch, taste and smell begin to decline. However, I pointed out that while sensory decline is normal with increasing age, not everyone will experience it and those who do will experience it in different ways. Many older people adjust quite well and are able to compensate for their sensory losses.&nbsp;

A goal of this program was to help participants develop skills necessary to support someone who may be experiencing age-related sensory and functional challenges. A bonus was to help the students understand how taking steps to improve or maintain their health now will contribute to sensory and functional well-being in the future. Reminding them that their choices of food and exercise now could make a huge difference in the future is the key.

For more information about adult development and aging resources please feel free to give me a call or send an e-mail!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>It’s no secret that as we age our senses decline. This is normal and is called age-related sensory decline. Earlier this week I had the opportunity to share the educational program “Gray for a Day” with a group of high school students in their human development class. My presentation provided the young people with an “aha” moment as they thought about family members experiencing losses. I also used my time with them to share my thoughts on living a healthy lifestyle to push back these signs of aging.&nbsp;The “Gray for a Day” kit contained glasses which simulated what it would be like to have macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts or glaucoma. Participants who kept the glasses on while doing the rest of the exercises were challenged to do simple tasks like counting out pills (we used beads) to put in a medicine dispenser. I also had the students tape a couple of their fingers together to simulate the stiffness that is experienced with arthritis. Tying a piece of yarn around their partners wrist was no small task when they couldn’t bend fingers.&nbsp;Ear plugs in their ears and part of a cotton ball in their nose affected their sense of hearing and smell. Breathing through a straw helped participants see what it would feel like if they experienced decreased lung efficiency such as COPD.The group of high school students stayed engaged throughout the activity. In evaluations I had them fill out, they indicated that it tested their patience. Several others noted they could see how hard it was to do simple functions when people age. &nbsp;The PowerPoint presentation I opened with, highlighted that beginning in the mid-40’s throughout the 70’s, the senses of hearing, vision, touch, taste and smell begin to decline. However, I pointed out that while sensory decline is normal with increasing age, not everyone will experience it and those who do will experience it in different ways. Many older people adjust quite well and are able to compensate for their sensory losses.&nbsp;A goal of this program was to help participants develop skills necessary to support someone who may be experiencing age-related sensory and functional challenges. A bonus was to help the students understand how taking steps to improve or maintain their health now will contribute to sensory and functional well-being in the future. Reminding them that their choices of food and exercise now could make a huge difference in the future is the key.For more information about adult development and aging resources please feel free to give me a call or send an e-mail!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

Krug: 'Gray for a Day'

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

The cooler wet weather has been good for our wheat, but also very conducive for a fungus in wheat called stripe rust. Late last week and early this week. I have been able to find trace to low amounts of stripe rust mainly in the lower canopy in susceptible varieties in both Ellis and Barton Counties. As I am writing this article, I strongly suspect that stripe rust will continue to increase, especially given the extended weather forecast. So scouting your wheat fields is advised.&nbsp;

Stripe rust is most yield-limiting when it advances to the upper canopy, particularly the flag leaf. The risk of stripe rust causing yield loss is a function of three things:

Scouting is a critical first step for stripe rust control. Fungicide applications are most beneficial when the level of disease in the field is below 10% severity. University research has demonstrated that applications that protect the fully emerged flag leaf (between Feekes 8 and Feekes 10) are most effective. Applications applied prior to flag leaf emergence will not adequately protect the flag leaf or the head. Always check and follow product label recommendations to ensure full compliance with growth-stage limitations and pre-harvest intervals.

There are many products that are rated very good or excellent for stripe rust control (<a href="http://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/EP130.pdf">http://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/EP130.pdf</a>), but it is important to know that fungicides in the strobilurin family (Group 11) are not as effective when applied as single product after symptoms have already appeared.

The products listed in the K-State fungicide efficacy publication will generally provide at least 14-21 days of protection. This can vary between products and is also influenced by environmental conditions.&nbsp;

The decision to apply a fungicide should be balanced with the yield potential of the crop, variety disease rating and current grain price. Fields with the potential to yield greater than 40 bushels per acre should be prioritized for a fungicide application.

If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to give me a call, 785-628-9430.&nbsp;

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/5/1620921794714.jpeg" alt="Stripe rust / courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stripe rust / courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThe cooler wet weather has been good for our wheat, but also very conducive for a fungus in wheat called stripe rust. Late last week and early this week. I have been able to find trace to low amounts of stripe rust mainly in the lower canopy in susceptible varieties in both Ellis and Barton Counties. As I am writing this article, I strongly suspect that stripe rust will continue to increase, especially given the extended weather forecast. So scouting your wheat fields is advised.&nbsp;Stripe rust is most yield-limiting when it advances to the upper canopy, particularly the flag leaf. The risk of stripe rust causing yield loss is a function of three things:<ol>
 <li>Timing of first local disease detection in relation to crop growth stage (earlier detection = higher risk)</li><li>Weather conditions: specifically, moisture and relative humidity after first detection</li><li>Variety genetics: varieties with better resistance ratings will, in general, benefit less from a fungicide application. Variety ratings can be found in the K-State Wheat Variety Disease and Insect Rating Guide: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF991.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF991.pdf</a></li>
 </ol>Scouting is a critical first step for stripe rust control. Fungicide applications are most beneficial when the level of disease in the field is below 10% severity. University research has demonstrated that applications that protect the fully emerged flag leaf (between Feekes 8 and Feekes 10) are most effective. Applications applied prior to flag leaf emergence will not adequately protect the flag leaf or the head. Always check and follow product label recommendations to ensure full compliance with growth-stage limitations and pre-harvest intervals.There are many products that are rated very good or excellent for stripe rust control (<a href="http://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/EP130.pdf">http://www.bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/EP130.pdf</a>), but it is important to know that fungicides in the strobilurin family (Group 11) are not as effective when applied as single product after symptoms have already appeared.The products listed in the K-State fungicide efficacy publication will generally provide at least 14-21 days of protection. This can vary between products and is also influenced by environmental conditions.&nbsp;The decision to apply a fungicide should be balanced with the yield potential of the crop, variety disease rating and current grain price. Fields with the potential to yield greater than 40 bushels per acre should be prioritized for a fungicide application.If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to give me a call, 785-628-9430.&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Stripe rust update

Drought in the Great Plains is a normal occurrence and inevitable.&nbsp; Drought occurs when an area receives less than 75% normal precipitation.&nbsp; Kansas is likely to have a drought 3 out of 10 years. When 2021 began, over 81% of the state was experiencing some level.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

If conditions persist, stock pond levels decline, grasses show stress, hay demand will increase, fire danger increases, and blue-green algae may affect water quality. Reduced soil moisture, high air temperatures, reduced forage production, and a change in plant composition usually occurs with drought. Other impacts from drought can include culling of livestock and reduced stocking rates, increasing weed pressure, and emotional stress to humans.&nbsp;&nbsp;

How much impact will weather have on forage production in 2021? Grass-Cast is an experimental (<a href="https://grasscast.unl.edu/?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=govdelivery">https://grasscast.unl.edu/?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=govdelivery</a>) grassland productivity forecast that predicts peak standing biomass for the season. It uses current weather, seasonal climate outlooks, and a model to predict total biomass for individual counties, compared to a 38-year average. In Kansas, Grass-Cast, predicts for counties in about the western half of the state. Grass-Cast Maps predict based on above normal, normal, or below normal precipitation.&nbsp;

&nbsp;What should a manager do or expect if dry conditions persist going into the grazing season? Hopefully, they have a drought plan. Were the pastures stocked properly or were they being overgrazed? Heavy stocking can reduce root systems, making plants more vulnerable to drought. Moderate stocking rates and good grazing distribution allows pastures to recover more quickly. Rest is important to maintain vigor of the desirable plant species.&nbsp; Grazing systems incorporating more rest are apt to recover more quickly.&nbsp;

What should a ranch drought plan involve? It should include what to do during drought and when. Once drought is eminent, implement the plan and stick to it. A drought plan should also include strategies for restoring plant health after the drought. Drought plans are a dynamic process and may need to be changed/adjusted to make them work.&nbsp;

Drought plans generally identify critical dates and target points to implement. Each critical date should have an action plan that clearly states target points for initiating the plan.&nbsp;Critical dates start with prior to the grazing season, June 15, August 15, and end of the grazing season.&nbsp;

Management plans to alleviate the impacts might include:&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Drought in the Great Plains is a normal occurrence and inevitable.&nbsp; Drought occurs when an area receives less than 75% normal precipitation.&nbsp; Kansas is likely to have a drought 3 out of 10 years. When 2021 began, over 81% of the state was experiencing some level.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;If conditions persist, stock pond levels decline, grasses show stress, hay demand will increase, fire danger increases, and blue-green algae may affect water quality. Reduced soil moisture, high air temperatures, reduced forage production, and a change in plant composition usually occurs with drought. Other impacts from drought can include culling of livestock and reduced stocking rates, increasing weed pressure, and emotional stress to humans.&nbsp;&nbsp;How much impact will weather have on forage production in 2021? Grass-Cast is an experimental (<a href="https://grasscast.unl.edu/?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=govdelivery">https://grasscast.unl.edu/?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=govdelivery</a>) grassland productivity forecast that predicts peak standing biomass for the season. It uses current weather, seasonal climate outlooks, and a model to predict total biomass for individual counties, compared to a 38-year average. In Kansas, Grass-Cast, predicts for counties in about the western half of the state. Grass-Cast Maps predict based on above normal, normal, or below normal precipitation.&nbsp;&nbsp;What should a manager do or expect if dry conditions persist going into the grazing season? Hopefully, they have a drought plan. Were the pastures stocked properly or were they being overgrazed? Heavy stocking can reduce root systems, making plants more vulnerable to drought. Moderate stocking rates and good grazing distribution allows pastures to recover more quickly. Rest is important to maintain vigor of the desirable plant species.&nbsp; Grazing systems incorporating more rest are apt to recover more quickly.&nbsp;What should a ranch drought plan involve? It should include what to do during drought and when. Once drought is eminent, implement the plan and stick to it. A drought plan should also include strategies for restoring plant health after the drought. Drought plans are a dynamic process and may need to be changed/adjusted to make them work.&nbsp;Drought plans generally identify critical dates and target points to implement. Each critical date should have an action plan that clearly states target points for initiating the plan.&nbsp;Critical dates start with prior to the grazing season, June 15, August 15, and end of the grazing season.&nbsp;Management plans to alleviate the impacts might include:&nbsp;<ol>
 <li>Stock conservatively in good years.&nbsp;</li><li>Cull cowherd closely when demand exceeds forage supply.&nbsp;</li><li>Consider destocking or reducing stocking rate.&nbsp;</li><li>Shorten breeding season.&nbsp;</li><li>Wean calves early.&nbsp;</li><li>Consider use of stockers and cow-calf.&nbsp;</li><li>Manage livestock water supplies.&nbsp;</li><li>Improve grazing distribution&nbsp; Some closing thoughts. Reduce livestock numbers rather than feed harvested forages. Use good grazing management during and after drought.&nbsp; Visit online the National Drought Mitigation Center&nbsp;<a href="http://drought.unl.edu/ranchplan">http://drought.unl.edu/ranchplan</a>. This site has a comprehensive publication on Monitoring drought risks on the ranch.</li>
 </ol>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Prepping for drought in the Great Plains

There has been a lot of buzz concerning the carbon credit market. This brief article will discuss the importance of carbon and carbon markets, and what they can offer producers.&nbsp;

Carbon is the basic building block for all living things. It is present in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2), in living and nonliving organisms, as organic matter in soils, in fossil fuels, and in the oceans as shells, coral, and sedimentary rock. Carbon is all around us. 
 
While carbon is essential for all life, there is a balance between where the carbon is located and stored within the earth, oceans, and atmosphere. In the past 60+ years, carbon, as carbon dioxide, has accumulated in the atmosphere. 
 
To counter these effects, many US and global companies that emit carbon dioxide are willing to pay for practices that move carbon from the atmosphere into different pools, like soil. Paying for practices is known as carbon “crediting”. Carbon credits can be generated from many different sources. For the purpose of this article, we will concentrate on credit opportunities related to crop production, which incentivizes practices that boost carbon or organic matter in soils. (Soil organic matter is ~50% carbon.) 
 
Farmers using these practices to boost&nbsp;<a href="https://extension.umn.edu/soil-management-and-health/soil-organic-matter-cropping-systems">organic matter can realize many other benefits</a>. Organic matter provides nutrients, especially N, to growing crops. Organic matter improves the water infiltration of our soil. This means our soils can absorb large, intense rainfalls in a shorter time period so less water ponds or runs off the field, and there is more water retained in our soils to feed the crop during dry times. Organic matter builds a resilient soil, a soil that can better handle the extreme weather changes while securing our crop yields.

How Does the Carbon Market Operate?

If a company wants to lower their carbon footprint, they contract with a broker to find carbon credits that can be bought and sold on the open market. The broker lines up and verifies on the ground that each carbon credit is legitimate. One carbon credit is equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide and is currently worth $14-18 per credit. 
 
Carbon can be built on farmland by reducing tillage aggressiveness, switching to no-till, or adding a cover crop. Almost all markets are looking for farmland implementing a new practice, as these acres are easier to verify, so you may not qualify if you have implemented these practices long ago. However, some companies will consider practices recently adopted (~2 years). This means most C markets are a better fit for farmers looking to experiment with something new, rather than those who have a long history of carbon-building conservation practices. 
 
The amount of carbon a farmer can realistically draw down is based on their climate, crop grown, and other factors.

Whether or not carbon credits will help your bottom line will vary farm by farm and maybe field by field. Carbon credit payments are unlikely to entirely cover the cost of a new practice. They may simply reduce the risk of trying something new. However, there is no debate that building carbon in your soil has a long list of benefits for you and the next generation of farmers.

For the sake of making this article brief in hopes of it being read, ha ha. To find out “what questions should I ask?”. Please go to the Cottonwood Extension web site at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> to see that information.&nbsp;

Information provided by Jodi DeJong-Hughes and Anna Cates, University of Minnesota Extension.&nbsp;

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/5/1620399361474.jpeg" alt="Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThere has been a lot of buzz concerning the carbon credit market. This brief article will discuss the importance of carbon and carbon markets, and what they can offer producers.&nbsp;What is Carbon?Carbon is the basic building block for all living things. It is present in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide (CO2), in living and nonliving organisms, as organic matter in soils, in fossil fuels, and in the oceans as shells, coral, and sedimentary rock. Carbon is all around us. 
 
While carbon is essential for all life, there is a balance between where the carbon is located and stored within the earth, oceans, and atmosphere. In the past 60+ years, carbon, as carbon dioxide, has accumulated in the atmosphere. 
 
To counter these effects, many US and global companies that emit carbon dioxide are willing to pay for practices that move carbon from the atmosphere into different pools, like soil. Paying for practices is known as carbon “crediting”. Carbon credits can be generated from many different sources. For the purpose of this article, we will concentrate on credit opportunities related to crop production, which incentivizes practices that boost carbon or organic matter in soils. (Soil organic matter is ~50% carbon.) 
 
Farmers using these practices to boost&nbsp;<a href="https://extension.umn.edu/soil-management-and-health/soil-organic-matter-cropping-systems">organic matter can realize many other benefits</a>. Organic matter provides nutrients, especially N, to growing crops. Organic matter improves the water infiltration of our soil. This means our soils can absorb large, intense rainfalls in a shorter time period so less water ponds or runs off the field, and there is more water retained in our soils to feed the crop during dry times. Organic matter builds a resilient soil, a soil that can better handle the extreme weather changes while securing our crop yields.How Does the Carbon Market Operate?If a company wants to lower their carbon footprint, they contract with a broker to find carbon credits that can be bought and sold on the open market. The broker lines up and verifies on the ground that each carbon credit is legitimate. One carbon credit is equal to one metric ton of carbon dioxide and is currently worth $14-18 per credit. 
 
Carbon can be built on farmland by reducing tillage aggressiveness, switching to no-till, or adding a cover crop. Almost all markets are looking for farmland implementing a new practice, as these acres are easier to verify, so you may not qualify if you have implemented these practices long ago. However, some companies will consider practices recently adopted (~2 years). This means most C markets are a better fit for farmers looking to experiment with something new, rather than those who have a long history of carbon-building conservation practices. 
 
The amount of carbon a farmer can realistically draw down is based on their climate, crop grown, and other factors.Whether or not carbon credits will help your bottom line will vary farm by farm and maybe field by field. Carbon credit payments are unlikely to entirely cover the cost of a new practice. They may simply reduce the risk of trying something new. However, there is no debate that building carbon in your soil has a long list of benefits for you and the next generation of farmers.For the sake of making this article brief in hopes of it being read, ha ha. To find out “what questions should I ask?”. Please go to the Cottonwood Extension web site at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> to see that information.&nbsp;Information provided by Jodi DeJong-Hughes and Anna Cates, University of Minnesota Extension.&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430

CAMPBELL: How to approach carbon market opportunities

We are entering storm season and various areas of the state will likely have high winds, excessive rainfall and hail. This column deals with what can be done to help our gardens recover.

Heavy rain: The force of rainfall pounding on the soil can result in a thick crust that prevents seed emergence and partially blocks oxygen from reaching roots. A light scraping after the soil surface has dried is all that is needed to correct these problems. Be careful of deep tilling as it may damage young, tender roots.

Standing water: Standing water cuts off oxygen to the roots, which can result in plant damage if it doesn’t drain quickly enough. Most plants can withstand 24 hours of standing water without harm. Hot, sunny weather can make a bad situation worse by the water becoming hot enough to “cook” the plants. There isn’t much that can be done about this unless a channel can be cut to allow the water to drain.

Hail damage: Plants should recover quickly as long as the leaves only were damaged by the hail as leaves regenerate quickly. The situation becomes much more serious if the stems and fruit were damaged. The plant can recover from a few bruises but if it looks like the plants were mowed down by a weed whip, replanting is in order.&nbsp;

Leaning plants: Either wind or water can cause plants to lean. They should start to straighten after a few days. Don’t try to bend them back as they often break easily. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>We are entering storm season and various areas of the state will likely have high winds, excessive rainfall and hail. This column deals with what can be done to help our gardens recover.Heavy rain: The force of rainfall pounding on the soil can result in a thick crust that prevents seed emergence and partially blocks oxygen from reaching roots. A light scraping after the soil surface has dried is all that is needed to correct these problems. Be careful of deep tilling as it may damage young, tender roots.Standing water: Standing water cuts off oxygen to the roots, which can result in plant damage if it doesn’t drain quickly enough. Most plants can withstand 24 hours of standing water without harm. Hot, sunny weather can make a bad situation worse by the water becoming hot enough to “cook” the plants. There isn’t much that can be done about this unless a channel can be cut to allow the water to drain.Hail damage: Plants should recover quickly as long as the leaves only were damaged by the hail as leaves regenerate quickly. The situation becomes much more serious if the stems and fruit were damaged. The plant can recover from a few bruises but if it looks like the plants were mowed down by a weed whip, replanting is in order.&nbsp;Leaning plants: Either wind or water can cause plants to lean. They should start to straighten after a few days. Don’t try to bend them back as they often break easily. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.

FICK: Storm damage and the garden

	What is mental health? The National Institute of Mental Health says “mental health includes emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, act, make choices, and relate to others.” The last fourteen months has been hard on our mental health.&nbsp;

	Elaine Johannes is the Kansas Health Foundation Distinguished Professor of Community Health at Kansas State University and has worked with our Family Development team of Extension Agents to study and learn more about the pandemic’s impact on children and families. Johannes states, “This pandemic has been filled with change, loss, some grief and some positive things. So, the meaning of what has happened really needs to be our focus now. The meaning helps us understand how, mentally, we move toward the recovery phase.”&nbsp;

	Interviews with Elaine Johannes can be found on K-State’s weekly radio program&nbsp;

Sound Living, <a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/news/radio-network/sound-living.html">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/news/radio-network/sound-living.html</a>&nbsp;

You can also visit the National Institute of Mental Health for some great resources: <a href="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/mymentalhealth">www.nimh.nih.gov/mymentalhealth</a> The most important thing on the list to improve your mental health is self-care. Everyone has a different level of care needed so take the time to figure out what you most need. Many of the suggestions were on my list for my staying positive program.&nbsp;

If you or someone you know are experiencing severe symptoms for more than two weeks, talk to a professional.&nbsp; Search for the fact sheet on the National Institute of Mental Health website “Tips for Talking with your Health Care Provider”.&nbsp;	

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>	What is mental health? The National Institute of Mental Health says “mental health includes emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, act, make choices, and relate to others.” The last fourteen months has been hard on our mental health.&nbsp;	Elaine Johannes is the Kansas Health Foundation Distinguished Professor of Community Health at Kansas State University and has worked with our Family Development team of Extension Agents to study and learn more about the pandemic’s impact on children and families. Johannes states, “This pandemic has been filled with change, loss, some grief and some positive things. So, the meaning of what has happened really needs to be our focus now. The meaning helps us understand how, mentally, we move toward the recovery phase.”&nbsp;	Interviews with Elaine Johannes can be found on K-State’s weekly radio program&nbsp;Sound Living, <a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/news/radio-network/sound-living.html">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/news/radio-network/sound-living.html</a>&nbsp;	You can also visit the National Institute of Mental Health for some great resources: <a href="http://www.nimh.nih.gov/mymentalhealth">www.nimh.nih.gov/mymentalhealth</a> The most important thing on the list to improve your mental health is self-care. Everyone has a different level of care needed so take the time to figure out what you most need. Many of the suggestions were on my list for my staying positive program.&nbsp;<ul>
 <li>Get regular exercise. A 20 or 30-minute walk will help clear your mind.</li><li>Eat regular, healthy meals and stay hydrated.</li><li>Make sure you are getting enough sleep.</li><li>Practice gratitude and stay positive.</li><li>Stay connected with friends and family.&nbsp;</li><li>Set goals and priorities. Decide what must be done and what can wait.</li><li>Schedule a regular time for a relaxing activity. Yoga or breathing exercises are good choices.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>If you or someone you know are experiencing severe symptoms for more than two weeks, talk to a professional.&nbsp; Search for the fact sheet on the National Institute of Mental Health website “Tips for Talking with your Health Care Provider”.&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: May is Mental Health Awareness Month

Anyone who’s ever received a vaccination will verify that needle size matters. And that is true with&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;as well.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Kansas State University veterinarians Bob Larson and Brad White took up this topic on a recent Beef&nbsp;Cattle&nbsp;Institute&nbsp;<a href="https://ksubci.org/2021/04/23/brazil-production-system-mineral-selection-plans-calving-timing-needle-size/" target="_blank">Cattle&nbsp;Chat</a>&nbsp;podcast.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Many animal health products given to&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;to prevent or treat diseases are injected with a syringe and needle,” Larson said. “Selecting the correct size of needle to deliver injections under the skin or into the muscle is important to ensure that the products perform as intended and meet Beef Quality Assurance guidelines.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

When it comes to needle selection for cows, he recommends using a 16- or 18-gauge needle. The gauge refers to the diameter of the needle. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“An 18-gauge needle is actually smaller than a 16 and in calves we may go even smaller and use a 20-gauge needle,” Larson said. &nbsp;&nbsp;

White added that the chosen needle size relates to the thickness of the animal’s skin. He said, “Needle size also depends on the viscosity of the product that I’m giving.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Another factor is the needle length. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Larson said the recommended length of the needle is guided by the type of injection given, which is either under the skin or into the muscle. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“With an under the skin injection the needle length should be 5/8- or 3/4-inch needle, and with an intramuscular injection the length is closer to 1 1/2-inch needle,” Larson said. He added that with calves the recommended length would be closer an inch.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Lastly the veterinarians discussed the recommended frequency for changing needles.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“One needle per cow is ideal but depending on the situation you could give up to 10 injections with one needle,” Larson said. He added that it is important to make sure the needle is sharp and clean to keep from causing trauma or contamination. &nbsp;&nbsp;

For more information on this topic Larson and White advised producers to review the information on the beef quality assurance website at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bqa.org/" target="_blank">bqa.org</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Anyone who’s ever received a vaccination will verify that needle size matters. And that is true with&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;as well.&nbsp;&nbsp;Kansas State University veterinarians Bob Larson and Brad White took up this topic on a recent Beef&nbsp;Cattle&nbsp;Institute&nbsp;<a href="https://ksubci.org/2021/04/23/brazil-production-system-mineral-selection-plans-calving-timing-needle-size/" target="_blank">Cattle&nbsp;Chat</a>&nbsp;podcast.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Many animal health products given to&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;to prevent or treat diseases are injected with a syringe and needle,” Larson said. “Selecting the correct size of needle to deliver injections under the skin or into the muscle is important to ensure that the products perform as intended and meet Beef Quality Assurance guidelines.”&nbsp;&nbsp;When it comes to needle selection for cows, he recommends using a 16- or 18-gauge needle. The gauge refers to the diameter of the needle. &nbsp;&nbsp;“An 18-gauge needle is actually smaller than a 16 and in calves we may go even smaller and use a 20-gauge needle,” Larson said. &nbsp;&nbsp;White added that the chosen needle size relates to the thickness of the animal’s skin. He said, “Needle size also depends on the viscosity of the product that I’m giving.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Another factor is the needle length. &nbsp;&nbsp;Larson said the recommended length of the needle is guided by the type of injection given, which is either under the skin or into the muscle. &nbsp;&nbsp;“With an under the skin injection the needle length should be 5/8- or 3/4-inch needle, and with an intramuscular injection the length is closer to 1 1/2-inch needle,” Larson said. He added that with calves the recommended length would be closer an inch.&nbsp;&nbsp;Lastly the veterinarians discussed the recommended frequency for changing needles.&nbsp;&nbsp;“One needle per cow is ideal but depending on the situation you could give up to 10 injections with one needle,” Larson said. He added that it is important to make sure the needle is sharp and clean to keep from causing trauma or contamination. &nbsp;&nbsp;For more information on this topic Larson and White advised producers to review the information on the beef quality assurance website at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bqa.org/" target="_blank">bqa.org</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Needle size matters for cattle vaccinations

Happy Mother’s Day to all of the moms out there! The month of May has arrived and that means a frenzy of activity for families who are celebrating Mother’s day or graduations in the days ahead. Hopefully your weekend plans include some good family time. I feel so blessed to have been a mother the past forty years and have now earned the title of grandma. Having four active grandchildren recently provided opportunities to catch a soccer game in Lindsborg, a track-meet in Washington, and a gymnastics meet in Salina. (All within 30 hours) The six-year-old, who was along for the ride, reminded us that his baseball games will start soon. You can be sure, we’ll be planning to attend.

Nearly 140 people in the Cottonwood Extension District are celebrating the conclusion of the eight-week long Walk Kansas program on May 22nd.&nbsp; Most of the teams have met or surpassed their goal to exercise at least 30 minutes five times a week. I am hoping with the more spring like weather it won’t be hard to keep the habit of regular exercise going.

	And finally, May 17-23 is designated as “Bicycle to Work Week.”&nbsp; Since I am passionate about cycling whenever I have the chance I consider this week a celebration. Although it is estimated that less than 1 percent of adult Americans commute to work by bicycle, roughly 41 percent of work commutes are shorter than 5 miles. In my case, my husband John and I log seven miles a day which includes two round trips to my office. Unless it is below 20 degrees or icy underfoot, you are likely to see us in our hi-vis green jackets and helmets, pedaling along on our tandem bike.&nbsp;

	Bicycle commuting is a great way to squeeze regular exercise into a busy schedule. Commuting time can be used to stay in shape instead of sitting frustrated in traffic. Statistics also show that bicycle commuters are happier and more productive at work. As more cyclists take to the streets as summer approaches, make sure you take time to review bicycle safety rules with young riders.&nbsp; &nbsp;

	Whether you are riding for fun, fitness or with family, or taking essential trips to work or shop, you are part of a movement for safer streets, connected communities, a healthier planet, and happier people.&nbsp;

So, whatever you are celebrating this May, have a wonderful time!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Happy Mother’s Day to all of the moms out there! The month of May has arrived and that means a frenzy of activity for families who are celebrating Mother’s day or graduations in the days ahead. Hopefully your weekend plans include some good family time. I feel so blessed to have been a mother the past forty years and have now earned the title of grandma. Having four active grandchildren recently provided opportunities to catch a soccer game in Lindsborg, a track-meet in Washington, and a gymnastics meet in Salina. (All within 30 hours) The six-year-old, who was along for the ride, reminded us that his baseball games will start soon. You can be sure, we’ll be planning to attend.Nearly 140 people in the Cottonwood Extension District are celebrating the conclusion of the eight-week long Walk Kansas program on May 22nd.&nbsp; Most of the teams have met or surpassed their goal to exercise at least 30 minutes five times a week. I am hoping with the more spring like weather it won’t be hard to keep the habit of regular exercise going.	And finally, May 17-23 is designated as “Bicycle to Work Week.”&nbsp; Since I am passionate about cycling whenever I have the chance I consider this week a celebration. Although it is estimated that less than 1 percent of adult Americans commute to work by bicycle, roughly 41 percent of work commutes are shorter than 5 miles. In my case, my husband John and I log seven miles a day which includes two round trips to my office. Unless it is below 20 degrees or icy underfoot, you are likely to see us in our hi-vis green jackets and helmets, pedaling along on our tandem bike.&nbsp;	Bicycle commuting is a great way to squeeze regular exercise into a busy schedule. Commuting time can be used to stay in shape instead of sitting frustrated in traffic. Statistics also show that bicycle commuters are happier and more productive at work. As more cyclists take to the streets as summer approaches, make sure you take time to review bicycle safety rules with young riders.&nbsp; &nbsp;	Whether you are riding for fun, fitness or with family, or taking essential trips to work or shop, you are part of a movement for safer streets, connected communities, a healthier planet, and happier people.&nbsp;So, whatever you are celebrating this May, have a wonderful time!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Lets celebrate May

There have been a number of plants that have either died over winter or been slow to leaf out. &nbsp;In some cases, this is likely due to accumulated stress. &nbsp;We often think of plants reacting to stress that happened during the current season or possibly the previous year but it may not be that simple. &nbsp;I think this all started during the winter of 2017 - 2018. &nbsp;Many areas of Kansas had virtually no rain or snow from November through most of April during that winter. &nbsp;This put plants under a tremendous amount of stress. &nbsp; Plants under stress often react by setting an abnormal number of fruit buds. &nbsp;This helps ensure the survival of the species even if the parent plant dies. &nbsp;So lots of fruit buds were set during 2018. &nbsp;Those buds matured into flowers and then fruit (seeds) during 2019. &nbsp;Think back to last year. &nbsp;I have never seen certain plants bloom as well as they did last year. &nbsp;Maturing this much fruit takes a great deal of energy. &nbsp;I think this resulted in such low energy levels in the fall that the plants just didn’t have enough energy to make it through the winter or may have delayed leaf out. &nbsp;Areas with too much rain last summer had that additional stress added to the mix. &nbsp;Roots need oxygen as well as water and too much rain can damage root systems. So what do we do? &nbsp;The only thing we can do now is try to avoid any further stress. &nbsp;Basically, that means watering during dry weather. &nbsp;Don’t overdo it as too much moisture can damage root systems. &nbsp;The goal is to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged while allowing the top of the soil surface to dry between waterings. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>There have been a number of plants that have either died over winter or been slow to leaf out. &nbsp;In some cases, this is likely due to accumulated stress. &nbsp;We often think of plants reacting to stress that happened during the current season or possibly the previous year but it may not be that simple. &nbsp;I think this all started during the winter of 2017 - 2018. &nbsp;Many areas of Kansas had virtually no rain or snow from November through most of April during that winter. &nbsp;This put plants under a tremendous amount of stress. &nbsp; Plants under stress often react by setting an abnormal number of fruit buds. &nbsp;This helps ensure the survival of the species even if the parent plant dies. &nbsp;So lots of fruit buds were set during 2018. &nbsp;Those buds matured into flowers and then fruit (seeds) during 2019. &nbsp;Think back to last year. &nbsp;I have never seen certain plants bloom as well as they did last year. &nbsp;Maturing this much fruit takes a great deal of energy. &nbsp;I think this resulted in such low energy levels in the fall that the plants just didn’t have enough energy to make it through the winter or may have delayed leaf out. &nbsp;Areas with too much rain last summer had that additional stress added to the mix. &nbsp;Roots need oxygen as well as water and too much rain can damage root systems. So what do we do? &nbsp;The only thing we can do now is try to avoid any further stress. &nbsp;Basically, that means watering during dry weather. &nbsp;Don’t overdo it as too much moisture can damage root systems. &nbsp;The goal is to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged while allowing the top of the soil surface to dry between waterings. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

​FICK: Plants slow to leaf out in spring 2021

Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) are starting to emerge with the start of spring; you might even have seen a few around already! Stable flies are distinguishable by four black stripes on the thorax, black checkered spots on the abdomen and large, protruding mouthpart. 

These flies are a common pest feeding primarily on cattle and horses but can also target other livestock species, pets (especially dogs) and humans. Both male and female adult flies are obligate blood feeders and their painful bite and feeding causes significant annoyance and blood loss. Stable flies can negatively affect cattle average daily weight gain, milk production and feeding efficiency. Each fly feeds once or twice a day for between two and five minutes each time. Stable flies are routinely found on the legs or underside of large animals such as horses and cattle, on dogs and small ruminants however, they are generally found around the head area. 

When not feeding, adult flies can be found resting on building surfaces or vegetation. Sustainable stable fly control is best achieved through an integrated approach. In her lifetime, a single adult female can lay between 500 and 1000 eggs. Limiting resources available for egg laying and larvae development, especially in the spring and summer months is essential. 

Stable fly larvae develop in decaying plant matter, particularly those contaminated with animal waste. Hay bales are a great breeding site for stable flies, elevating hay and straw off the ground when feeding animals prevents manure and urine contamination. Periodically clear feed storage and animal feeding areas of spilled hay, straw and feed. Large bales for herd feeding are especially able to promote fly populations, be sure to inspect and clean these areas regularly. Separate animal watering from feeding areas and protect stored feeds from weather and water runoff. 

For areas where straw bedding is used, frequently replace the bedding, spreading decomposing waste in thin layers, which allows waste to dry faster and be less attractive to female stable flies. Composting manure increases heat and dries out material making the environment inhospitable for developing fly larvae. If you have to store manure waste in piles, attempt to keep as little fibrous plant material/feed as possible in the pile. Insect growth regulators fed to animals as feed-throughs inhibit stable fly development during the pupal stage reducing adult fly numbers and are a great addition to an integrated pest management program. 

Adult stable flies can be controlled through insecticide application with both pyrethroid and organophosphate products being effective although resistance to both is increasing. For more information on specific products to use, search the VetPestX website for specific product information (<a href="https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx">https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx</a>).&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) are starting to emerge with the start of spring; you might even have seen a few around already! Stable flies are distinguishable by four black stripes on the thorax, black checkered spots on the abdomen and large, protruding mouthpart. These flies are a common pest feeding primarily on cattle and horses but can also target other livestock species, pets (especially dogs) and humans. Both male and female adult flies are obligate blood feeders and their painful bite and feeding causes significant annoyance and blood loss. Stable flies can negatively affect cattle average daily weight gain, milk production and feeding efficiency. Each fly feeds once or twice a day for between two and five minutes each time. Stable flies are routinely found on the legs or underside of large animals such as horses and cattle, on dogs and small ruminants however, they are generally found around the head area. When not feeding, adult flies can be found resting on building surfaces or vegetation. Sustainable stable fly control is best achieved through an integrated approach. In her lifetime, a single adult female can lay between 500 and 1000 eggs. Limiting resources available for egg laying and larvae development, especially in the spring and summer months is essential. Stable fly larvae develop in decaying plant matter, particularly those contaminated with animal waste. Hay bales are a great breeding site for stable flies, elevating hay and straw off the ground when feeding animals prevents manure and urine contamination. Periodically clear feed storage and animal feeding areas of spilled hay, straw and feed. Large bales for herd feeding are especially able to promote fly populations, be sure to inspect and clean these areas regularly. Separate animal watering from feeding areas and protect stored feeds from weather and water runoff. For areas where straw bedding is used, frequently replace the bedding, spreading decomposing waste in thin layers, which allows waste to dry faster and be less attractive to female stable flies. Composting manure increases heat and dries out material making the environment inhospitable for developing fly larvae. If you have to store manure waste in piles, attempt to keep as little fibrous plant material/feed as possible in the pile. Insect growth regulators fed to animals as feed-throughs inhibit stable fly development during the pupal stage reducing adult fly numbers and are a great addition to an integrated pest management program. Adult stable flies can be controlled through insecticide application with both pyrethroid and organophosphate products being effective although resistance to both is increasing. For more information on specific products to use, search the VetPestX website for specific product information (<a href="https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx">https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx</a>).&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Battling stable flies

Field bindweed is difficult to control, especially for homeowners, but there are options.

Home Vegetable Gardens: Weed control requires taking the treated portion of the garden out of production for a time.

Glyphosate - Glyphosate is sold under a wide variety of names, the most common being Roundup. Take the garden out of production when treating.

1. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that will kill whatever it hits but is inactivated when it contacts the soil.

2. Glyphosate is most effective when applied to bindweed that is at or beyond full bloom. You can treat earlier but don't skip the late summer to fall application.

3. Do not apply to bindweed that is under moisture stress or not growing well.

Turf: Selective herbicides are available. An herbicide with the trade name of Drive (quinclorac) is now packaged in homeowner combination herbicides such as Fertilome Weed-Out with Q, Ortho Weed-B-Gon Max + Crabgrass Control, Monterey Crab-E-Rad Plus, and Bayer All-in-One Lawn Weed and Crabgrass Killer.

Commercial applicators can also use Drive (quinclorac) as well as Q4 (contains quinclorac). Products with Drive work better than glyphosate and are selective. Note that lawns treated with Drive should not use clippings in compost or as a mulch since Drive is very stable on grass clippings.  We recommend clippings be returned to the lawn anyway but if they are bagged, they should be discarded. Do not apply products with Drive over exposed roots of trees and ornamentals. It would be best to avoid spraying beneath the canopy of any trees to avoid possible damage. If there are plans to convert a section of lawn to a vegetable garden, do not use Drive on that area. Eggplants can be damaged if planted within 12 months of areas treated with Drive, and tomatoes can be damaged if planted within 24 months.  Shrub Beds: Use a spray of glyphosate between plants. Use a shield if spraying near plants to keep spray from contacting green plant material. Remember, glyphosate will hurt your shrubs if it contacts green tissue.

It is possible to control field bindweed by pulling, but you must be extremely persistent. I remember reading a study from the 1940s that found that bindweed produces enough energy to start strengthening the roots when it reached the six-leaf stage. So, if pulling, never allow plants to produce more than six leaves.

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Field bindweed is difficult to control, especially for homeowners, but there are options.Home Vegetable Gardens: Weed control requires taking the treated portion of the garden out of production for a time.Glyphosate - Glyphosate is sold under a wide variety of names, the most common being Roundup. Take the garden out of production when treating.1. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that will kill whatever it hits but is inactivated when it contacts the soil.2. Glyphosate is most effective when applied to bindweed that is at or beyond full bloom. You can treat earlier but don't skip the late summer to fall application.3. Do not apply to bindweed that is under moisture stress or not growing well.Turf: Selective herbicides are available. An herbicide with the trade name of Drive (quinclorac) is now packaged in homeowner combination herbicides such as Fertilome Weed-Out with Q, Ortho Weed-B-Gon Max + Crabgrass Control, Monterey Crab-E-Rad Plus, and Bayer All-in-One Lawn Weed and Crabgrass Killer.Commercial applicators can also use Drive (quinclorac) as well as Q4 (contains quinclorac). Products with Drive work better than glyphosate and are selective. Note that lawns treated with Drive should not use clippings in compost or as a mulch since Drive is very stable on grass clippings. We recommend clippings be returned to the lawn anyway but if they are bagged, they should be discarded. Do not apply products with Drive over exposed roots of trees and ornamentals. It would be best to avoid spraying beneath the canopy of any trees to avoid possible damage. If there are plans to convert a section of lawn to a vegetable garden, do not use Drive on that area. Eggplants can be damaged if planted within 12 months of areas treated with Drive, and tomatoes can be damaged if planted within 24 months. Shrub Beds: Use a spray of glyphosate between plants. Use a shield if spraying near plants to keep spray from contacting green plant material. Remember, glyphosate will hurt your shrubs if it contacts green tissue.It is possible to control field bindweed by pulling, but you must be extremely persistent. I remember reading a study from the 1940s that found that bindweed produces enough energy to start strengthening the roots when it reached the six-leaf stage. So, if pulling, never allow plants to produce more than six leaves.Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: ​Field bindweed control

We recently had an opportunity to host one of our first face-to-face events since early in 2020. Our Program Development Committee members in the Cottonwood District gathered to share ideas that will help our team members better serve our communities. Our local extension program is a partnership of K-State Research and Extension and residents of Ellis and Barton Counties. Residents can become active partners by serving as members of a program development committee, or PDC.

The four core areas served by our PDC’s include:

We opened our time together by sharing the results of a survey we had asked members to complete prior to the meeting. Survey questions were developed to help us determine how our participants prefer getting Extension educational information. E-mail ranked first but face-to-face meetings actually came in ahead of Zoom. Like many of you some days I have “Zoom fatigue.” Participants, young and old, prefer to meet in person whenever possible.&nbsp;

Many factors influence how our program participants respond or participate. A busy mom may only have a few minutes at the end of the day when the kids are in bed, to check out information we post on the Cottonwood Facebook page. Or perhaps a farmer has short breaks during their day to respond to something on Twitter. Still others continue to enjoy the articles we send to the newsletter or the post each week. We also have a monthly electronic newsletter, The Cottonwood Connection, that is posted to our web site or sent directly to people who have shared their e-mail address with us.

Here in the Cottonwood Extension District we will continue to seek out the best way to share the research-based information you have come to expect and appreciate. We will continue to identify the needs and issues of agricultural producers, communities, families and youth. We are always looking for audiences in the district who are not being served and will develop a proactive plan to engage them.

Serving on a program development committee is an opportunity for individuals who have an interest in helping their local communities and who would like to develop their personal leadership skills. If you would like to serve on a PDC in the Cottonwood District, please contact me.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkru@ksu.edu">dkru@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>We recently had an opportunity to host one of our first face-to-face events since early in 2020. Our Program Development Committee members in the Cottonwood District gathered to share ideas that will help our team members better serve our communities. Our local extension program is a partnership of K-State Research and Extension and residents of Ellis and Barton Counties. Residents can become active partners by serving as members of a program development committee, or PDC.The four core areas served by our PDC’s include:<ul>
 <li>Agriculture and Natural Resources</li><li>Community Development</li><li>Family and Consumer Sciences</li><li>4-H Youth Development</li>
 </ul>We opened our time together by sharing the results of a survey we had asked members to complete prior to the meeting. Survey questions were developed to help us determine how our participants prefer getting Extension educational information. E-mail ranked first but face-to-face meetings actually came in ahead of Zoom. Like many of you some days I have “Zoom fatigue.” Participants, young and old, prefer to meet in person whenever possible.&nbsp;Many factors influence how our program participants respond or participate. A busy mom may only have a few minutes at the end of the day when the kids are in bed, to check out information we post on the Cottonwood Facebook page. Or perhaps a farmer has short breaks during their day to respond to something on Twitter. Still others continue to enjoy the articles we send to the newsletter or the post each week. We also have a monthly electronic newsletter, The Cottonwood Connection, that is posted to our web site or sent directly to people who have shared their e-mail address with us.Here in the Cottonwood Extension District we will continue to seek out the best way to share the research-based information you have come to expect and appreciate. We will continue to identify the needs and issues of agricultural producers, communities, families and youth. We are always looking for audiences in the district who are not being served and will develop a proactive plan to engage them.Serving on a program development committee is an opportunity for individuals who have an interest in helping their local communities and who would like to develop their personal leadership skills. If you would like to serve on a PDC in the Cottonwood District, please contact me.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkru@ksu.edu">dkru@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Promoting the mission of K-State Research & Extension

The garden, located at the K-State Agricultural Research Center south of Hays, was established in 2016 with funds provided by a grant from the Heartland Community Foundation.&nbsp;

The garden area measures approximately 12’ x 20’.&nbsp; The soil was tested, prepared and a fall garden was planted in 2016, with its official debut during Horticulture Night at the Ag Research Center, September 20, 2016.

Work resumed during the spring of 2017 when a fence was built and compost bins were constructed out of pallets on the east end of the garden plot. Spring crops of onions, potatoes and beans were planted, as well as perennial crops of rhubarb and asparagus. Other vegetables that have been grown are radishes, beets, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, carrots and eggplant.

The purpose and goal of the Backyard Garden Project is to demonstrate to the general public how to start and maintain a vegetable garden in a smaller space like a backyard area. A composting station is also maintained as part of this project. This garden provides an opportunity for Master Gardeners to show the various crops that can be grown in a small area. It also gives Master Gardeners opportunities to experiment with best practices in fertilization, watering, weeding, mulching and producing and using compost in a garden to optimize crop production.

The Backyard Garden committee decides yearly which crops to plant and determines the layout of the garden plot. It decides on any new ideas or methods to try for the new season. Several Master Gardener volunteers help with the planning, planting and maintenance throughout the year. This garden project would not be possible or successful without the hard work and dedication of this group.

The public is welcome and encouraged to stop by and visit the garden’s progress during the growing season at the Ag Research Center.&nbsp;There is signage on the east end of the garden plot concerning composting and a Kansas Garden Guide booklet in the attached mailbox for reference. Gardening questions can be addressed by the Master Gardeners or the Extension Horticulturist by calling the Cottonwood District Extension Office in Hays at 785-628-9430..

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/3/1614966296214.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>The garden, located at the K-State Agricultural Research Center south of Hays, was established in 2016 with funds provided by a grant from the Heartland Community Foundation.&nbsp; The garden area measures approximately 12’ x 20’.&nbsp; The soil was tested, prepared and a fall garden was planted in 2016, with its official debut during Horticulture Night at the Ag Research Center, September 20, 2016. Work resumed during the spring of 2017 when a fence was built and compost bins were constructed out of pallets on the east end of the garden plot. Spring crops of onions, potatoes and beans were planted, as well as perennial crops of rhubarb and asparagus. Other vegetables that have been grown are radishes, beets, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, carrots and eggplant. The purpose and goal of the Backyard Garden Project is to demonstrate to the general public how to start and maintain a vegetable garden in a smaller space like a backyard area. A composting station is also maintained as part of this project. This garden provides an opportunity for Master Gardeners to show the various crops that can be grown in a small area. It also gives Master Gardeners opportunities to experiment with best practices in fertilization, watering, weeding, mulching and producing and using compost in a garden to optimize crop production. The Backyard Garden committee decides yearly which crops to plant and determines the layout of the garden plot. It decides on any new ideas or methods to try for the new season. Several Master Gardener volunteers help with the planning, planting and maintenance throughout the year. This garden project would not be possible or successful without the hard work and dedication of this group. The public is welcome and encouraged to stop by and visit the garden’s progress during the growing season at the Ag Research Center.&nbsp;There is signage on the east end of the garden plot concerning composting and a Kansas Garden Guide booklet in the attached mailbox for reference. Gardening questions can be addressed by the Master Gardeners or the Extension Horticulturist by calling the Cottonwood District Extension Office in Hays at 785-628-9430..

From the Ellis Co. Master Gardeners: Backyard family demonstration garden

BY STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

All fertilizers are salts and can cause germination problems if too much is placed with the seed. Too much fertilizer may inhibit germination completely, which results in a loss of stand. In other instances, too much fertilizer placed with the seed may simply delay germination, or it may result in weak seedlings with poorly developed root systems. In either case, the affected seedlings will be at a competitive disadvantage and a loss of yield potential may result.&nbsp;

Several points should be kept in mind when evaluating seed-placed fertilizer.&nbsp;

- Soil between the seed and the fertilizer band provides a buffer.&nbsp;

- The potential for injury from seed-applied fertilizer is greater for sandy and/or dry soils.&nbsp;

- Certain types of fertilizers should never be applied with the seed, even at low rates. No urea-containing fertilizer (urea, UAN solution) should be placed in direct seed contact. The hydrolysis of urea to ammonia can result in ammonia toxicity to seedlings.&nbsp;

- Reduce rates 30 percent for grain sorghum. We suggest no seed placed fertilizer for soybeans, sunflowers, or dry beans.&nbsp;

The amount of fertilizer Nitrogen (N) plus Potassium (K2O) applied in direct seed contact should not exceed the values presented in the above table. These guidelines are relatively conservative. Some producers have gotten by with using higher rates at times. However, rates higher than those in this table have real potential for causing germination problems in some years.

If N and Phosphorus (P) are applied without any K2O, such as using 11-52-0 or 10-34-0 then rates can be increased. In corn on 30 inch rows in medium to fine textured soils, the maximum amount of fertilizer that can be safely applied with the seed is 72 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 6.9 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In sandy or dry soils 54 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 5.2 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In grain sorghum, 30 inch rows in medium to fine textured soils 50 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 4.9 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In sandy or dry soils 38 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 3.6 gal/ac of 10-34-0. Remember this is assuming no added potassium (K20).&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/4/1619031087901.jpeg" alt="Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>BY STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictAll fertilizers are salts and can cause germination problems if too much is placed with the seed. Too much fertilizer may inhibit germination completely, which results in a loss of stand. In other instances, too much fertilizer placed with the seed may simply delay germination, or it may result in weak seedlings with poorly developed root systems. In either case, the affected seedlings will be at a competitive disadvantage and a loss of yield potential may result.&nbsp;Several points should be kept in mind when evaluating seed-placed fertilizer.&nbsp;- Soil between the seed and the fertilizer band provides a buffer.&nbsp;- The potential for injury from seed-applied fertilizer is greater for sandy and/or dry soils.&nbsp;- Certain types of fertilizers should never be applied with the seed, even at low rates. No urea-containing fertilizer (urea, UAN solution) should be placed in direct seed contact. The hydrolysis of urea to ammonia can result in ammonia toxicity to seedlings.&nbsp;- Reduce rates 30 percent for grain sorghum. We suggest no seed placed fertilizer for soybeans, sunflowers, or dry beans.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/4/1619031159769.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>The amount of fertilizer Nitrogen (N) plus Potassium (K2O) applied in direct seed contact should not exceed the values presented in the above table. These guidelines are relatively conservative. Some producers have gotten by with using higher rates at times. However, rates higher than those in this table have real potential for causing germination problems in some years.If N and Phosphorus (P) are applied without any K2O, such as using 11-52-0 or 10-34-0 then rates can be increased. In corn on 30 inch rows in medium to fine textured soils, the maximum amount of fertilizer that can be safely applied with the seed is 72 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 6.9 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In sandy or dry soils 54 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 5.2 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In grain sorghum, 30 inch rows in medium to fine textured soils 50 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 4.9 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In sandy or dry soils 38 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 3.6 gal/ac of 10-34-0. Remember this is assuming no added potassium (K20).&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: How much fertilizer can safely be placed with seed? 

Considering the fact that moles spend most of their time underground, they sure cause quite a mess above the ground.&nbsp;

Kansas State University horticulture expert Ward Upham said the surest signs that homeowners have of moles in their yard are the meandering paths or tunnels of upheaved soil, caused by the small mammals foraging for food.&nbsp;

“Some tunnels may be abandoned soon after being built, while others are travel lanes and are used for a longer period of time,” Upham said. “If the soil is dry, moles form mounds of soil (as they search for food), but do not make the meandering paths,” &nbsp;

The result is a traffic-way of lines in the home lawn and other parts of the yard that soon cause soft sections that crumble under foot. That can cause a problem for lawns, in particular, because even though moles don’t feed on plant matter, their movements disrupt roots and uproot small plants.&nbsp;

“The best control method for moles is the use of traps,” Upham said, noting there are three types of traps (harpoon, choker and scissor-jawed) but each takes some time to master.&nbsp;

“Moles use some tunnels more than others,” Upham said. “Use a broomstick or something similar to poke holes in a number of runs. Check a day later to see which runs have been repaired. These are the active runs that should be used to place traps.”&nbsp;

In an active run, Upham suggests excavating the soil, placing the trap and then replacing loose soil. “Secure the trap so that the recoil will not lift the trap out of the ground,” he said. “Make sure the triggering mechanism is in the center of the run.”&nbsp;

To help ensure success, push down two holes on each side of the trap. “Moles should be caught when they try to repair the tunnel,” Upham said. “Move the traps if moles are not caught within three days.”&nbsp;

Aside from traps, Upham said numerous home remedies to control moles have been tried, including chewing gum, noise makers, broken glass, bleaches, windmills and human hair. “None have been found to provide consistent and reliable control,” he said.&nbsp;

“Poison baits also fail to work because moles feed on earthworms and grubs, not vegetable matter,” Upham said. “Even grub control products are ineffective because they do not control earthworms, which are the primary food source for moles.”&nbsp;

More information including examples of how to track an active mole tunnel and set a trap are shown in videos available online from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wildlife.k-state.edu/species/moles/index.html">K-State Research and Extension wildlife management program</a>.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Considering the fact that moles spend most of their time underground, they sure cause quite a mess above the ground.&nbsp;Kansas State University horticulture expert Ward Upham said the surest signs that homeowners have of moles in their yard are the meandering paths or tunnels of upheaved soil, caused by the small mammals foraging for food.&nbsp;“Some tunnels may be abandoned soon after being built, while others are travel lanes and are used for a longer period of time,” Upham said. “If the soil is dry, moles form mounds of soil (as they search for food), but do not make the meandering paths,” &nbsp;The result is a traffic-way of lines in the home lawn and other parts of the yard that soon cause soft sections that crumble under foot. That can cause a problem for lawns, in particular, because even though moles don’t feed on plant matter, their movements disrupt roots and uproot small plants.&nbsp;“The best control method for moles is the use of traps,” Upham said, noting there are three types of traps (harpoon, choker and scissor-jawed) but each takes some time to master.&nbsp;“Moles use some tunnels more than others,” Upham said. “Use a broomstick or something similar to poke holes in a number of runs. Check a day later to see which runs have been repaired. These are the active runs that should be used to place traps.”&nbsp;In an active run, Upham suggests excavating the soil, placing the trap and then replacing loose soil. “Secure the trap so that the recoil will not lift the trap out of the ground,” he said. “Make sure the triggering mechanism is in the center of the run.”&nbsp;To help ensure success, push down two holes on each side of the trap. “Moles should be caught when they try to repair the tunnel,” Upham said. “Move the traps if moles are not caught within three days.”&nbsp;Aside from traps, Upham said numerous home remedies to control moles have been tried, including chewing gum, noise makers, broken glass, bleaches, windmills and human hair. “None have been found to provide consistent and reliable control,” he said.&nbsp;“Poison baits also fail to work because moles feed on earthworms and grubs, not vegetable matter,” Upham said. “Even grub control products are ineffective because they do not control earthworms, which are the primary food source for moles.”&nbsp;More information including examples of how to track an active mole tunnel and set a trap are shown in videos available online from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wildlife.k-state.edu/species/moles/index.html">K-State Research and Extension wildlife management program</a>.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Mole control

A focus of 4-H is to empower young people with the skills to lead for a lifetime. The research-based learning provides many avenues for 4-H youth to practice life skills such as caring for others and their community, leadership, and day-to-day areas such as preparing healthy meals, time management, and communication skills.

A few years ago, I read an article from HealthyWay.com written by Mary Sauer titled, “7 Things Kids Need To Do For Themselves Before They Turn 13”.&nbsp;

According to Ms. Sauer, “Turning 13 is a major milestone. For many kids, it feels like one big step toward adulthood. Of course, teenagers don’t just take on the responsibilities of growing older on their own because they’ve turned a page on a calendar. Parents play a big role in guiding their kids by equipping them with the skills they need to take care of themselves and contribute to society”.

This sounds a lot like 4-H to me! Another important aspect of 4-H is the ability to work with caring adults who guide and mentor them. While much of this can be project specific, knowing that a club leader, photography leader, or beef superintendent is working to provide opportunities for a youth to expand their horizons or improve their skills is invaluable.&nbsp;

As a Doniphan County 4-H member, I can’t imagine the hours that my sewing leader spent in the church basement with many young ones trying to work their mom’s portable sewing machine. I can tell you that, to this day, I know how to sew a French seam and put in a zipper because Mrs. D worked with me to do it over and over again until it was just right! She was also the first to celebrate with you when hard work paid off by good comments from the judge or earned an exhibit at the Kansas State Fair.&nbsp;

In the article by Ms. Sauer, she notes the seven things a youth should be able to do for themselves by age 13 include:

Money Matters – understand the basics of money and how to manage their own. She notes that this is best taught by modeling and practice. Do you talk openly with your youth about spending decisions, how you save, where you choose to give charitably? She stresses that a 13-year-old should understand and practice habits like giving and spending, and consequences when you run out.

Scheduling Solutions – I know, I know – I had a hard time with this as a parent also! Ms. Sauer recommends shifting the responsibility of getting up and to activities to their shoulders…..and letting then bear the consequences when they fail. “This might mean they have to face a frustrated teacher or discipline from a coach who expects them to be at practice by a certain time. And that’s okay. Sometime consequences that come from outside the family leave the most lasting impression.” Occasionally as a family, it is important to evaluate if the number of activities are helping or harming family time and overwhelming youth in the process.

Courteous Communication – This is a two-way street and can be difficult on both sides. We teach a lot about communication in 4-H (truly the crucial life skills at Club Day and the fair). “If your new teen wishes to be treated like an adult – and most do – they need to communicate with other adults with respect and clarity,” Ms. Sauer states. Our dinner table conversations were often loud, and to visitors probably argumentative, but my kids knew that there were very few topics that were off-limits but they had better be prepared to argue their case AND listen to other viewpoints. They didn’t get it right every time and we occasionally had to call a time-out or move everyone on to a different topic but they were practicing communication skills and social interactions.

Body Basics – Learning self-care skills is important for good hygiene but also to develop a healthy body image and self-confidence.

Housekeeping Habits – Per Ms. Sauer’s article, “Your teen is a member of your household, and it is perfectly acceptable to expect them to do their part around the home. Before the age of 13, your child should know how to do their own laundry, pick up after themselves, and clean the kitchen.” In 4-H, we have curriculum about cooking basic meals and packing healthy lunches or snacks that they are capable of making. Young people don’t suddenly learn these skills when they turn 18 or 20; they need practice in order to grow into independent adults. It is often faster to pack their lunch (remember that Scheduling Solutions section) or clean their room but the lesson they have learned is either they are not good/smart enough OR they should expect someone else to do it for them.

Academic Achievements – The article states “Most parents place a high priority on helping their teens reach their full potential, but by micromanaging your teen’s academics you do more harm than good. Parents should find a balance, encouraging their teen and supporting them without doing the work for them or rescuing them from academic failure.” Some students do need more assistance but most students should be able to meet deadlines, keep up their homework, and show up to class on time. These are important life skills for success in education at every level and in life. If you don’t show up for work on time and aren’t prepared for your tasks, you typically don’t stay employed very long!&nbsp;

Navigation Necessities – As middle-school students, my kids were learning to read a map (on very long cattle trips!) and airport boards. We practiced these things in small doses and both are accomplished travelers both in the US and abroad. As Ms. Sauer notes, “Whether they’re catching a ride with another parent or walking to and from school, being able to get themselves where they need to go will bring them one step closer to independence.” Activities in 4-H provide great opportunities for practicing these skills in small doses: camp, Discovery Days, Kansas Youth Leadership Forum, Citizenship In Action – all have increased levels of independence which comes with the responsibility of showing up in the right places at the right time!

Ms. Sauer concludes her article, “The truth is, consequences of the mistakes your teen might make now are far less risky than releasing them into adulthood without the skills they need to care for themselves, engage in adult relationships, or manage their time and money.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>A focus of 4-H is to empower young people with the skills to lead for a lifetime. The research-based learning provides many avenues for 4-H youth to practice life skills such as caring for others and their community, leadership, and day-to-day areas such as preparing healthy meals, time management, and communication skills.A few years ago, I read an article from HealthyWay.com written by Mary Sauer titled, “7 Things Kids Need To Do For Themselves Before They Turn 13”.&nbsp;According to Ms. Sauer, “Turning 13 is a major milestone. For many kids, it feels like one big step toward adulthood. Of course, teenagers don’t just take on the responsibilities of growing older on their own because they’ve turned a page on a calendar. Parents play a big role in guiding their kids by equipping them with the skills they need to take care of themselves and contribute to society”.This sounds a lot like 4-H to me! Another important aspect of 4-H is the ability to work with caring adults who guide and mentor them. While much of this can be project specific, knowing that a club leader, photography leader, or beef superintendent is working to provide opportunities for a youth to expand their horizons or improve their skills is invaluable.&nbsp;As a Doniphan County 4-H member, I can’t imagine the hours that my sewing leader spent in the church basement with many young ones trying to work their mom’s portable sewing machine. I can tell you that, to this day, I know how to sew a French seam and put in a zipper because Mrs. D worked with me to do it over and over again until it was just right! She was also the first to celebrate with you when hard work paid off by good comments from the judge or earned an exhibit at the Kansas State Fair.&nbsp;In the article by Ms. Sauer, she notes the seven things a youth should be able to do for themselves by age 13 include:Money Matters – understand the basics of money and how to manage their own. She notes that this is best taught by modeling and practice. Do you talk openly with your youth about spending decisions, how you save, where you choose to give charitably? She stresses that a 13-year-old should understand and practice habits like giving and spending, and consequences when you run out.Scheduling Solutions – I know, I know – I had a hard time with this as a parent also! Ms. Sauer recommends shifting the responsibility of getting up and to activities to their shoulders…..and letting then bear the consequences when they fail. “This might mean they have to face a frustrated teacher or discipline from a coach who expects them to be at practice by a certain time. And that’s okay. Sometime consequences that come from outside the family leave the most lasting impression.” Occasionally as a family, it is important to evaluate if the number of activities are helping or harming family time and overwhelming youth in the process.Courteous Communication – This is a two-way street and can be difficult on both sides. We teach a lot about communication in 4-H (truly the crucial life skills at Club Day and the fair). “If your new teen wishes to be treated like an adult – and most do – they need to communicate with other adults with respect and clarity,” Ms. Sauer states. Our dinner table conversations were often loud, and to visitors probably argumentative, but my kids knew that there were very few topics that were off-limits but they had better be prepared to argue their case AND listen to other viewpoints. They didn’t get it right every time and we occasionally had to call a time-out or move everyone on to a different topic but they were practicing communication skills and social interactions.Body Basics – Learning self-care skills is important for good hygiene but also to develop a healthy body image and self-confidence.Housekeeping Habits – Per Ms. Sauer’s article, “Your teen is a member of your household, and it is perfectly acceptable to expect them to do their part around the home. Before the age of 13, your child should know how to do their own laundry, pick up after themselves, and clean the kitchen.” In 4-H, we have curriculum about cooking basic meals and packing healthy lunches or snacks that they are capable of making. Young people don’t suddenly learn these skills when they turn 18 or 20; they need practice in order to grow into independent adults. It is often faster to pack their lunch (remember that Scheduling Solutions section) or clean their room but the lesson they have learned is either they are not good/smart enough OR they should expect someone else to do it for them.Academic Achievements – The article states “Most parents place a high priority on helping their teens reach their full potential, but by micromanaging your teen’s academics you do more harm than good. Parents should find a balance, encouraging their teen and supporting them without doing the work for them or rescuing them from academic failure.” Some students do need more assistance but most students should be able to meet deadlines, keep up their homework, and show up to class on time. These are important life skills for success in education at every level and in life. If you don’t show up for work on time and aren’t prepared for your tasks, you typically don’t stay employed very long!&nbsp;Navigation Necessities – As middle-school students, my kids were learning to read a map (on very long cattle trips!) and airport boards. We practiced these things in small doses and both are accomplished travelers both in the US and abroad. As Ms. Sauer notes, “Whether they’re catching a ride with another parent or walking to and from school, being able to get themselves where they need to go will bring them one step closer to independence.” Activities in 4-H provide great opportunities for practicing these skills in small doses: camp, Discovery Days, Kansas Youth Leadership Forum, Citizenship In Action – all have increased levels of independence which comes with the responsibility of showing up in the right places at the right time!Ms. Sauer concludes her article, “The truth is, consequences of the mistakes your teen might make now are far less risky than releasing them into adulthood without the skills they need to care for themselves, engage in adult relationships, or manage their time and money.I wonder if Ms. Sauer was a 4-H member! 4-H provides so many great opportunities for youth to learn and practice skills that will help them be successful adults.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. For more information on this article or other 4-H and Youth Development related questions, email Michelle at <a href="mailto:mberan@ksu.edu">mberan@ksu.edu</a> or call 620-793-1910.