&nbsp;By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Most gardeners think soil testing only determines nutrient deficiencies, but the tests also help gardeners understand whether the soil contains adequate nutrients. Basic tests check the soil’s pH, as well as the phosphorus and potassium levels.

“Most of the lawn and garden soil tests that come out of our soil-testing lab (at Kansas State University) show more than adequate levels of both phosphorus and potassium,” K-State horticultural expert Cynthia Domenghini said. “If those nutrients are not needed, applying them is a waste of money and can be a source of pollution.”

Domenghini urges gardeners to test their garden’s soil before beginning spring gardening, particularly if the soil hasn’t been tested in several years.

To do so, she says, take a sample from multiple locations in the garden and lawn. Samples should be taken at a depth between the surface and eight inches, depending on the area being sampled. Next, mix the samples together to total one pint of soil.

More information on taking an accurate soil test is available online from the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/soil-analysis/producers-and-homeowners.html">K-State Agronomy Soil Analysis lab.</a>

<a target="_blank" href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/soil-analysis/producers-and-homeowners.html"></a>According to Domenghini, the soil sample can then be submitted to your&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>&nbsp;to have tests done at the K-State soil testing laboratory for a fee.

“A soil test determines fertility problems, not other conditions that may exist, such as poor drainage, poor soil structure, soil borne diseases or insects, chemical contaminants or damage,” Domenghini said. “All of these conditions may reduce plant performance but cannot be evaluated by a soil test.”Domenghini recommends submitting dry soil samples, as wet soil has different precautions.

“Wet soil samples should be air-dried before being submitted for testing,” Domenghini said. “Do not use artificial means of drying such as an oven or microwave as such treatment may result in inaccurate readings of nutrient levels.”

Soil tests should be used as a tool to identify nutrient deficiencies, Domenghini said, but often they do not tell the whole story of other factors affecting plant growth.

Additional factors that can affect plant growth include: · Not enough sun. · Poor soil physical characteristics. · Walnut trees (walnuts give off a natural herbicide that interferes with the growth of some plants, such as tomatoes). · Tree roots. · Shallow soils. · Improper watering.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District, which includes Barton and Ellis counties, for K-State Research and Extension. You may contact her by email at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1739899719761.png" alt="Soil sampling. Photo courtesy K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>Soil sampling. Photo courtesy K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>&nbsp;By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictMost gardeners think soil testing only determines nutrient deficiencies, but the tests also help gardeners understand whether the soil contains adequate nutrients. Basic tests check the soil’s pH, as well as the phosphorus and potassium levels.“Most of the lawn and garden soil tests that come out of our soil-testing lab (at Kansas State University) show more than adequate levels of both phosphorus and potassium,” K-State horticultural expert Cynthia Domenghini said. “If those nutrients are not needed, applying them is a waste of money and can be a source of pollution.”Domenghini urges gardeners to test their garden’s soil before beginning spring gardening, particularly if the soil hasn’t been tested in several years.To do so, she says, take a sample from multiple locations in the garden and lawn. Samples should be taken at a depth between the surface and eight inches, depending on the area being sampled. Next, mix the samples together to total one pint of soil.More information on taking an accurate soil test is available online from the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/soil-analysis/producers-and-homeowners.html">K-State Agronomy Soil Analysis lab.</a><a target="_blank" href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/soil-analysis/producers-and-homeowners.html"></a>According to Domenghini, the soil sample can then be submitted to your&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/about/statewide-locations.html">local K-State Research and Extension office</a>&nbsp;to have tests done at the K-State soil testing laboratory for a fee.“A soil test determines fertility problems, not other conditions that may exist, such as poor drainage, poor soil structure, soil borne diseases or insects, chemical contaminants or damage,” Domenghini said. “All of these conditions may reduce plant performance but cannot be evaluated by a soil test.”Domenghini recommends submitting dry soil samples, as wet soil has different precautions.“Wet soil samples should be air-dried before being submitted for testing,” Domenghini said. “Do not use artificial means of drying such as an oven or microwave as such treatment may result in inaccurate readings of nutrient levels.”Soil tests should be used as a tool to identify nutrient deficiencies, Domenghini said, but often they do not tell the whole story of other factors affecting plant growth.Additional factors that can affect plant growth include: · Not enough sun. · Poor soil physical characteristics. · Walnut trees (walnuts give off a natural herbicide that interferes with the growth of some plants, such as tomatoes). · Tree roots. · Shallow soils. · Improper watering.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District, which includes Barton and Ellis counties, for K-State Research and Extension. You may contact her by email at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Column soil testing

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Producers have until April 15, 2025 to make their farm program selections for crops to be harvested in 2025.&nbsp;

 Both Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) and Price Loss Coverage (PLC) are offering higher price benchmarks this year, as historical prices setting these guarantees have been higher.&nbsp;

PLC will make payments if the national Marketing Year Price (MYA) falls below these reference prices. Producers will receive a payment calculated as the difference between the reference price and the MYA, times their individual farm’s established program yield with FSA, then paid on 85% of their base acres in that commodity.&nbsp; This program will pay on losses in price unless the MYA gets below loans rates established in the 2018 Farm Bill, which means large payments will occur if commodity prices are low.

ARC is a revenue program, which takes the benchmark price and multiplies it by the county’s benchmark yield to establish a benchmark revenue for each crop.&nbsp; If the current year’s revenue (national MYA price multiplied by the 2025 county yield) is less than 86% of this amount, there will be an ARC payment. The advantage of this program is that it has both a yield and price component, which has produced ARC payments in recent years due to drought, even at high prices.&nbsp; The disadvantage is that the payment is capped at 10% of benchmark revenue, which tends to happen quite quickly if a payment is triggered.&nbsp; Like PLC, it also pays on 85% of the farm’s base acres in each crop.

Remember the payments for the 2025 crop year will NOT be paid until October of 2026 once the 2025 county yields are determined and Marketing Year Average price is known, so a lot could happen to market prices between now and then. 

While ARC may be more likely to pay unless there is a bumper crop yield in the county, overall protection against low prices is less than PLC because of the 10% cap on payments.

A great tool for assessing potential ARC-CO versus PLC payments at various MYA price levels and county yields is the ARC/PLC Tradeoff spreadsheet found here:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/ag-policy/2018-farm-bill/tradeoff-between-20252026-arc-and-plc">https://agmanager.info/ag-policy/2018-farm-bill/tradeoff-between-20252026-arc-and-plc</a>

<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/ag-policy/2018-farm-bill/tradeoff-between-20252026-arc-and-plc"></a>Another factor in the decision to choose ARC or PLC for each crop is if a producer wants to elect the Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) on their individual crop insurance. If so, base acres in that commodity cannot be enrolled in ARC. For many counties, their benchmark yield for ARC is much higher or lower than their expected yield (provided by RMA). A much higher benchmark means ARC will trigger easily, a lower benchmark yield means that this is less likely.

A new tool that also analyzes SCO in relation to ARC and PLC can be found here:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/crop-insurance/crop-insurance-papers-and-information/advanced-arc-plc-sco-tradeoff-tool">https://agmanager.info/crop-insurance/crop-insurance-papers-and-information/advanced-arc-plc-sco-tradeoff-tool</a>

<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/crop-insurance/crop-insurance-papers-and-information/advanced-arc-plc-sco-tradeoff-tool"></a>The K-State Department of Agricultural Economics recently had a webinar on these topics, with more in-depth information and analysis.&nbsp; The recording available here:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/events/2025-winter-wednesday-webinars">https://agmanager.info/events/2025-winter-wednesday-webinars</a>

<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/events/2025-winter-wednesday-webinars"></a>If you have any questions over ARC or PLC, you can contact our Extension offices and we can help. The phone numbers are for Great Bend 620-793-1910 and for Hays 785-628-9430.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District, which includes Barton and Ellis counties, for K-State Research and Extension. You may contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor, Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor, Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictProducers have until April 15, 2025 to make their farm program selections for crops to be harvested in 2025.&nbsp; Both Agricultural Risk Coverage (ARC) and Price Loss Coverage (PLC) are offering higher price benchmarks this year, as historical prices setting these guarantees have been higher.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1740500449489.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>PLC will make payments if the national Marketing Year Price (MYA) falls below these reference prices. Producers will receive a payment calculated as the difference between the reference price and the MYA, times their individual farm’s established program yield with FSA, then paid on 85% of their base acres in that commodity.&nbsp; This program will pay on losses in price unless the MYA gets below loans rates established in the 2018 Farm Bill, which means large payments will occur if commodity prices are low.ARC is a revenue program, which takes the benchmark price and multiplies it by the county’s benchmark yield to establish a benchmark revenue for each crop.&nbsp; If the current year’s revenue (national MYA price multiplied by the 2025 county yield) is less than 86% of this amount, there will be an ARC payment. The advantage of this program is that it has both a yield and price component, which has produced ARC payments in recent years due to drought, even at high prices.&nbsp; The disadvantage is that the payment is capped at 10% of benchmark revenue, which tends to happen quite quickly if a payment is triggered.&nbsp; Like PLC, it also pays on 85% of the farm’s base acres in each crop.Remember the payments for the 2025 crop year will NOT be paid until October of 2026 once the 2025 county yields are determined and Marketing Year Average price is known, so a lot could happen to market prices between now and then. While ARC may be more likely to pay unless there is a bumper crop yield in the county, overall protection against low prices is less than PLC because of the 10% cap on payments.A great tool for assessing potential ARC-CO versus PLC payments at various MYA price levels and county yields is the ARC/PLC Tradeoff spreadsheet found here:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/ag-policy/2018-farm-bill/tradeoff-between-20252026-arc-and-plc">https://agmanager.info/ag-policy/2018-farm-bill/tradeoff-between-20252026-arc-and-plc</a><a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/ag-policy/2018-farm-bill/tradeoff-between-20252026-arc-and-plc"></a>Another factor in the decision to choose ARC or PLC for each crop is if a producer wants to elect the Supplemental Coverage Option (SCO) on their individual crop insurance. If so, base acres in that commodity cannot be enrolled in ARC. For many counties, their benchmark yield for ARC is much higher or lower than their expected yield (provided by RMA). A much higher benchmark means ARC will trigger easily, a lower benchmark yield means that this is less likely.A new tool that also analyzes SCO in relation to ARC and PLC can be found here:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/crop-insurance/crop-insurance-papers-and-information/advanced-arc-plc-sco-tradeoff-tool">https://agmanager.info/crop-insurance/crop-insurance-papers-and-information/advanced-arc-plc-sco-tradeoff-tool</a><a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/crop-insurance/crop-insurance-papers-and-information/advanced-arc-plc-sco-tradeoff-tool"></a>The K-State Department of Agricultural Economics recently had a webinar on these topics, with more in-depth information and analysis.&nbsp; The recording available here:&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/events/2025-winter-wednesday-webinars">https://agmanager.info/events/2025-winter-wednesday-webinars</a><a target="_blank" href="https://agmanager.info/events/2025-winter-wednesday-webinars"></a>If you have any questions over ARC or PLC, you can contact our Extension offices and we can help. The phone numbers are for Great Bend 620-793-1910 and for Hays 785-628-9430.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District, which includes Barton and Ellis counties, for K-State Research and Extension. You may contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Time to make farm program selections for crops to be harvested in 2025

By TAMARA ROBERTSON Cottonwood District 4-H members from across Ellis County gathered on Sunday, March 2, to showcase their performing arts and communication skills during the annual 4-H Day event.

This special day offers a unique platform for 4-H members to demonstrate their knowledge and build important life skills, such as public speaking, decision-making, and teamwork.

The event emphasizes the power of communication as participants deliver presentations on various project work they have undertaken throughout the year.

 Categories for presentations are as follows: demonstrations, project talks, speeches, skits, music performances, readings, and more, highlighting the diverse talents and interests of 4-H members. 

Participants are encouraged to practice and sharpen their public speaking skills in the supportive environment that 4-H Day provides. It also provides a valuable opportunity for young people to develop confidence, improve their presentation abilities, and share their accomplishments with others.

In addition to showcasing their skills, 4-H members also learn the importance of responsibility and time management as they prepare for the event. After their presentation the judges offer constructive feedback, helping participants grow and set goals for future success.

Those members receiving a Regional Blue designation are eligible to represent Ellis County at the Regional 4-H Day event, with members from Trego, Phillips, and Rooks Counties. 

Results from the Ellis County event are as follows:

Regional Blue— Buckeye Jr Farmers 4-H Club&nbsp;

Junior Demonstrations / Illustrated Talks&nbsp;

Intermediate Demonstrations / Illustrated Talks&nbsp;

Intermediate Public Speaking&nbsp;

1st Reg. Alt. Blue — Esther N. – VV&nbsp;

2nd Reg. Alt. Blue — Ella N. - VV&nbsp;

Intermediate ARI (Application, Resume &amp; Interview)

Regional Blue— Brynlee W. – BJF&nbsp;

1st Reg. Alt. Blue — Emma D. – GH&nbsp;

Regional Blue — Brylie G.– BJF – Piano Solo

Regional Blue—Emma D. – GH - Piano Solo&nbsp;

Reg. Alt. Blue— Jessa F. - BJF - Piano Solo

Blue— Jessa F. - BJF - Instrumental Solo&nbsp;

Regional Blue — Lily D. – GH - Piano Sol&nbsp;

Tamara Robertson is the 4-H Youth Development Agent with K-State Research and Extension, in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Tamara at tarobertson@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Ellis County Office at 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/3/1741105651681.jpeg" alt="Tamara Robertson, 4-H Youth Development Agent, Cottonwood Extension District. Photo by K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>Tamara Robertson, 4-H Youth Development Agent, Cottonwood Extension District. Photo by K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By TAMARA ROBERTSON Cottonwood District 4-H members from across Ellis County gathered on Sunday, March 2, to showcase their performing arts and communication skills during the annual 4-H Day event. This special day offers a unique platform for 4-H members to demonstrate their knowledge and build important life skills, such as public speaking, decision-making, and teamwork.The event emphasizes the power of communication as participants deliver presentations on various project work they have undertaken throughout the year. Categories for presentations are as follows: demonstrations, project talks, speeches, skits, music performances, readings, and more, highlighting the diverse talents and interests of 4-H members. Participants are encouraged to practice and sharpen their public speaking skills in the supportive environment that 4-H Day provides. It also provides a valuable opportunity for young people to develop confidence, improve their presentation abilities, and share their accomplishments with others.In addition to showcasing their skills, 4-H members also learn the importance of responsibility and time management as they prepare for the event. After their presentation the judges offer constructive feedback, helping participants grow and set goals for future success.Those members receiving a Regional Blue designation are eligible to represent Ellis County at the Regional 4-H Day event, with members from Trego, Phillips, and Rooks Counties. Results from the Ellis County event are as follows:Skit&nbsp;Regional Blue— Buckeye Jr Farmers 4-H Club&nbsp;Model Meeting&nbsp;Regional Blue— Buckeye Jr Farmers 4-H Club&nbsp;Junior Demonstrations / Illustrated Talks&nbsp;Regional Blue— Jessa T.– GJ&nbsp;Intermediate Demonstrations / Illustrated Talks&nbsp;Regional Blue— Layne H. - BJF&nbsp;Regional Blue — Karci K. - BJF&nbsp;Blue— Alaina Y. – BJF&nbsp;Blue— Josiah C. - GJ&nbsp;Blue— Audrey Y. – BJF&nbsp;Red — Emily D. – BJF&nbsp;Intermediate Public Speaking&nbsp;Red — Gunner G. – ES&nbsp;Senior Public Speaking&nbsp;Regional Blue— Marisa W. – GH&nbsp;Regional Blue — Keeli K. – BJF&nbsp;1st Reg. Alt. Blue — Esther N. – VV&nbsp;2nd Reg. Alt. Blue — Ella N. - VV&nbsp;Intermediate ARI (Application, Resume &amp; Interview)Top Blue— Brynlee W. - BJF&nbsp;Blue— Jadon C. – GJ&nbsp;Junior Project TalkRegional Blue— Ethan Y. – BJF&nbsp;Intermediate Project Talks&nbsp;Regional Blue — Braelyn D. -BJFJunior Readings&nbsp;Regional Blue — Addy H. – BJF&nbsp;Regional Blue — Brylie G.– BJF&nbsp;Intermediate Readings&nbsp;Regional Blue— Brynlee W. – BJF&nbsp;Regional Blue— Audrey Y. – BJF&nbsp;1st Reg. Alt. Blue — Emma D. – GH&nbsp;2nd Reg. Alt. Blue — Layne H. – BJFRed — Jadon C. – GJ&nbsp;Red — Josiah C. - GJJunior Music&nbsp;Regional Blue — Brylie G.– BJF – Piano SoloIntermediate Music&nbsp;Regional Blue—Emma D. – GH - Piano Solo&nbsp;Reg. Alt. Blue— Jessa F. - BJF - Piano SoloBlue— Josiah C. – GJ - Piano SoloBlue— Jessa F. - BJF - Instrumental Solo&nbsp;Senior Music&nbsp;Regional Blue — Lily D. – GH - Piano Sol&nbsp;Tamara Robertson is the 4-H Youth Development Agent with K-State Research and Extension, in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Tamara at tarobertson@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Ellis County Office at 785-628-9430.

ROBERTSON: Ellis County 4-H Day results

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Since I have had some questions recently on soil sampling, I thought it might be worth re-visiting. Not always a fun activity but the return on investment (ROI) is guaranteed!

First and foremost what are you sampling for? This will determine how deep of a sample you will need to get. For instance, if you are sampling for phosphorus, potassium, soil pH and even micronutrients such as zinc, and iron, then a 0 to 6 inch sample is necessary; a piece of cake.

However, if you also need to sample for nitrogen (N), and possibly even chloride and sulfur then it gets tougher. Nitrogen, sulfur (S), and chloride (Cl) easily move with water and therefore considered mobile in the soil, as opposed to phosphorus that only moves a little in the soil. To sample properly for N, S, and Cl, K-State recommendations are to sample to a depth of 24 inches.

I will be the first to admit that sampling to a depth of two feet can be a bit tiring with a hand probe, even when soil moisture is good. But if you really want a more accurate N, S &amp; Cl soil test, you should sample to 24 inches. If the soil is dry, sample as deep as you can and record what the average sampling depth was on the form that goes to the lab.

For example if you probe to an average depth of 16 inches, make sure it is recorded on the form. Be sure you completely fill out the entire form. It will ask what the intended yield goal is and crop to be grown, what the previous crop was, dryland or irrigated, and if any manure has been applied; make note of that too. The more information the lab has the better the recommendations will be.

Some folks are using cordless drills and an auger type of bit to pull the 24 inch samples. We have the auger bit and bucket for check-out, as well as hand probes for check-out at our offices.

If you are using a hand probe take along a can of WD-40 and oil up the probe tube before using it. The soil cores come out so much easier, and, no, the WD-40 will not affect the soil in any way to foul up the results. 

Other items needed are two clean plastic buckets to put the 0 to 6 and 0 to 24 inch samples in, the soil sample form from the lab you use, and bags to put the soil into to mail to the lab—about a pint of soil is needed.

K-State recommends taking at least 20 to 30 cores per field, which is a bitter pill to swallow that most don’t. The more cores you take the better representation of the field you will get—to a point. I would recommend taking at least 12 to 15 cores per field, mix thoroughly in a clean bucket, and then fill your soil container from this mixture.&nbsp;

It is actually recommended to divide your fields into uniform areas. For example, if the field has differences in topography--bottom ground, hill sides or sloping, soil texture, etc.

On fields that have been reduced-tilled or no-tilled for several years, a split sample from the top 6 inches (i.e. 0 to 3 inches and 3 to 6 inches) is encouraged to assess pH to determine if there is any nutrient stratification—decrease in soil pH near the surface.

Avoid sampling in old fence rows, dead furrows, low spots, feeding areas, and other areas that might give unusual results. If information is desired on these unusual areas, obtain a separate sample from that area.

County extension offices have the soil sample forms and bags, and most if not all will have a soil probe you can check out and use.

I better quit while I still might be ahead. If I keep pointing out all of the fine details that land grant universities and soil scientists recommend in order to take soil samples, I will probably scare off all that read this. 

The key is to just get started and at least try sampling a few fields, and with time and some experience it will get easier and you will probably learn some tricks to make the experience less time consuming and labor intensive.

 The other alternative is to have someone who does this service come out and pull the samples. 

Either way it will still pay dividends and you will know how much fertilizer to apply, rather than guessing.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension Agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension Agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy image" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension Agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy image</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District Since I have had some questions recently on soil sampling, I thought it might be worth re-visiting. Not always a fun activity but the return on investment (ROI) is guaranteed!First and foremost what are you sampling for? This will determine how deep of a sample you will need to get. For instance, if you are sampling for phosphorus, potassium, soil pH and even micronutrients such as zinc, and iron, then a 0 to 6 inch sample is necessary; a piece of cake.However, if you also need to sample for nitrogen (N), and possibly even chloride and sulfur then it gets tougher. Nitrogen, sulfur (S), and chloride (Cl) easily move with water and therefore considered mobile in the soil, as opposed to phosphorus that only moves a little in the soil. To sample properly for N, S, and Cl, K-State recommendations are to sample to a depth of 24 inches.I will be the first to admit that sampling to a depth of two feet can be a bit tiring with a hand probe, even when soil moisture is good. But if you really want a more accurate N, S &amp; Cl soil test, you should sample to 24 inches. If the soil is dry, sample as deep as you can and record what the average sampling depth was on the form that goes to the lab.For example if you probe to an average depth of 16 inches, make sure it is recorded on the form. Be sure you completely fill out the entire form. It will ask what the intended yield goal is and crop to be grown, what the previous crop was, dryland or irrigated, and if any manure has been applied; make note of that too. The more information the lab has the better the recommendations will be.Some folks are using cordless drills and an auger type of bit to pull the 24 inch samples. We have the auger bit and bucket for check-out, as well as hand probes for check-out at our offices.If you are using a hand probe take along a can of WD-40 and oil up the probe tube before using it. The soil cores come out so much easier, and, no, the WD-40 will not affect the soil in any way to foul up the results. Other items needed are two clean plastic buckets to put the 0 to 6 and 0 to 24 inch samples in, the soil sample form from the lab you use, and bags to put the soil into to mail to the lab—about a pint of soil is needed.K-State recommends taking at least 20 to 30 cores per field, which is a bitter pill to swallow that most don’t. The more cores you take the better representation of the field you will get—to a point. I would recommend taking at least 12 to 15 cores per field, mix thoroughly in a clean bucket, and then fill your soil container from this mixture.&nbsp;It is actually recommended to divide your fields into uniform areas. For example, if the field has differences in topography--bottom ground, hill sides or sloping, soil texture, etc.On fields that have been reduced-tilled or no-tilled for several years, a split sample from the top 6 inches (i.e. 0 to 3 inches and 3 to 6 inches) is encouraged to assess pH to determine if there is any nutrient stratification—decrease in soil pH near the surface.Avoid sampling in old fence rows, dead furrows, low spots, feeding areas, and other areas that might give unusual results. If information is desired on these unusual areas, obtain a separate sample from that area.County extension offices have the soil sample forms and bags, and most if not all will have a soil probe you can check out and use.I better quit while I still might be ahead. If I keep pointing out all of the fine details that land grant universities and soil scientists recommend in order to take soil samples, I will probably scare off all that read this. The key is to just get started and at least try sampling a few fields, and with time and some experience it will get easier and you will probably learn some tricks to make the experience less time consuming and labor intensive. The other alternative is to have someone who does this service come out and pull the samples. Either way it will still pay dividends and you will know how much fertilizer to apply, rather than guessing.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension Agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Soil sampling pays big dividends

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/3/1741272644468.png" alt="Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>Submitted

'Aging with Attitude' estate planning to be offered by Cottonwood Extension District

By MICHELLE BEFRAN Cottonwood Extension District

Have you ever worked on a jigsaw puzzle and, initially, the pieces and colors seem to make no sense? 

We’ve had a puzzle set up in our back room for several weeks and it is a good brain break. It also made me think about how we approach problems.

I start a jigsaw puzzle by trying to find all of the border pieces. This helps me to have a framework for how to get started. 

Next, I will start with a small area to identify colors or details that seem to go together. There are times when everything just feels like a jumble but finding the right spot for one or two pieces can keep me engaged and encourage me to keep looking for the next small step.

The first H in the 4-H Pledge is “head” as in, I pledge my head to clearer thinking. 

This is all about helping our young people learn to evaluate options and practice good decision-making skills. We use a lot of different techniques to help youth learn about and develop good decision-making skills. 

Some of these are fun such as a judging contest. Some are more serious such as decisions to be voted on during a club or project meeting. Sometimes, the decision-making practice comes as a part of another activity – if you don’t agree with a judge’s decision, YOU have a decision to make, such as truly listening to the feedback and choosing to find parts of it to improve in some way. 

Additionally, parents can and should model this behavior by not bashing a judge (or referee or other official) when you don’t agree with their determination. Sometimes, we have to agree to disagree but I am a firm believer that there is always something that can be learned from each interaction; we just have to make a decision to be open to the lesson.

There are times when problems feel like a jigsaw puzzle and the solution is not clear, the details are confusing, and it is hard to know where to start.

 Stopping to find your border and then identifying one or two ways to get started is usually best. At some point – in puzzles and problem-solving – we can begin to see not only what is missing but what or WHO can fill that spot.

Just like I can’t quite get that puzzle piece in the right spot, youth aren’t always going to make the best decisions every time. But with guidance and support to evaluate and grow, they will make better decisions more often!

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.

For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BEFRAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictHave you ever worked on a jigsaw puzzle and, initially, the pieces and colors seem to make no sense? We’ve had a puzzle set up in our back room for several weeks and it is a good brain break. It also made me think about how we approach problems.I start a jigsaw puzzle by trying to find all of the border pieces. This helps me to have a framework for how to get started. Next, I will start with a small area to identify colors or details that seem to go together. There are times when everything just feels like a jumble but finding the right spot for one or two pieces can keep me engaged and encourage me to keep looking for the next small step.The first H in the 4-H Pledge is “head” as in, I pledge my head to clearer thinking. This is all about helping our young people learn to evaluate options and practice good decision-making skills. We use a lot of different techniques to help youth learn about and develop good decision-making skills. Some of these are fun such as a judging contest. Some are more serious such as decisions to be voted on during a club or project meeting. Sometimes, the decision-making practice comes as a part of another activity – if you don’t agree with a judge’s decision, YOU have a decision to make, such as truly listening to the feedback and choosing to find parts of it to improve in some way. Additionally, parents can and should model this behavior by not bashing a judge (or referee or other official) when you don’t agree with their determination. Sometimes, we have to agree to disagree but I am a firm believer that there is always something that can be learned from each interaction; we just have to make a decision to be open to the lesson.There are times when problems feel like a jigsaw puzzle and the solution is not clear, the details are confusing, and it is hard to know where to start. Stopping to find your border and then identifying one or two ways to get started is usually best. At some point – in puzzles and problem-solving – we can begin to see not only what is missing but what or WHO can fill that spot.Just like I can’t quite get that puzzle piece in the right spot, youth aren’t always going to make the best decisions every time. But with guidance and support to evaluate and grow, they will make better decisions more often!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Puzzle pieces

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

The Barton County Conservation District and the Cottonwood Extension District will host a&nbsp;Prescribed Burn Association formation meeting for Barton County and the surrounding area.&nbsp;

 The meeting will be at 4 p.m. on Tuesday, March 18 at the Great Bend office of the Cottonwood Extension District. 

Attendees will hear from leaders of a neighboring county Prescribed Burn Association about considerations and a timeline involved in forming a Prescribed Burn Association.&nbsp;&nbsp;

This meeting is a follow up to the brush management workshop “Keeping Grass Grass” presented in January by the conservation district and the extension district at the Hoisington Activity Center.

&nbsp;What is a Prescribed Burn?&nbsp;

Prescribed burning is a safe, effective land management tool used to restore ecosystems, manage vegetation, and reduce fire hazards. It’s an important practice for maintaining healthy landscapes and preventing wildfires.

Prescribed burn associations are driven by volunteer member landowners who assist one another in planning and implementing a burn according to guidelines provided by conservation agencies. Through an association, access to equipment and training are facilitated, and it allows a landowner to show due diligence has been followed.&nbsp;&nbsp;

March 18, 2025,&nbsp;4 p.m., Great Bend office of the Cottonwood Extension Agency (or, if not available, the USDA conference room at 10th and Patton), RSVP to&nbsp;Barton County Conservation District 620-792-3346 ext. 303

• Gain valuable knowledge and resources to safely incorporate prescribed burning into your land management plan. •Learn from experts and network with local landowners and professionals who share your goals. •Discover how to collaborate with the Prescribed Burn Association for assistance with equipment and burn planning.

Together, we can work to protect and restore our land while preventing the dangers of uncontrolled wildfires.

For more information or to RSVP, contact Veronica at the Barton County Conservation District, 620-792-3346 ext. 303.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor, Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor, Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District The Barton County Conservation District and the Cottonwood Extension District will host a&nbsp;Prescribed Burn Association formation meeting for Barton County and the surrounding area.&nbsp; The meeting will be at 4 p.m. on Tuesday, March 18 at the Great Bend office of the Cottonwood Extension District. Attendees will hear from leaders of a neighboring county Prescribed Burn Association about considerations and a timeline involved in forming a Prescribed Burn Association.&nbsp;&nbsp;This meeting is a follow up to the brush management workshop “Keeping Grass Grass” presented in January by the conservation district and the extension district at the Hoisington Activity Center.&nbsp;What is a Prescribed Burn?&nbsp;Prescribed burning is a safe, effective land management tool used to restore ecosystems, manage vegetation, and reduce fire hazards. It’s an important practice for maintaining healthy landscapes and preventing wildfires.Prescribed burn associations are driven by volunteer member landowners who assist one another in planning and implementing a burn according to guidelines provided by conservation agencies. Through an association, access to equipment and training are facilitated, and it allows a landowner to show due diligence has been followed.&nbsp;&nbsp;Meeting Details:&nbsp;March 18, 2025,&nbsp;4 p.m., Great Bend office of the Cottonwood Extension Agency (or, if not available, the USDA conference room at 10th and Patton), RSVP to&nbsp;Barton County Conservation District 620-792-3346 ext. 303Why Attend?• Gain valuable knowledge and resources to safely incorporate prescribed burning into your land management plan. •Learn from experts and network with local landowners and professionals who share your goals. •Discover how to collaborate with the Prescribed Burn Association for assistance with equipment and burn planning.Together, we can work to protect and restore our land while preventing the dangers of uncontrolled wildfires.For more information or to RSVP, contact Veronica at the Barton County Conservation District, 620-792-3346 ext. 303.&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;

BOOR: Prescribed burns prevent dangers of uncontrolled wildfires

What’s not to like about walking? It’s free. It’s easy to do, and it’s not just easy on joints but it also keeps them lubricated and flexible. There’s no question that walking is good for you. 

A University of Tennessee study found that women who walked had less body fat than those who didn’t walk. It also lowers the risk of blood clots, since the calf acts as a venous pump, contracting and pumping blood from the feet and legs back to the heart, reducing the load on the heart. 

In addition to being an easy aerobic exercise, walking is good for you in many other ways:&nbsp;

1.  Improve Circulation Walking wards off heart disease, brings up the heart rate, lowers blood pressure and strengthens the heart. Post-menopausal women who walk just one to two miles a day can lower their blood pressure by nearly 11 points in 24 weeks. Women who walk 30 minutes a day can reduce their risk of stroke by 20%, and by 40% when they stepped up the pace, according to researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston.&nbsp;

2.  Shore Up Your Bones Walking can stop the loss of bone mass for those with osteoporosis, according to Michael A. Schwartz, MD, of Plancher Orthopedics &amp; Sports Medicine in New York. In fact, one study of post-menopausal women found that 30 minutes of walking each day reduced their risk of hip fractures by 40%.&nbsp;

3.  Enjoy a Longer Life &nbsp;Research finds that people who exercise regularly in their fifties and sixties are 35% less likely to die over the next eight years than their non-walking counterparts. That number shoots up to 45% less likely for those who have underlying health conditions.&nbsp; 4.  Lighten Your Mood&nbsp; Walking releases natural painkilling endorphins to the body – one of the emotional benefits of exercise. A California State University, Long Beach, study showed that the more steps people took during the day, the better their moods were. &nbsp;

5.  Lose Weight &nbsp;A brisk 30-minute walk burns 200 calories. Over time, calories burned can lead to pounds dropped.&nbsp;

6.  Strengthen Muscles &nbsp;Walking tones your leg and abdominal muscles – and even arm muscles if you pump them as you walk. This increases your range of motion, shifting the pressure and weight from your joints to your muscles.&nbsp;

7.  Improve Sleep Studies found that women ages 50 to 75 who took one-hour morning walks were more likely to have less insomnia than women who didn’t walk.&nbsp;

8.  Support Your Joints The majority of joint cartilage has no direct blood supply. It gets its nutrition from joint fluid that circulates as we move. Movement and compression from walking “squishes” the cartilage, bringing oxygen and nutrients into the area. &nbsp;

9.  Improve Your Breathing When you are walking, your breathing rate increases, causing oxygen to travel faster through bloodstream, helping to eliminate waste products and improve your energy level and the ability to heal.

10.  Slow Down Mental Decline A study of 6,000 women ages 65 and older found that age-related memory decline was lower in those who walked more. According to the University of California, San Francisco, study, women walking 2.5 miles per day had a 17% decline in memory compared to a 25% decline in women who walked less than a half-mile per week.&nbsp;

11.  Lower Alzheimer's Risk A study from the University of Virginia Health System in Charlottesville found that men between the ages of 71 and 93 who walked more than a quarter of a mile per day had half the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease than those who walked less.&nbsp;

12.  Do More for Longer Aerobic walking and resistance exercise programs may reduce the incidence of disability in the activities of daily living for people who are older than 65 and have symptomatic osteoarthritis, a study published in the Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management found.&nbsp;

Source: Arthritis Foundation&nbsp;

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or <a href="mailto:moniquek@ksu.edu" target="_blank">moniquek@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>What’s not to like about walking? It’s free. It’s easy to do, and it’s not just easy on joints but it also keeps them lubricated and flexible. There’s no question that walking is good for you. A University of Tennessee study found that women who walked had less body fat than those who didn’t walk. It also lowers the risk of blood clots, since the calf acts as a venous pump, contracting and pumping blood from the feet and legs back to the heart, reducing the load on the heart. In addition to being an easy aerobic exercise, walking is good for you in many other ways:&nbsp;1.  Improve Circulation Walking wards off heart disease, brings up the heart rate, lowers blood pressure and strengthens the heart. Post-menopausal women who walk just one to two miles a day can lower their blood pressure by nearly 11 points in 24 weeks. Women who walk 30 minutes a day can reduce their risk of stroke by 20%, and by 40% when they stepped up the pace, according to researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston.&nbsp;2.  Shore Up Your Bones Walking can stop the loss of bone mass for those with osteoporosis, according to Michael A. Schwartz, MD, of Plancher Orthopedics &amp; Sports Medicine in New York. In fact, one study of post-menopausal women found that 30 minutes of walking each day reduced their risk of hip fractures by 40%.&nbsp;3.  Enjoy a Longer Life &nbsp;Research finds that people who exercise regularly in their fifties and sixties are 35% less likely to die over the next eight years than their non-walking counterparts. That number shoots up to 45% less likely for those who have underlying health conditions.&nbsp; 4.  Lighten Your Mood&nbsp; Walking releases natural painkilling endorphins to the body – one of the emotional benefits of exercise. A California State University, Long Beach, study showed that the more steps people took during the day, the better their moods were. &nbsp;5.  Lose Weight &nbsp;A brisk 30-minute walk burns 200 calories. Over time, calories burned can lead to pounds dropped.&nbsp;6.  Strengthen Muscles &nbsp;Walking tones your leg and abdominal muscles – and even arm muscles if you pump them as you walk. This increases your range of motion, shifting the pressure and weight from your joints to your muscles.&nbsp;7.  Improve Sleep Studies found that women ages 50 to 75 who took one-hour morning walks were more likely to have less insomnia than women who didn’t walk.&nbsp;8.  Support Your Joints The majority of joint cartilage has no direct blood supply. It gets its nutrition from joint fluid that circulates as we move. Movement and compression from walking “squishes” the cartilage, bringing oxygen and nutrients into the area. &nbsp;9.  Improve Your Breathing When you are walking, your breathing rate increases, causing oxygen to travel faster through bloodstream, helping to eliminate waste products and improve your energy level and the ability to heal. 10.  Slow Down Mental Decline A study of 6,000 women ages 65 and older found that age-related memory decline was lower in those who walked more. According to the University of California, San Francisco, study, women walking 2.5 miles per day had a 17% decline in memory compared to a 25% decline in women who walked less than a half-mile per week.&nbsp;11.  Lower Alzheimer's Risk A study from the University of Virginia Health System in Charlottesville found that men between the ages of 71 and 93 who walked more than a quarter of a mile per day had half the incidence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease than those who walked less.&nbsp;12.  Do More for Longer Aerobic walking and resistance exercise programs may reduce the incidence of disability in the activities of daily living for people who are older than 65 and have symptomatic osteoarthritis, a study published in the Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management found.&nbsp;Source: Arthritis Foundation&nbsp;Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or <a href="mailto:moniquek@ksu.edu" target="_blank">moniquek@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;.&nbsp;

KOERNER: 12 Benefits of Walking 

By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension Agent

Many reactions occur within the body during an attempt to deal with stressors. 

A few short-term effects include increased adrenaline, cortisol production (the stress hormone), and muscle tightness. Chronic stress affects our physical, emotional, and social well-being. Symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, changes to eating habits, or burnout can occur.

There are a variety of side effects depending on stress severity. For example, acute stress lasts no longer than one month and typically occurs before a stressful event such as an interview or performance.

On the other hand, chronic stress often develops after a stressful event, but this type is ongoing and persistent. For example, it can be caused by losing a loved one or struggling with poverty.

Living in a state of stress for an extended amount of time is not healthy in any aspect of well-being. Stress is proven to have severe effects on mental health and the development of chronic illnesses. 

In fact, it is estimated that 90 percent of diseases are stress-related. When chronic stress is present, inflammation throughout the entire body increases. This can interfere with bodily processes and is linked to high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disorders.

Life is promised to be overwhelming at times, and stress can be challenging to manage. This is why it is important to have coping strategies readily available, so here are a few techniques to keep in your stress management toolbox:

· Exercise regularly. With any health advice comes the suggestion of physical activity. It’s a lifestyle component that affects the entire body! For stress management, exercise releases mood-boosting hormones and helps you sleep better at night.

· Practice mindfulness. Increasing awareness of worried thoughts and emotions can help you reframe your mindset and help you focus on the big picture. Mindfulness is shown to calm the mind, and those who do it regularly report enhanced emotional regulation and resiliency.

· Try journaling. Instead of letting frantic thoughts overwhelm your mind, jot down all you are worried about. Journaling helps us organize our thoughts and find solutions.

· Use gratitude to fight negative emotions. Research shows that positive physiological changes are triggered by a grateful mindset, which activates the body's relaxation response and lowers stress.

· Seek professional help. If your coping mechanisms aren’t enough, look for guidance. Professionals can help to reduce anxiety through cognitive behavioral therapy. If you are uncertain where to begin, schedule an appointment with your primary care physician or call a local Community Mental Health Center.

Dedicating time to cope with stress is extremely important in today’s world of hustle and bustle. I often remind myself to take a step back, or eventually, I’ll be forced to due to the effects of unmanaged stress. So, pick a strategy or two and see if it makes a difference in your stress level. A few signs include improved sleep, an uplifted mood, and fewer sick days.

Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697546908793.jpeg" alt="Karissa Winkel,&nbsp;s the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karissa Winkel,&nbsp;s the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension AgentMany reactions occur within the body during an attempt to deal with stressors. A few short-term effects include increased adrenaline, cortisol production (the stress hormone), and muscle tightness. Chronic stress affects our physical, emotional, and social well-being. Symptoms such as irritability, fatigue, changes to eating habits, or burnout can occur.There are a variety of side effects depending on stress severity. For example, acute stress lasts no longer than one month and typically occurs before a stressful event such as an interview or performance.On the other hand, chronic stress often develops after a stressful event, but this type is ongoing and persistent. For example, it can be caused by losing a loved one or struggling with poverty.Living in a state of stress for an extended amount of time is not healthy in any aspect of well-being. Stress is proven to have severe effects on mental health and the development of chronic illnesses. In fact, it is estimated that 90 percent of diseases are stress-related. When chronic stress is present, inflammation throughout the entire body increases. This can interfere with bodily processes and is linked to high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disorders.Life is promised to be overwhelming at times, and stress can be challenging to manage. This is why it is important to have coping strategies readily available, so here are a few techniques to keep in your stress management toolbox:· Exercise regularly. With any health advice comes the suggestion of physical activity. It’s a lifestyle component that affects the entire body! For stress management, exercise releases mood-boosting hormones and helps you sleep better at night.· Practice mindfulness. Increasing awareness of worried thoughts and emotions can help you reframe your mindset and help you focus on the big picture. Mindfulness is shown to calm the mind, and those who do it regularly report enhanced emotional regulation and resiliency.· Try journaling. Instead of letting frantic thoughts overwhelm your mind, jot down all you are worried about. Journaling helps us organize our thoughts and find solutions.· Use gratitude to fight negative emotions. Research shows that positive physiological changes are triggered by a grateful mindset, which activates the body's relaxation response and lowers stress.· Seek professional help. If your coping mechanisms aren’t enough, look for guidance. Professionals can help to reduce anxiety through cognitive behavioral therapy. If you are uncertain where to begin, schedule an appointment with your primary care physician or call a local Community Mental Health Center.Dedicating time to cope with stress is extremely important in today’s world of hustle and bustle. I often remind myself to take a step back, or eventually, I’ll be forced to due to the effects of unmanaged stress. So, pick a strategy or two and see if it makes a difference in your stress level. A few signs include improved sleep, an uplifted mood, and fewer sick days.Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.&nbsp;

WINKEL: Managing the strain of stress

Dr. Cassandra Olds, professor of entomology at Kansas State University, is presenting a program on insect control for livestock in March. 

The program will be held at the Ellis County Extension office at 601 Main St. in Hays on Tuesday, March 4, 2025. The program will start at 4 p.m. with light refreshments and run about an hour.

Dr. Olds is an expert in control of common livestock pests including flies and ticks, among others.

Topics covered during the program include:

1. Determining which flies your livestock have a problem with 2. Why flies develop resistance to insecticides 3. What can you do to slow the spread of resistance within fly populations 4. Developing an integrated pest management program

RSVP is appreciated, but not necessary for the refreshments. 

Please email or call Alicia Boor at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or 785-628-9430 to RSVP. We hope to see you there!&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1739286935216.jpeg" alt="Photo by Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>Cottonwood Extension DistrictDr. Cassandra Olds, professor of entomology at Kansas State University, is presenting a program on insect control for livestock in March. The program will be held at the Ellis County Extension office at 601 Main St. in Hays on Tuesday, March 4, 2025. The program will start at 4 p.m. with light refreshments and run about an hour.Dr. Olds is an expert in control of common livestock pests including flies and ticks, among others.Topics covered during the program include: 1. Determining which flies your livestock have a problem with 2. Why flies develop resistance to insecticides 3. What can you do to slow the spread of resistance within fly populations 4. Developing an integrated pest management programRSVP is appreciated, but not necessary for the refreshments. Please email or call Alicia Boor at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or 785-628-9430 to RSVP. We hope to see you there!&nbsp;&nbsp;

Extension hosting livestock insect management meeting

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

With the bitterly cold temperatures we have experienced some this winter, producers may be wondering if overwintering insect pests could be killed and their populations reduced.

Cold temperatures are probably not the most significant influencer on insect demise. 

The reason temperature has little effect on their survival is related to their life cycle. Depending on the species, insects overwinter in all life stages – from adults to eggs, larvae or in chrysalis and cocoons. 

Some insects will avoid the cold altogether and migrate to warmer temperatures such as the monarch butterfly, armyworms, potato leafhopper and corn earworm, to name a few. Some literally will freeze to death (sorghum aphid) but the next generation will migrate in from the south.

Insects have survived for millions of years and evolve with the climate. 

Insects are cold-blooded, which means they do not generate heat. Their body temperatures fluctuate with the weather patterns, which gives many of them the ability to withstand just about any extreme weather nature brings their way. As cold-blooded insects, they go dormant or inactive when the temperatures drop below 50 degrees.

Insects that overwinter in more exposed areas have additional cold adaptations. For example, soybean aphids overwinter as eggs and supercool to temperatures as low as -29 degrees, while European cornborer larvae can produce glycerol, a substance which acts as a biological antifreeze.

Insects overwinter in protected areas, sheltered from the extremes. They spend the winter deep in the soil, buried in plant debris, inside plants and even in our homes. These locations insulate and protect the developing stages ensuring emergence and survival.

Species that overwinter as eggs are usually very winter hardy. The eggs exist in tough shells, often in egg clusters. 

Grasshopper eggs are laid in the ground and if the ground is undisturbed, they can freeze over winter and still hatch out just fine. Praying mantids lay very tough and resilient egg cases on tree bark, sides of buildings, almost anywhere that they can. If left alone, these will survive to hatch in spring. Bagworms survive as eggs tucked inside a densely woven silken bag protected from the harshest elements.

Even though insect pest populations will undoubtedly survive extreme cold, remember that beneficial insects like parasitoids and natural predators will survive too.

Mentioning insects there is a program coming up concerning livestock insects. Dr. Cassandra Olds, professor of entomology at KSU is presenting a program. “Insect control for&nbsp;livestock” on Tuesday, March 4. It will be held at the Cottonwood Extension office at 601 Main St. in Hays. The program will start at 4 p.m. with light refreshments and run about an hour.

Dr. Olds is an expert in control of common livestock pests including flies, and ticks among others. 

Topics covered during the program include: Determining which flies your livestock have a problem with, why flies develop resistance to insecticides, what can you do to slow the spread of resistance within fly populations, and developing an effective/integrated pest management program for your operation.

RSVP is appreciated, but not necessary for the refreshments. Please email Alicia Boor at aboor@ksu.edu or call 785-628-9430 to RSVP. We hope to see you there!

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy image&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy image&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictWith the bitterly cold temperatures we have experienced some this winter, producers may be wondering if overwintering insect pests could be killed and their populations reduced.Cold temperatures are probably not the most significant influencer on insect demise. The reason temperature has little effect on their survival is related to their life cycle. Depending on the species, insects overwinter in all life stages – from adults to eggs, larvae or in chrysalis and cocoons. Some insects will avoid the cold altogether and migrate to warmer temperatures such as the monarch butterfly, armyworms, potato leafhopper and corn earworm, to name a few. Some literally will freeze to death (sorghum aphid) but the next generation will migrate in from the south.Insects have survived for millions of years and evolve with the climate. Insects are cold-blooded, which means they do not generate heat. Their body temperatures fluctuate with the weather patterns, which gives many of them the ability to withstand just about any extreme weather nature brings their way. As cold-blooded insects, they go dormant or inactive when the temperatures drop below 50 degrees.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1740609894721.png" alt="Soybean aphids on a leaf. Photo by Gregory Zolnerowich/Kansas State University" />
 <figcaption>Soybean aphids on a leaf. Photo by Gregory Zolnerowich/Kansas State University</figcaption>
 </figure>Insects that overwinter in more exposed areas have additional cold adaptations. For example, soybean aphids overwinter as eggs and supercool to temperatures as low as -29 degrees, while European cornborer larvae can produce glycerol, a substance which acts as a biological antifreeze.Insects overwinter in protected areas, sheltered from the extremes. They spend the winter deep in the soil, buried in plant debris, inside plants and even in our homes. These locations insulate and protect the developing stages ensuring emergence and survival.Species that overwinter as eggs are usually very winter hardy. The eggs exist in tough shells, often in egg clusters. Grasshopper eggs are laid in the ground and if the ground is undisturbed, they can freeze over winter and still hatch out just fine. Praying mantids lay very tough and resilient egg cases on tree bark, sides of buildings, almost anywhere that they can. If left alone, these will survive to hatch in spring. Bagworms survive as eggs tucked inside a densely woven silken bag protected from the harshest elements.Even though insect pest populations will undoubtedly survive extreme cold, remember that beneficial insects like parasitoids and natural predators will survive too.Mentioning insects there is a program coming up concerning livestock insects. Dr. Cassandra Olds, professor of entomology at KSU is presenting a program. “Insect control for&nbsp;livestock” on Tuesday, March 4. It will be held at the Cottonwood Extension office at 601 Main St. in Hays. The program will start at 4 p.m. with light refreshments and run about an hour.Dr. Olds is an expert in control of common livestock pests including flies, and ticks among others. Topics covered during the program include: Determining which flies your livestock have a problem with, why flies develop resistance to insecticides, what can you do to slow the spread of resistance within fly populations, and developing an effective/integrated pest management program for your operation.RSVP is appreciated, but not necessary for the refreshments. Please email Alicia Boor at aboor@ksu.edu or call 785-628-9430 to RSVP. We hope to see you there!Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Winter cold and insect survival

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

Cottonwood Extension District had hoped to provide the Babysitting 101 earlier this year but due to the weather and illness, it was postponed. 

March 10 is the new date. It is an in-service day for USD 489 students. We understand this won’t work for everyone, but hopefully we will be able to provide more of these throughout the year to reach all area youth.

The Babysitting 101 Curriculum is designed to help middle school and teenaged youth (11-15 years old) learn what it takes to be a responsible, caring, trustworthy, competent, capable, and safe babysitter for children toddler through school age.

They will also develop “life skills” such as caring, managing resources, decision-making and communication. Each activity notes at least one life skill and uses the experiential learning or “hands-on learning to reinforce it.” Based on the discussions your teens have during the class, you may find they are learning other skills. That is great! The more skills they use and practice, the better.

Teens learn about the ages and stages of child growth and development, safety, food and nutrition, how to handle emergencies, appropriate activities to implement with children, and the business of babysitting.

Michelle Beran, Cottonwood Extension District 4-H Youth Development Agent, will be the instructor for the class. She has many years experience teaching this class in Great Bend. We are excited to welcome her to the Hays office.

The cost is $10 for supplies and snacks. Please call the office to register your child or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu. Limited spots available.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. You may reach her at:785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1739889456856.jpeg" alt="Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictCottonwood Extension District had hoped to provide the Babysitting 101 earlier this year but due to the weather and illness, it was postponed. March 10 is the new date. It is an in-service day for USD 489 students. We understand this won’t work for everyone, but hopefully we will be able to provide more of these throughout the year to reach all area youth.The Babysitting 101 Curriculum is designed to help middle school and teenaged youth (11-15 years old) learn what it takes to be a responsible, caring, trustworthy, competent, capable, and safe babysitter for children toddler through school age.They will also develop “life skills” such as caring, managing resources, decision-making and communication. Each activity notes at least one life skill and uses the experiential learning or “hands-on learning to reinforce it.” Based on the discussions your teens have during the class, you may find they are learning other skills. That is great! The more skills they use and practice, the better.Teens learn about the ages and stages of child growth and development, safety, food and nutrition, how to handle emergencies, appropriate activities to implement with children, and the business of babysitting.Michelle Beran, Cottonwood Extension District 4-H Youth Development Agent, will be the instructor for the class. She has many years experience teaching this class in Great Bend. We are excited to welcome her to the Hays office.The cost is $10 for supplies and snacks. Please call the office to register your child or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu. Limited spots available.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. You may reach her at:785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Babysitting 101 rescheduled for March 10

By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension District

Changing the diet is hard. Some of us get into a routine of choosing the same foods at the grocery store, ordering “the regular,” and making our go-to meals. Most of the time, this is not a bad thing. It creates less stress and less food waste.

However, sometimes we wish to change our dietary preferences. This may be to cope with health conditions, aim for weight loss, or prevent illness. If you have ever tried to change your eating patterns, you know it can be challenging.

But what if you could make changes to reframe how you eat, not what you eat, to find success?

Simply put, the American way of eating is not always conducive to achieving health goals. Cultural norms like skipping meals, snacking, and mindless eating make it challenging to fuel up properly. So, here are a few ways to reframe how you eat to help you meet your nutrition goals.

 Since childhood, you have likely heard that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Although it may not be more significant than other meals, a high protein breakfast can help you achieve your goals by balancing blood sugar and fueling your day.

When we fuel the tank before the race, we aren’t running on fumes the entire day. However, undereating at the beginning of the day can cause overindulgence in the evening. Contrarily, having your largest meal of the day at breakfast instead of dinner can improve metabolism, digestion, and sleep. Overall, eating breakfast regularly can reduce extreme evening hunger, sugar cravings, and late-night grazing.

Instead, aim to have complete, fulfilling meals that can provide sustainable energy. Balanced meals with fiber, protein, and unsaturated fats are shown to be&nbsp;satiating, and eating enough at mealtimes can reduce unplanned snacking. Often times snacking adds unaccounted calories and includes processed, convenience foods.

Mindful eating can help you to enjoy your food and prevent overeating. By engaging all your senses as you eat, you slow down and improve digestion. You are also more conscious of hunger cues and can better distinguish between physical and emotional hunger.

The human brain is incapable of multitasking, so eliminating screen time during meals is essential. This allows us to tune into the body’s hunger and fullness cues and to create a healthier relationship with food.

Improving your eating style, like adding more vegetables, reducing processed foods, or drinking more water, is challenging. Plus, trying to make changes overnight can feel impossible. So, consider creating better mealtime habits first because how you eat can make it easier to adjust what you eat.

Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension , Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697546908793.jpeg" alt="Karissa Winkel" />
 <figcaption>Karissa Winkel</figcaption>
 </figure>By KARISSA WINKEL Cottonwood Extension DistrictChanging the diet is hard. Some of us get into a routine of choosing the same foods at the grocery store, ordering “the regular,” and making our go-to meals. Most of the time, this is not a bad thing. It creates less stress and less food waste.However, sometimes we wish to change our dietary preferences. This may be to cope with health conditions, aim for weight loss, or prevent illness. If you have ever tried to change your eating patterns, you know it can be challenging.But what if you could make changes to reframe how you eat, not what you eat, to find success?Simply put, the American way of eating is not always conducive to achieving health goals. Cultural norms like skipping meals, snacking, and mindless eating make it challenging to fuel up properly. So, here are a few ways to reframe how you eat to help you meet your nutrition goals.First, breakfast like a champion. Since childhood, you have likely heard that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Although it may not be more significant than other meals, a high protein breakfast can help you achieve your goals by balancing blood sugar and fueling your day.When we fuel the tank before the race, we aren’t running on fumes the entire day. However, undereating at the beginning of the day can cause overindulgence in the evening. Contrarily, having your largest meal of the day at breakfast instead of dinner can improve metabolism, digestion, and sleep. Overall, eating breakfast regularly can reduce extreme evening hunger, sugar cravings, and late-night grazing.Next, don’t skimp on meals.Instead, aim to have complete, fulfilling meals that can provide sustainable energy. Balanced meals with fiber, protein, and unsaturated fats are shown to be&nbsp;satiating, and eating enough at mealtimes can reduce unplanned snacking. Often times snacking adds unaccounted calories and includes processed, convenience foods.Finally, be fully present as you eat. Mindful eating can help you to enjoy your food and prevent overeating. By engaging all your senses as you eat, you slow down and improve digestion. You are also more conscious of hunger cues and can better distinguish between physical and emotional hunger.The human brain is incapable of multitasking, so eliminating screen time during meals is essential. This allows us to tune into the body’s hunger and fullness cues and to create a healthier relationship with food.Improving your eating style, like adding more vegetables, reducing processed foods, or drinking more water, is challenging. Plus, trying to make changes overnight can feel impossible. So, consider creating better mealtime habits first because how you eat can make it easier to adjust what you eat.Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension , Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.&nbsp;

WINKEL: Reframe mealtime habits: How you eat

&nbsp;By JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension District

Whether you're a seasoned local food producer, just starting out, or simply curious about growing and selling local food, the Local Food Producer Workshop is for you! Join us on Friday, February 28 at the Hays Agricultural Research Center for a day full of learning, sharing, and connecting with others who care about local food and community.

The Kansas Local Food Systems program, administered by K-State Research and Extension, has joined with the Kansas Department of Agriculture to offer a series of workshops for local food producers. 

“One of the things we learned from a series of community roundtables we held last year is that there is a great need to support local food entrepreneurs, especially when it comes to navigating regulations, increasing their marketing skills, and reaching new markets for their products,” said Rebecca McMahon, administrator of the Kansas Local Food System program.

“These workshops are a great way to reach a range of farmers and small food businesses around the state that want to sell their products directly to consumers.”

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/2/1740062106567.png" alt="K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>&nbsp;By JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension DistrictWhether you're a seasoned local food producer, just starting out, or simply curious about growing and selling local food, the Local Food Producer Workshop is for you! Join us on Friday, February 28 at the Hays Agricultural Research Center for a day full of learning, sharing, and connecting with others who care about local food and community.The Kansas Local Food Systems program, administered by K-State Research and Extension, has joined with the Kansas Department of Agriculture to offer a series of workshops for local food producers. “One of the things we learned from a series of community roundtables we held last year is that there is a great need to support local food entrepreneurs, especially when it comes to navigating regulations, increasing their marketing skills, and reaching new markets for their products,” said Rebecca McMahon, administrator of the Kansas Local Food System program.“These workshops are a great way to reach a range of farmers and small food businesses around the state that want to sell their products directly to consumers.”Lindahl notes that the workshop also helps local food producers build a network of other food producers in Kansas.“I believe that the direct-to-consumer market provides opportunities for farmers and ranchers to capture more value for their products, ultimately making more profitable operations for Kansas producers,” Lindahl said.What’s in Store?• Inspiring Local Stories – Learn from area producers like Bryttni Miller (Yucca Flats Cattle Co.) and Matt Bender (Harvest Hays) as they share their successes and challenges.• A Delicious Local Lunch – Enjoy a meal prepared by Chef Austin Petz from Verdant Bistro, who will share how he incorporates locally grown food into his menu.• Farm-to-School Opportunities – Discover ways to connect with schools and provide fresh, local food, with insights from Jay Harris, District Director and Horticulture Agent.• Practical Sessions – Topics include marketing, food safety, sales tax regulations, and building strong community partnerships.The workshop is designed to be informative, welcoming, and accessible to everyone – no matter your experience level. It’s a great way to learn something new, make connections, and feel more confident about growing and selling local food.Registration Details Walk-ins are welcome! However, early registration is encouraged, as space is limited. Visit <a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/2025-hays-local-food-producers-workshop-registration-1084754212049?aff=oddtdtcreator">www.ksre.k-state.edu/kansaslocalfoods</a> for details and to sign up. The event is open to producers, consumers, and anyone interested in strengthening the local food economy in Northwest Kansas.Jay Harris is the District Director and Horticulture Extension agent in the Cottonwood District, which includes Barton and Ellis counties, for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at jayharris@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.