K-State Research and Extension will be offering a Hazardous Occupation Safety Training for Agriculture or Tractor and Farm Safety Course sponsored by NW Area 4-H Day Camps provided by Dane G. Hansen Foundation. This course has always been held in-person at Hill City by Twin Creeks, Golden Prairie, Cottonwood, and Phillips/Rooks Extension Districts. However, due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, all in-person trainings will not be available this year. Only online or mail correspondence is now available for 2020.

The United States Department of Labor requires youth 14 – 15 years of age attend this safety training in order to work on a farm for someone other than their parents. However, there are several cases where youth may be required to take the training even though they are working on the “family farm.”&nbsp; For instance, if the parent is a partner or member of a farm corporation or if the youth is legally employed by grandparents, the law requires youth participate in the course.&nbsp; Any employer who plans to hire youth under 16 years of age must make sure they complete this tractor safety course.&nbsp;&nbsp;

If you wish to take this course and be certified, please contact your local Extension District Office mentioned above or the Cottonwood Extension District in Hays at 785-628-9430 or email Stacy – <a href="mailto:scampbel@ksu.edu">scampbel@ksu.edu</a> to register by April 15, 2020. Extension Staff will be accepting coursework until May 15, 2020. After May 15, please attend the 2021 Tractor/Farm Safety Course that will be offered.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1585922215357.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070283981.png" alt="Stacy Campbell&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>K-State Research and Extension will be offering a Hazardous Occupation Safety Training for Agriculture or Tractor and Farm Safety Course sponsored by NW Area 4-H Day Camps provided by Dane G. Hansen Foundation. This course has always been held in-person at Hill City by Twin Creeks, Golden Prairie, Cottonwood, and Phillips/Rooks Extension Districts. However, due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, all in-person trainings will not be available this year. Only online or mail correspondence is now available for 2020.The United States Department of Labor requires youth 14 – 15 years of age attend this safety training in order to work on a farm for someone other than their parents. However, there are several cases where youth may be required to take the training even though they are working on the “family farm.”&nbsp; For instance, if the parent is a partner or member of a farm corporation or if the youth is legally employed by grandparents, the law requires youth participate in the course.&nbsp; Any employer who plans to hire youth under 16 years of age must make sure they complete this tractor safety course.&nbsp;&nbsp;If you wish to take this course and be certified, please contact your local Extension District Office mentioned above or the Cottonwood Extension District in Hays at 785-628-9430 or email Stacy – <a href="mailto:scampbel@ksu.edu">scampbel@ksu.edu</a> to register by April 15, 2020. Extension Staff will be accepting coursework until May 15, 2020. After May 15, please attend the 2021 Tractor/Farm Safety Course that will be offered.

CAMPBELL: Tractor/farm safety course moved online, mail 

The ServSafe program is a national certification program designed to teach safe handling practices to foodservice employees and others who handle and serve food to the public. 

Because everyone is concerned about the safety of our family and friends, ServSafe and the National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation is offering ServSafe Food Safety Handler and ServSafe for Covid-19 training free through April 30.&nbsp; More information can be found here <a href="https://www.servsafe.com/Landing-Pages/Free-Courses?fbclid=IwAR18oyZg32iwsY_4UBeRf0tOG2_G6XYlF-mpvVoE0YLIui8RMys_d3JaQkc">https://www.servsafe.com/Landing-Pages/Free-Courses</a>

The free trainings include Takeout and ServSafe Delivery Covid-19 Precautions. These are short videos and a certificate of completion can be printed after viewing the videos. The other free offer includes ServSafe Food Handler training and assessment. It does not include food manager training courses. ServSafe provides training for the food service and restaurant industry to ensure that guests are provided a safe food dining experience. All those in the food service industry are encouraged to take advantage of this free offer.&nbsp;

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1576703253818.png" alt="Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>The ServSafe program is a national certification program designed to teach safe handling practices to foodservice employees and others who handle and serve food to the public. Because everyone is concerned about the safety of our family and friends, ServSafe and the National Restaurant Association Educational Foundation is offering ServSafe Food Safety Handler and ServSafe for Covid-19 training free through April 30.&nbsp; More information can be found here <a href="https://www.servsafe.com/Landing-Pages/Free-Courses?fbclid=IwAR18oyZg32iwsY_4UBeRf0tOG2_G6XYlF-mpvVoE0YLIui8RMys_d3JaQkc">https://www.servsafe.com/Landing-Pages/Free-Courses</a>The free trainings include Takeout and ServSafe Delivery Covid-19 Precautions. These are short videos and a certificate of completion can be printed after viewing the videos. The other free offer includes ServSafe Food Handler training and assessment. It does not include food manager training courses. ServSafe provides training for the food service and restaurant industry to ensure that guests are provided a safe food dining experience. All those in the food service industry are encouraged to take advantage of this free offer.&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Free food safety training offered for food service workers

By RON WILSON Huck Boyd National Institute for Rural Development

Let’s go to a city council meeting. City council members are listening to a presentation about perceptions of their community. Is this presentation being made by an expensive consultant from halfway across the country? No, this presentation is being made by a local group whose average age is 17 – and they might be thinking about their senior prom. This was part of an innovative program called Youth Community Perceptions which is designed to gain input from youth and engage them with their community.&nbsp;

Susan Schlichting is a 4-H youth development agent for the K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District, serving Ellis and Barton Counties. Susan helped pilot this new program called Youth Community Perceptions.

The program originated from Kansas PRIDE Program discussions about how to get youth more engaged in their hometowns. The PRIDE Program is celebrating its 50th&nbsp;anniversary in 2020, so this is another in our series of profiles highlighting PRIDE communities.

PRIDE program participants have often wanted to involve more youth in their communities. In 2018, the K-State Research and Extension Community Vitality team (of which Kansas PRIDE is a part) engaged in discussions with Kansas 4-H about launching an initiative to help.

With grant support from Epsilon Sigma Phi, the extension professional organization, the Youth Community Perceptions program was developed. It was designed as a community evaluation and assessment program that would allow youth to discover the assets and needs of their communities and engage in community conversations.

An educational curriculum was created. The Ellis PRIDE program was approached about hosting a pilot test of the program in their community. Extension agent Susan Schlichting made inquiries around town. Ultimately, the Kansas Association for Youth organization at Ellis High School chose to participate.

The students learned about the community capitals model. Then they were provided a form which guided them in their assessment of the community. A team of youth drove around town and recorded their impressions of the signage, downtown, shopping, industrial areas, housing, health care, schools, child care, recreation and more.

Then they presented the results to the city council. “The kids developed a PowerPoint of things they thought were really good and things that could be improved upon,” Susan said. In April 2019, the youth made their presentation to the Ellis city council.

The presentation highlighted lots of things which the youth appreciated, such as the big painted sunflowers on Main Street, the medical offices, grocery store, walking trails, dock at the campground, the children’s train, and the annual fish fry. “They had some good thoughts,” Susan said. The young people also identified needs and suggested improvements.

Dave McDaniel is the long-time mayor of Ellis. He was impressed with the students who made the presentation. “They did a very good job, and I didn’t want to let these ideas drop,” he said.

“For example, they said that our signs needed to be improved, and we’ve done that with the street signs and museum signs,” Dave said. “They wanted a place for youth to go, and some people who are opening up a downtown restaurant are going to open up the other half of their building for the youth.” There was a need for more trash cans in Memorial Park where students congregate, and that is being addressed also.

“They pointed out there were no bike racks at the swimming pool,” Susan said. Ellis PRIDE applied to Kansas PRIDE Inc., and got a grant to install bike racks at the pool and other parks.

“This (program) is a good way to get the young people involved, and they’re seeing results,” Dave said.

For more information or to participate in the program, go to&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ksre.k-state.edu/community/civic-engagement/youth-community-perceptions">www.ksre.k-state.edu/community/civic-engagement/youth-community-perceptions</a>.

It’s time to leave this meeting of the city council, where community perceptions have been presented – not by an outside consultant, but by a team of local youth. We commend Susan Schlichting, Mayor Dave McDaniel, the volunteers of the Ellis PRIDE program, and the youth who are making a difference by engaging with their hometown in this way. It’s a better community when youth and adults can come together in unity.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1585748329018.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By RON WILSON Huck Boyd National Institute for Rural DevelopmentLet’s go to a city council meeting. City council members are listening to a presentation about perceptions of their community. Is this presentation being made by an expensive consultant from halfway across the country? No, this presentation is being made by a local group whose average age is 17 – and they might be thinking about their senior prom. This was part of an innovative program called Youth Community Perceptions which is designed to gain input from youth and engage them with their community.&nbsp;Susan Schlichting is a 4-H youth development agent for the K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District, serving Ellis and Barton Counties. Susan helped pilot this new program called Youth Community Perceptions.The program originated from Kansas PRIDE Program discussions about how to get youth more engaged in their hometowns. The PRIDE Program is celebrating its 50th&nbsp;anniversary in 2020, so this is another in our series of profiles highlighting PRIDE communities.PRIDE program participants have often wanted to involve more youth in their communities. In 2018, the K-State Research and Extension Community Vitality team (of which Kansas PRIDE is a part) engaged in discussions with Kansas 4-H about launching an initiative to help.With grant support from Epsilon Sigma Phi, the extension professional organization, the Youth Community Perceptions program was developed. It was designed as a community evaluation and assessment program that would allow youth to discover the assets and needs of their communities and engage in community conversations.An educational curriculum was created. The Ellis PRIDE program was approached about hosting a pilot test of the program in their community. Extension agent Susan Schlichting made inquiries around town. Ultimately, the Kansas Association for Youth organization at Ellis High School chose to participate.The students learned about the community capitals model. Then they were provided a form which guided them in their assessment of the community. A team of youth drove around town and recorded their impressions of the signage, downtown, shopping, industrial areas, housing, health care, schools, child care, recreation and more.Then they presented the results to the city council. “The kids developed a PowerPoint of things they thought were really good and things that could be improved upon,” Susan said. In April 2019, the youth made their presentation to the Ellis city council.The presentation highlighted lots of things which the youth appreciated, such as the big painted sunflowers on Main Street, the medical offices, grocery store, walking trails, dock at the campground, the children’s train, and the annual fish fry. “They had some good thoughts,” Susan said. The young people also identified needs and suggested improvements.Dave McDaniel is the long-time mayor of Ellis. He was impressed with the students who made the presentation. “They did a very good job, and I didn’t want to let these ideas drop,” he said.“For example, they said that our signs needed to be improved, and we’ve done that with the street signs and museum signs,” Dave said. “They wanted a place for youth to go, and some people who are opening up a downtown restaurant are going to open up the other half of their building for the youth.” There was a need for more trash cans in Memorial Park where students congregate, and that is being addressed also.“They pointed out there were no bike racks at the swimming pool,” Susan said. Ellis PRIDE applied to Kansas PRIDE Inc., and got a grant to install bike racks at the pool and other parks.“This (program) is a good way to get the young people involved, and they’re seeing results,” Dave said.For more information or to participate in the program, go to&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ksre.k-state.edu/community/civic-engagement/youth-community-perceptions">www.ksre.k-state.edu/community/civic-engagement/youth-community-perceptions</a>.It’s time to leave this meeting of the city council, where community perceptions have been presented – not by an outside consultant, but by a team of local youth. We commend Susan Schlichting, Mayor Dave McDaniel, the volunteers of the Ellis PRIDE program, and the youth who are making a difference by engaging with their hometown in this way. It’s a better community when youth and adults can come together in unity.

Now That’s Rural: Youth Community Perceptions, Ellis

The physical portion of the Great Bend Farm and Ranch Expo has been canceled because of Covid 19, but that doesn’t mean it’s cancelled entirely! As with many other events and programs, the creators of the Expo have gotten creative and moved the entire Expo online! The vendors will still be on their Facebook page to help and assist you with your farming, ranching, and hemp needs. Along with this, K-State Research and Extension will still have educational programs for you! On April 8th-10th at noon, join us at starexpos.net for a Zoom lunch and Learn with KSRE!

On Wednesday, April 8th, join Romulo Lollato, K-State Research and Extension’s Wheat and Forage Specialist. He will be on the Zoom to discuss his research projects at the Great Bend Coop’s wheat research plot. He will discuss his current research on site that includes: different wheat varieties and how they respond to different management practices, growth regulators, seed treatments, seeding rates, and others. He will also be available to answer any questions that producers have about the 2020 wheat crop.

April 9th at noon will be Hemp research update by Jason Griffin, Professor &amp; Director, John C. Pair Horticultural Center, Kansas State University, Dept. Horticulture &amp; Natural Resources. Jason leads the Hemp research the Kansas State University conducted in 2019 that he will report on as well as give an update on what they will be researching in 2020. He will also be available for questions after his presentation.&nbsp;

On April 12th, Dan O’Brien, K-State Research and Extension Associate Professor in the Agriculture Economics Department will give a grain Marketing update. Dan will give a brief overview of the current grain market report and important information for your marketing decisions. As with the other specialists, he will be available for questions after his presentation.

Whatever your interests are when it comes to farming, there is a subject and specialist that can help you with information. Our specialists are happy to work with technology and new ideas to share the latest information and research to help you be able to succeed at your farm. Join us during the lunch hour at the Great Bend Farm and Ranch show April 8th through the 10th for all of K-State Research and Extension’s programming. For further information, like the Great Bend Farm, Ranch, and Hemp Expo at https://www.facebook.com/GBFarmRanchExpo

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The physical portion of the Great Bend Farm and Ranch Expo has been canceled because of Covid 19, but that doesn’t mean it’s cancelled entirely! As with many other events and programs, the creators of the Expo have gotten creative and moved the entire Expo online! The vendors will still be on their Facebook page to help and assist you with your farming, ranching, and hemp needs. Along with this, K-State Research and Extension will still have educational programs for you! On April 8th-10th at noon, join us at starexpos.net for a Zoom lunch and Learn with KSRE!On Wednesday, April 8th, join Romulo Lollato, K-State Research and Extension’s Wheat and Forage Specialist. He will be on the Zoom to discuss his research projects at the Great Bend Coop’s wheat research plot. He will discuss his current research on site that includes: different wheat varieties and how they respond to different management practices, growth regulators, seed treatments, seeding rates, and others. He will also be available to answer any questions that producers have about the 2020 wheat crop.April 9th at noon will be Hemp research update by Jason Griffin, Professor &amp; Director, John C. Pair Horticultural Center, Kansas State University, Dept. Horticulture &amp; Natural Resources. Jason leads the Hemp research the Kansas State University conducted in 2019 that he will report on as well as give an update on what they will be researching in 2020. He will also be available for questions after his presentation.&nbsp;On April 12th, Dan O’Brien, K-State Research and Extension Associate Professor in the Agriculture Economics Department will give a grain Marketing update. Dan will give a brief overview of the current grain market report and important information for your marketing decisions. As with the other specialists, he will be available for questions after his presentation.Whatever your interests are when it comes to farming, there is a subject and specialist that can help you with information. Our specialists are happy to work with technology and new ideas to share the latest information and research to help you be able to succeed at your farm. Join us during the lunch hour at the Great Bend Farm and Ranch show April 8th through the 10th for all of K-State Research and Extension’s programming. For further information, like the Great Bend Farm, Ranch, and Hemp Expo at https://www.facebook.com/GBFarmRanchExpoAlicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Great Bend ag expo will proceed online

As with many services, Extension has been given the task to get creative on how we are able to serve. Some programs that have been canceled still need to be taught, but how? 

One of these items is Tractor Safety for children ages 14-16 years old. Even though the face-to-face classes have had to be canceled, we do have alternative ways to help get the education out there. If your child needs Hazardous Occupation Training to be able to work on a farm other than on an immediate family member, we can help. 

With internet access, we can e-mail you the course materials for home study and then send you the test to take at a later time. After the test is returned and you pass, you will need to have a trusted adult give you training on driving a tractor. At that time, we will be able to certify you to work.&nbsp;

Another service that we provide is Private Pesticide Training for adults. At this time, we are still working with producers on getting you certified. For testing, you will need to call our office at 620-793-1910 to set up a time for testing. If you need a book to be able to study before taking the test, call the office and we can set up a time for you to come get a book to check out or purchase. &nbsp;

The last few weeks have been very stressful, but Extension is here to serve. If you have any questions, or if you need anything, please contact us. We can normally help with most items through phone calls and e-mail. You can contact me by calling 620-793-1910 or emailing me at <a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>As with many services, Extension has been given the task to get creative on how we are able to serve. Some programs that have been canceled still need to be taught, but how? One of these items is Tractor Safety for children ages 14-16 years old. Even though the face-to-face classes have had to be canceled, we do have alternative ways to help get the education out there. If your child needs Hazardous Occupation Training to be able to work on a farm other than on an immediate family member, we can help. With internet access, we can e-mail you the course materials for home study and then send you the test to take at a later time. After the test is returned and you pass, you will need to have a trusted adult give you training on driving a tractor. At that time, we will be able to certify you to work.&nbsp;Another service that we provide is Private Pesticide Training for adults. At this time, we are still working with producers on getting you certified. For testing, you will need to call our office at 620-793-1910 to set up a time for testing. If you need a book to be able to study before taking the test, call the office and we can set up a time for you to come get a book to check out or purchase. &nbsp;The last few weeks have been very stressful, but Extension is here to serve. If you have any questions, or if you need anything, please contact us. We can normally help with most items through phone calls and e-mail. You can contact me by calling 620-793-1910 or emailing me at <a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>

BOOR: Extension finding ways to continue programming

Controlling marestail in soybeans continues to be a big challenge for Kansas no-till producers. Application timing and weed size are critical factors for successful control of this weed that germinates in the fall or early spring. 

Research has shown that up to 80% of marestail can die over the winter as a result of cold temperatures and/or lack of adequate moisture. In addition, a well-established cover crop in the fall can further reduce marestail establishment and survival and often is quite effective for marestail control. However, the marestail that do survive are often robust and can be difficult to control with herbicides, especially later in the spring. Herbicide options are also limited by widespread resistance to glyphosate and/or ALS-inhibiting (group 2) herbicides in marestail.&nbsp;

In the early spring, using a growth regulator herbicide such as 2,4-D and/or dicamba is an inexpensive and effective option to control rosette marestail. Dicamba has provided better marestail control than 2,4-D and will also provide some residual control, especially at higher use rates. Recent observations suggest marestail in Kansas will bolt in April throughout most of the state, so timing control before the end of March is recommended. Application of dicamba and 2,4-D in March also generally allows adequate time ahead of planting soybeans to meet required pre-plant intervals.

Using herbicides with longer residual helps control weeds that germinate between treatment and soybean planting. Products that include Canopy EX, Autumn Super, Classic, FirstRate, Sharpen, metribuzin, or Valor can help provide residual control against several broadleaf species, including marestail. However, it is very important to consult and follow the herbicide label guidelines for the required pre-plant intervals prior to planting soybeans.

As soybean planting nears, existing marestail plants can become difficult to control because plants will have bolted and be considerably larger. Herbicides to apply as a burndown prior to planting include tank mixes of glyphosate with FirstRate, Classic, Sharpen, Optill, or 2,4-D. Be very careful to follow label directions when using 2,4-D prior to soybean planting. The plant-back restriction ahead of soybean can range from 7-30 days depending on rate and formulation. Sharpen generally provides good marestail control and can be applied any time before soybean emergence. However, it is still most effective if applied before marestail starts to bolt, in a tank-mix with other herbicides, when used with methylated seed oil, and at spray volumes of 15 gallons per acre or more. Elevore is a newer herbicide that has provided similar marestail control to dicamba, but needs to be applied at least 14 days prior to planting.

Pre-plant restrictions for dicamba products such as Clarity, Banvel, and others range from 14 to 30 days depending on product, application rate, rainfall amounts, and geography. However, with the introduction of Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans, the new dicamba products Xtendimax, FeXapan, and Engenia have no pre-plant interval restrictions applied ahead of Xtend soybeans and should be some of the more effective treatments for marestail control in that scenario. Xtendimax, FeXapan, and Engenia are still most effective on marestail prior to bolting.

One additional herbicide to consider as a rescue burndown application to control bolting marestail prior to soybean planting is glufosinate (Liberty and others). Although, it would be better to control marestail at an earlier stage of growth, glufosinate has been one of the most effective herbicides to control bolting marestail. Glufosinate also has broad spectrum non-selective activity on other broadleaf and grass species if treated at a young growth stage. Glufosinate is primarily a contact herbicide, so a spray volume of 15 gallons per acre or greater generally provides the most consistent weed control. Glufosinate tends to work best under higher humidity and warm, sunny conditions at application.

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070143255.png" alt="Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. " />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Controlling marestail in soybeans continues to be a big challenge for Kansas no-till producers. Application timing and weed size are critical factors for successful control of this weed that germinates in the fall or early spring. Research has shown that up to 80% of marestail can die over the winter as a result of cold temperatures and/or lack of adequate moisture. In addition, a well-established cover crop in the fall can further reduce marestail establishment and survival and often is quite effective for marestail control. However, the marestail that do survive are often robust and can be difficult to control with herbicides, especially later in the spring. Herbicide options are also limited by widespread resistance to glyphosate and/or ALS-inhibiting (group 2) herbicides in marestail.&nbsp;<h2>Early spring options</h2>In the early spring, using a growth regulator herbicide such as 2,4-D and/or dicamba is an inexpensive and effective option to control rosette marestail. Dicamba has provided better marestail control than 2,4-D and will also provide some residual control, especially at higher use rates. Recent observations suggest marestail in Kansas will bolt in April throughout most of the state, so timing control before the end of March is recommended. Application of dicamba and 2,4-D in March also generally allows adequate time ahead of planting soybeans to meet required pre-plant intervals.Using herbicides with longer residual helps control weeds that germinate between treatment and soybean planting. Products that include Canopy EX, Autumn Super, Classic, FirstRate, Sharpen, metribuzin, or Valor can help provide residual control against several broadleaf species, including marestail. However, it is very important to consult and follow the herbicide label guidelines for the required pre-plant intervals prior to planting soybeans.<h2>
Pre-plant options</h2>As soybean planting nears, existing marestail plants can become difficult to control because plants will have bolted and be considerably larger. Herbicides to apply as a burndown prior to planting include tank mixes of glyphosate with FirstRate, Classic, Sharpen, Optill, or 2,4-D. Be very careful to follow label directions when using 2,4-D prior to soybean planting. The plant-back restriction ahead of soybean can range from 7-30 days depending on rate and formulation. Sharpen generally provides good marestail control and can be applied any time before soybean emergence. However, it is still most effective if applied before marestail starts to bolt, in a tank-mix with other herbicides, when used with methylated seed oil, and at spray volumes of 15 gallons per acre or more. Elevore is a newer herbicide that has provided similar marestail control to dicamba, but needs to be applied at least 14 days prior to planting.Pre-plant restrictions for dicamba products such as Clarity, Banvel, and others range from 14 to 30 days depending on product, application rate, rainfall amounts, and geography. However, with the introduction of Roundup Ready 2 Xtend soybeans, the new dicamba products Xtendimax, FeXapan, and Engenia have no pre-plant interval restrictions applied ahead of Xtend soybeans and should be some of the more effective treatments for marestail control in that scenario. Xtendimax, FeXapan, and Engenia are still most effective on marestail prior to bolting.One additional herbicide to consider as a rescue burndown application to control bolting marestail prior to soybean planting is glufosinate (Liberty and others). Although, it would be better to control marestail at an earlier stage of growth, glufosinate has been one of the most effective herbicides to control bolting marestail. Glufosinate also has broad spectrum non-selective activity on other broadleaf and grass species if treated at a young growth stage. Glufosinate is primarily a contact herbicide, so a spray volume of 15 gallons per acre or greater generally provides the most consistent weed control. Glufosinate tends to work best under higher humidity and warm, sunny conditions at application.Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Marestail control in soybeans

Hello from the Cottonwood Extension District! No doubt your life or daily routine has been changed in some way by COVID-19. Whether it is planning for childcare of the very young, keeping school aged students on task in the weeks ahead, or juggling a new work at home schedule, there is much to consider. This is new territory and something I never imagined we would be discussing.&nbsp;

Thankfully K-State Research and Extension is looking at these challenges as opportunities for our statewide network of educators to share unbiased, research-based information and expertise on issues important to Kansans. As in any disaster or emergency, I want to remind you that it is important to get information from official sources. We are adding pertinent information to our Cottonwood website and our FaceBook page often. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization are all trusted websites that are being updated often during this uncertain time.

Our offices in Great Bend and Hays remain open but we are asking that you call first to determine if a face-to-face contact is necessary or if we can help you through the use of technology. Our meetings and workshops that were scheduled through May 16 are canceled or being carried out through Zoom technology. Watch our website as some may be rescheduled.&nbsp;

The great news in all of this is that Walk KS has not been cancelled! Whether you have joined a Walk KS team or not, I would encourage each of you to build time into your schedule for 30 minutes or more of exercise each day. This will be an important strategy to help you maintain fitness and a positive attitude. I’m looking at pushing our celebration of the Walk KS program back a week, to May 19. I’ll keep you posted.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp; K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574802720194.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Hello from the Cottonwood Extension District! No doubt your life or daily routine has been changed in some way by COVID-19. Whether it is planning for childcare of the very young, keeping school aged students on task in the weeks ahead, or juggling a new work at home schedule, there is much to consider. This is new territory and something I never imagined we would be discussing.&nbsp;Thankfully K-State Research and Extension is looking at these challenges as opportunities for our statewide network of educators to share unbiased, research-based information and expertise on issues important to Kansans. As in any disaster or emergency, I want to remind you that it is important to get information from official sources. We are adding pertinent information to our Cottonwood website and our FaceBook page often. The Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization are all trusted websites that are being updated often during this uncertain time.Our offices in Great Bend and Hays remain open but we are asking that you call first to determine if a face-to-face contact is necessary or if we can help you through the use of technology. Our meetings and workshops that were scheduled through May 16 are canceled or being carried out through Zoom technology. Watch our website as some may be rescheduled.&nbsp;The great news in all of this is that Walk KS has not been cancelled! Whether you have joined a Walk KS team or not, I would encourage each of you to build time into your schedule for 30 minutes or more of exercise each day. This will be an important strategy to help you maintain fitness and a positive attitude. I’m looking at pushing our celebration of the Walk KS program back a week, to May 19. I’ll keep you posted.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp; K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Update on Extension programming

Each year the NW 4-H Advisory hosts a two-day recreation leadership workshop for those working with youth and other groups.&nbsp; This year the focus is on the “Team Bonding, Team Building or Team Development?”&nbsp;

In this workshop, Michelle Cummings will share insights and strategies on how to surface behaviors through play through experiential activities. This high-energy, hands-on workshop will teach participants how to play some of the industry’s best icebreakers, leadership games and unique ways to reflect on what you are learning.

Day 2 is a completely different session, so plan to come for one, the other or both days.

Registration is due Wednesday, March 25. &nbsp;<a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/4-hevents/nw4hevents/NWTeamBuilding2020.pdf">https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/4-hevents/nw4hevents/NWTeamBuilding2020.pdf</a>

Please help us get the word out to others who might put this opportunity to good use and come and join us for one or both days.&nbsp; It will be engaging, high energy and a great learning opportunity.

For more information contact Susan Schlichting, Cottonwood District Extension Agent for 4-H Youth Development at 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/3/1583872434264.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>COTTONWOOD DISTRICTEach year the NW 4-H Advisory hosts a two-day recreation leadership workshop for those working with youth and other groups.&nbsp; This year the focus is on the “Team Bonding, Team Building or Team Development?”&nbsp;In this workshop, Michelle Cummings will share insights and strategies on how to surface behaviors through play through experiential activities. This high-energy, hands-on workshop will teach participants how to play some of the industry’s best icebreakers, leadership games and unique ways to reflect on what you are learning.Day 2 is a completely different session, so plan to come for one, the other or both days.Registration is due Wednesday, March 25. &nbsp;<a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/4-hevents/nw4hevents/NWTeamBuilding2020.pdf">https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/4-hevents/nw4hevents/NWTeamBuilding2020.pdf</a>Please help us get the word out to others who might put this opportunity to good use and come and join us for one or both days.&nbsp; It will be engaging, high energy and a great learning opportunity.For more information contact Susan Schlichting, Cottonwood District Extension Agent for 4-H Youth Development at 785-628-9430.

Team-building workshop scheduled for those working with youth

One of the best ways to keep your body and mind functioning at their best is to exercise. Regular participation in strengthening exercises can help you build muscle and increase bone density, which prevents frailty and osteoporosis.

Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an 8-week strengthening exercise program that meets twice a week for 1-hour. The program’s goal is to improve your health and quality of life.&nbsp;

During the program, you will learn exercises to improve strength, balance, and flexibility.

A class is scheduled to start March 17th, at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays. Participants will meet Tuesdays and Thursdays until May 7th. Before participating in the class, members must complete a consent form and a questionnaire about their health status. A physician authorization form may be required.&nbsp; The cost is $20.00 for all 16 sessions. No special clothes or equipment needed.&nbsp; Contact Berny Unruh at the Extension Office 785-628-9430 if there are further questions.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1576703253818.png" alt="Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>One of the best ways to keep your body and mind functioning at their best is to exercise. Regular participation in strengthening exercises can help you build muscle and increase bone density, which prevents frailty and osteoporosis.Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an 8-week strengthening exercise program that meets twice a week for 1-hour. The program’s goal is to improve your health and quality of life.&nbsp;Each hour-long class includes:&nbsp;<ol>
 <li>Warm-up exercises&nbsp;</li><li>Easy strengthening exercises, with or without weights&nbsp;</li><li>Cool-down stretches&nbsp;</li>
 </ol>During the program, you will learn exercises to improve strength, balance, and flexibility.A class is scheduled to start March 17th, at the Cottonwood Extension Office in Hays. Participants will meet Tuesdays and Thursdays until May 7th. Before participating in the class, members must complete a consent form and a questionnaire about their health status. A physician authorization form may be required.&nbsp; The cost is $20.00 for all 16 sessions. No special clothes or equipment needed.&nbsp; Contact Berny Unruh at the Extension Office 785-628-9430 if there are further questions.&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Stay strong, stay healthy

Make plans to attend the 2nd annual Stock Growers Field Day on Tuesday, March 31.&nbsp; The event will be highlighted by beef reproduction economics and a market outlook along with an AI demonstration from industry and K-State Research and Extension experts in their field!&nbsp; The field day, held in Beloit, KS, is a collaboration with K-State Research and Extension and the Kansas Bull Test.

K-State Research and Extension Agents believe this will give producers a better chance to not only hear from industry leaders, but to also take part in conversation with one another.&nbsp; The field day is an effort to bring industry and K-State Research and Extension experts right to north central Kansas realizing that often times events of this caliber are held in larger places like Manhattan, Wichita, or Dodge City.

In addition to the speakers, the program will offer breakout sessions where attendees can pick and choose which topics apply to them.&nbsp; Topics include a producer panel on providing a consumer-driven value-added product, a session on livestock watering considerations for the upcoming grazing season and more.&nbsp; More than 30 agricultural businesses will be on hand in the trade show and bulls from Kansas Bull Test will be available for viewing throughout the afternoon.

Cost to attend the meeting is $10 which includes a NOON meal and a copy of the field day proceedings.&nbsp; This event has been generously sponsored by Merck Animal Health, Anipro/Xtraformance Feeds and the Guaranty State Bank along with other agricultural sponsors.&nbsp; Contact any offices of the Cottonwood, Post Rock, River Valley or Walnut Creek Extension Districts of K-State Research and Extension. &nbsp;

Reserve your spot today!&nbsp; Registrations can be mailed to Post Rock Extension District, Beloit Office, 115 S. Hersey, Beloit, KS&nbsp; 67420 or ONLINE at <a href="http://www.postrock.ksu.edu">www.postrock.ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp; Please write “Stock Growers Field day – Registration” in the memo line of your check.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Make plans to attend the 2nd annual Stock Growers Field Day on Tuesday, March 31.&nbsp; The event will be highlighted by beef reproduction economics and a market outlook along with an AI demonstration from industry and K-State Research and Extension experts in their field!&nbsp; The field day, held in Beloit, KS, is a collaboration with K-State Research and Extension and the Kansas Bull Test.K-State Research and Extension Agents believe this will give producers a better chance to not only hear from industry leaders, but to also take part in conversation with one another.&nbsp; The field day is an effort to bring industry and K-State Research and Extension experts right to north central Kansas realizing that often times events of this caliber are held in larger places like Manhattan, Wichita, or Dodge City.In addition to the speakers, the program will offer breakout sessions where attendees can pick and choose which topics apply to them.&nbsp; Topics include a producer panel on providing a consumer-driven value-added product, a session on livestock watering considerations for the upcoming grazing season and more.&nbsp; More than 30 agricultural businesses will be on hand in the trade show and bulls from Kansas Bull Test will be available for viewing throughout the afternoon.Cost to attend the meeting is $10 which includes a NOON meal and a copy of the field day proceedings.&nbsp; This event has been generously sponsored by Merck Animal Health, Anipro/Xtraformance Feeds and the Guaranty State Bank along with other agricultural sponsors.&nbsp; Contact any offices of the Cottonwood, Post Rock, River Valley or Walnut Creek Extension Districts of K-State Research and Extension. &nbsp;Reserve your spot today!&nbsp; Registrations can be mailed to Post Rock Extension District, Beloit Office, 115 S. Hersey, Beloit, KS&nbsp; 67420 or ONLINE at <a href="http://www.postrock.ksu.edu">www.postrock.ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp; Please write “Stock Growers Field day – Registration” in the memo line of your check.Hope to see you there!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

Livestock field day will be held this month in north-central Kan.

Each year the NW 4-H Advisory hosts a two-day recreation leadership workshop for those working with youth and other groups.&nbsp; This year the focus is on the “Team Bonding, Team Building or Team Development?”&nbsp;


In this workshop, Michelle Cummings will share insights and strategies on how to surface behaviors through play through experiential activities. This high-energy, hands-on workshop will teach participants how to play some of the industry’s
 best icebreakers, leadership games and unique ways to reflect on what you are learning. 

Cummings will engage you physically, intellectually and mentally with lots of opportunity for laughter and learning. Attendees will discover how powerful the impact of
 the value of connection, leadership, and purposeful play have on the participants in your programs.


Day 1 is designed for school teams (FFA, FCCLA, KAY, DECA, etc., 7th – 12th grade, adult sponsors, staff and volunteers who work with groups of people routinely.&nbsp; 

Day 2 is a completely different session, so plan
 to come for one, the other or both days.

Registration is due Wednesday, March 25. &nbsp;<a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/4-hevents/nw4hevents/NWTeamBuilding2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/4-hevents/nw4hevents/NWTeamBuilding2020.pdf</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/3/1583872434264.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Each year the NW 4-H Advisory hosts a two-day recreation leadership workshop for those working with youth and other groups.&nbsp; This year the focus is on the “Team Bonding, Team Building or Team Development?”&nbsp;
In this workshop, Michelle Cummings will share insights and strategies on how to surface behaviors through play through experiential activities. This high-energy, hands-on workshop will teach participants how to play some of the industry’s
 best icebreakers, leadership games and unique ways to reflect on what you are learning. Cummings will engage you physically, intellectually and mentally with lots of opportunity for laughter and learning. Attendees will discover how powerful the impact of
 the value of connection, leadership, and purposeful play have on the participants in your programs.
Day 1 is designed for school teams (FFA, FCCLA, KAY, DECA, etc., 7th – 12th grade, adult sponsors, staff and volunteers who work with groups of people routinely.&nbsp; Day 2 is a completely different session, so plan
 to come for one, the other or both days.Registration is due Wednesday, March 25. &nbsp;<a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/4-hevents/nw4hevents/NWTeamBuilding2020.pdf" target="_blank">https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/4-hevents/nw4hevents/NWTeamBuilding2020.pdf</a>
Please help us get the word out to others who might put this opportunity to good use and come and join us for one or both days.&nbsp; It will be engaging, high energy and a great learning opportunity.For more information contact Susan Schlichting, Cottonwood District Extension Agent for 4-H Youth Development at 785-628-9430.

Leadership workshop for those working with youth, other groups

People often wonder why we recommend seeding cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass in the fall. It would seem that the spring would be the more natural time for seeding because the entire growing season is available for the grass to become established before the turf has to deal with winter. Actually there are a number of reasons that tend to make fall seeding more successful.

The soils are warmer in the fall. Warm soils mean less time required for germination and growth so the grass becomes established more quickly. I have seen tall fescue seeded in the last week of August come up in four days. Now, you had to be on your hands and knees to see it but it was up. Tall fescue seeded in the spring may take well over a week to come up and the time required to become established is much longer.

Weeds are less of a problem in the fall. The major weed problems in the fall tend to be the broadleaves such as chickweed, henbit or dandelion. Turf seeded in early September is usually thick enough by the time these broadleaves germinate that often there is not much weed invasion. Even if there is some invasion by broadleaves, the turf should be mature enough by early November that mild broadleaf herbicides can be applied.

In the spring, our major weed problems are the annual grasses such as crabgrass.&nbsp; Since the spring-seeded turf is slow to mature, there are often thin areas that are easily invaded by these grassy weeds. If this invasion occurs, the weeds are better adapted to our hot, summer conditions than our cool-season grasses and so the weeds tend to take over. The number of chemicals that can be used on young turf is limited, and so these grasses become more of a problem. One of the preemergence herbicides that can be used on young grasses is dithiopyr (Dimension).&nbsp; It is found in Hi-Yield Turf and Ornamental Weed &amp; Grass Stopper and Bonide Crabgrass &amp; Weed Preventer and can be used on tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass two weeks after germination.&nbsp; &nbsp;

Summer is the hardest time of the year for cool-season grasses; not the winter. Summertime is very difficult because our cool-season grasses do not have the heat or moisture stress tolerance that our warm-season grasses such as buffalo, zoysia and Bermuda have. Therefore they tend to become weakened in the summer which makes them more susceptible to disease and other stresses. Spring-seeded cool-season grasses are less mature and therefore less able to tolerate these stresses.

Seeding cool-season grasses in the spring can be successful but is more difficult to pull off than fall seedings. If you have a choice, always opt for seeding cool-season grasses in the fall.

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions she can be contacted by e-mail at <a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a> or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>People often wonder why we recommend seeding cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass in the fall. It would seem that the spring would be the more natural time for seeding because the entire growing season is available for the grass to become established before the turf has to deal with winter. Actually there are a number of reasons that tend to make fall seeding more successful.The soils are warmer in the fall. Warm soils mean less time required for germination and growth so the grass becomes established more quickly. I have seen tall fescue seeded in the last week of August come up in four days. Now, you had to be on your hands and knees to see it but it was up. Tall fescue seeded in the spring may take well over a week to come up and the time required to become established is much longer.Weeds are less of a problem in the fall. The major weed problems in the fall tend to be the broadleaves such as chickweed, henbit or dandelion. Turf seeded in early September is usually thick enough by the time these broadleaves germinate that often there is not much weed invasion. Even if there is some invasion by broadleaves, the turf should be mature enough by early November that mild broadleaf herbicides can be applied.In the spring, our major weed problems are the annual grasses such as crabgrass.&nbsp; Since the spring-seeded turf is slow to mature, there are often thin areas that are easily invaded by these grassy weeds. If this invasion occurs, the weeds are better adapted to our hot, summer conditions than our cool-season grasses and so the weeds tend to take over. The number of chemicals that can be used on young turf is limited, and so these grasses become more of a problem. One of the preemergence herbicides that can be used on young grasses is dithiopyr (Dimension).&nbsp; It is found in Hi-Yield Turf and Ornamental Weed &amp; Grass Stopper and Bonide Crabgrass &amp; Weed Preventer and can be used on tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and perennial ryegrass two weeks after germination.&nbsp; &nbsp;Summer is the hardest time of the year for cool-season grasses; not the winter. Summertime is very difficult because our cool-season grasses do not have the heat or moisture stress tolerance that our warm-season grasses such as buffalo, zoysia and Bermuda have. Therefore they tend to become weakened in the summer which makes them more susceptible to disease and other stresses. Spring-seeded cool-season grasses are less mature and therefore less able to tolerate these stresses.Seeding cool-season grasses in the spring can be successful but is more difficult to pull off than fall seedings. If you have a choice, always opt for seeding cool-season grasses in the fall.Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions she can be contacted by e-mail at <a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a> or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.

FICK: The difficulty of seeding cool-season grasses in spring

One of the most important programs I give is a hazardous occupation course for teenagers. Agriculture is a family-based business, and children are around dangerous situations from a very young age. One way to make a situation less dangerous is education, learning what the dangers may be and how to avoid putting yourself in a position that has a greater likelihood of getting hurt.

&nbsp;On April 2nd from 6-8:30 pm and also April 4th from 8 am-5pm, Cottonwood Extension District in Great Bend will hold its annual Tractor Safety class for youth ages 13-18. This class is required for teens ages 14-16 that are planning to work on a farm other than their immediate relatives. It is encouraged for any youth that are going to be working around the farm or large machinery to also complete a tractor safety course. Farm accidents are the cause of 120,000 injuries a year and children are at a high danger when working on a farm or ranch. The 2-day course will cover the various risks that are on a farm as well as give young people the information they need to be safe when working. Cost is 15.00 and that covers the book, snacks and lunch on Saturday. Call the Extension office at 620-793-1910 to register for the class. Registration is due by March 30th.

If you would like any more information about this opportunity for learning, please contact the Extension office for more information by calling 620-793-1910 or email me at <a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>One of the most important programs I give is a hazardous occupation course for teenagers. Agriculture is a family-based business, and children are around dangerous situations from a very young age. One way to make a situation less dangerous is education, learning what the dangers may be and how to avoid putting yourself in a position that has a greater likelihood of getting hurt.&nbsp;On April 2nd from 6-8:30 pm and also April 4th from 8 am-5pm, Cottonwood Extension District in Great Bend will hold its annual Tractor Safety class for youth ages 13-18. This class is required for teens ages 14-16 that are planning to work on a farm other than their immediate relatives. It is encouraged for any youth that are going to be working around the farm or large machinery to also complete a tractor safety course. Farm accidents are the cause of 120,000 injuries a year and children are at a high danger when working on a farm or ranch. The 2-day course will cover the various risks that are on a farm as well as give young people the information they need to be safe when working. Cost is 15.00 and that covers the book, snacks and lunch on Saturday. Call the Extension office at 620-793-1910 to register for the class. Registration is due by March 30th.If you would like any more information about this opportunity for learning, please contact the Extension office for more information by calling 620-793-1910 or email me at <a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Tractor safety class for teens set for next month

You can’t see it, taste it, or smell it. You don’t even know that it’s there, but it has the potential to do serious harm. Radon! – a radioactive soil gas which moves from the ground under and around a home through cracks and crevices in the foundation to collect inside.&nbsp;

	Why all the concern about radon?&nbsp; Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in America, after cigarette smoking. Nearly one out of every 4 homes in Kansas may have elevated radon levels, but levels can vary even from home to home in the same neighborhood.

	As health concerns about radon increase, the Kansas Radon Program at Kansas State University can help to shed some light on this elusive danger. Brian Hanson, Radon Program Coordinator, will be in Hays on March 10th to present two programs about radon. A free three-hour continuing education course for real estate professionals will be held from 1- 4 pm at the Extension Office, 601 Main in Hays. The registration brochure for real estate professionals is available from the Hays Board of Realtors. To receive credit for the “Radon for Real Estate Professionals” course realtors must provide their Realtor License number.

	A one-hour public information program will be held at 601 Main in Hays on March 10th at 5:15 pm. Pre-registration for either radon class is requested by March 5th.&nbsp; The program for the general public will provide basic information about radon, its health effects, how to test and what to do about a test that comes back with a high radon rating.&nbsp;

	The first 25 participants to register for the 5:15 pm public meeting will receive a free radon test kit (limit of one per household). Please call 628-9430 to register for the March 10th public meeting by March 5th.&nbsp;

	The only way to know if there is radon in a home is to test. Winter is the best time for testing when homes are closed up from outside air. Radon screening kits can be purchased at the Extension Office for $6.50.&nbsp; The self-mailer kit includes full instructions for completing the test and returning it to a lab for analysis.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1576703253818.png" alt="Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>You can’t see it, taste it, or smell it. You don’t even know that it’s there, but it has the potential to do serious harm. Radon! – a radioactive soil gas which moves from the ground under and around a home through cracks and crevices in the foundation to collect inside.&nbsp;	Why all the concern about radon?&nbsp; Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in America, after cigarette smoking. Nearly one out of every 4 homes in Kansas may have elevated radon levels, but levels can vary even from home to home in the same neighborhood.	As health concerns about radon increase, the Kansas Radon Program at Kansas State University can help to shed some light on this elusive danger. Brian Hanson, Radon Program Coordinator, will be in Hays on March 10th to present two programs about radon. A free three-hour continuing education course for real estate professionals will be held from 1- 4 pm at the Extension Office, 601 Main in Hays. The registration brochure for real estate professionals is available from the Hays Board of Realtors. To receive credit for the “Radon for Real Estate Professionals” course realtors must provide their Realtor License number.	A one-hour public information program will be held at 601 Main in Hays on March 10th at 5:15 pm. Pre-registration for either radon class is requested by March 5th.&nbsp; The program for the general public will provide basic information about radon, its health effects, how to test and what to do about a test that comes back with a high radon rating.&nbsp;	The first 25 participants to register for the 5:15 pm public meeting will receive a free radon test kit (limit of one per household). Please call 628-9430 to register for the March 10th public meeting by March 5th.&nbsp;	The only way to know if there is radon in a home is to test. Winter is the best time for testing when homes are closed up from outside air. Radon screening kits can be purchased at the Extension Office for $6.50.&nbsp; The self-mailer kit includes full instructions for completing the test and returning it to a lab for analysis.&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Learn about radon at upcoming seminar

Planning for the future is vital, and families must take steps to ensure assets for the next generation. The Kansas State University’s K-State Research and Extension and the Fort Hays State University-Small Business Development Center are here to help.&nbsp;

An educational program, “Thriving Across Generations: Succession Planning in Rural Kansas,” will be from 5:30 to 9 p.m. on Wednesday, March 11, in Fort Hays State’s Memorial Union.&nbsp;

The featured speaker is Rick Feltenberger, regional director at the of the FHSU-KSBDC. Participants will also be able to choose one of three breakout sessions.&nbsp;

Farm succession planning will be led by Roger McEowen, the Kansas Farm Bureau Professor of Agricultural Law and Taxation in the Washburn University School of Law.&nbsp;

Tom Byler with both Emporia State University and Washburn University SBDCs, will discuss small business succession. FHSU’s Dr. Tony Gabel will speak about estate plans for families.&nbsp;

The $20 registration fee per person will include a meal and an estate planning notebook.&nbsp;

Online registration is available at&nbsp;

<a href="x-webdoc://4E2722EC-1E71-4E72-9D95-283F8C9EF56C/www.northwest.k-state.edu/events/thriving_across_generations/index.html">www.northwest.k-state.edu/events/thriving_across_generations/index.html</a>

To register by mail, send a check, payable to Kansas State University, to&nbsp;NW Area Office, Care of: Sara Juenemann, PO Box 786, Colby, KS 67701.

Early registration ends March 9. Registration of $30 will be accepted at the door but does not include a guarantee of a meal and notebook. &nbsp;&nbsp;

For questions, call the Cottonwood District Extension Office at 785-628-9430.&nbsp;

FHSU University RelationsPlanning for the future is vital, and families must take steps to ensure assets for the next generation. The Kansas State University’s K-State Research and Extension and the Fort Hays State University-Small Business Development Center are here to help.&nbsp;An educational program, “Thriving Across Generations: Succession Planning in Rural Kansas,” will be from 5:30 to 9 p.m. on Wednesday, March 11, in Fort Hays State’s Memorial Union.&nbsp;Registration begins at 5 p.m.&nbsp;The featured speaker is Rick Feltenberger, regional director at the of the FHSU-KSBDC. Participants will also be able to choose one of three breakout sessions.&nbsp;Farm succession planning will be led by Roger McEowen, the Kansas Farm Bureau Professor of Agricultural Law and Taxation in the Washburn University School of Law.&nbsp;Tom Byler with both Emporia State University and Washburn University SBDCs, will discuss small business succession. FHSU’s Dr. Tony Gabel will speak about estate plans for families.&nbsp;The $20 registration fee per person will include a meal and an estate planning notebook.&nbsp;Online registration is available at&nbsp;<a href="x-webdoc://4E2722EC-1E71-4E72-9D95-283F8C9EF56C/www.northwest.k-state.edu/events/thriving_across_generations/index.html">www.northwest.k-state.edu/events/thriving_across_generations/index.html</a>To register by mail, send a check, payable to Kansas State University, to&nbsp;NW Area Office, Care of: Sara Juenemann, PO Box 786, Colby, KS 67701.Early registration ends March 9. Registration of $30 will be accepted at the door but does not include a guarantee of a meal and notebook. &nbsp;&nbsp;For questions, call the Cottonwood District Extension Office at 785-628-9430.&nbsp;

Program on estate planning will be March 11 at FHSU

	Our office is buzzing with people who are pulling their Walk KS teams together and that is great news. This signature program of K-State Research &amp; Extension is set to begin March 15th and runs through May 9th. Registration for this program that emphasizes healthy living can be completed online. 

For a $10 registration fee, participants will receive timely newsletters and other program materials, incentives and a celebration luncheon set for Tuesday, May 12th in Great Bend. An optional t-shirt may be ordered for an additional charge.

	With the Walk KS program kicking off in a couple of weeks, it is the perfect time to remind you to find a physical activity you enjoy and then make time in your schedule to do it! For me, that means getting back on the bike. Even a few days off from the routine of bike commuting to and from work makes me feel sluggish. The forty-eight minutes of riding to and from my office in the morning at lunch time and at the end of the day is broken into twelve-minute increments so that it hardly feels like exercise but it is.&nbsp;

	So now is the time to visit with friends, family or co-workers and form your team of six. Select a fun name that describes your team and when March 15th rolls around start logging minutes exercised. Each team will choose a challenge to work toward depending on the goals of the team. Besides reporting minutes exercised each week, participants have an opportunity to log the number of cups of fruits and vegetables they eat each week. &nbsp;

People are always anxious to learn what colors the t-shirts are. This years’ t-shirt colors are a pretty sea green and charcoal gray. Both are attractive with the Walk KS logo complete with sunflower and purple lettering.&nbsp;

	A Walk Kansas Celebration complete with a free lunch for Walk Kansas team members is set for Tuesday, May 12th, at the Great Bend Activity Center. I’ll have more information about this fun and educational event as the date draws near.

You can go to <a href="http://www.walkkansasonline.org">www.walkkansasonline.org</a> and follow the steps to sign up for Walk KS. Call or stop by our office if you have questions. So now, let’s hope for some warmer weather so we can get back into the swing of things with Walk KS!

Donna Krug is the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp; You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574802720194.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. " />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. </figcaption>
 </figure>	Our office is buzzing with people who are pulling their Walk KS teams together and that is great news. This signature program of K-State Research &amp; Extension is set to begin March 15th and runs through May 9th. Registration for this program that emphasizes healthy living can be completed online. For a $10 registration fee, participants will receive timely newsletters and other program materials, incentives and a celebration luncheon set for Tuesday, May 12th in Great Bend. An optional t-shirt may be ordered for an additional charge.	With the Walk KS program kicking off in a couple of weeks, it is the perfect time to remind you to find a physical activity you enjoy and then make time in your schedule to do it! For me, that means getting back on the bike. Even a few days off from the routine of bike commuting to and from work makes me feel sluggish. The forty-eight minutes of riding to and from my office in the morning at lunch time and at the end of the day is broken into twelve-minute increments so that it hardly feels like exercise but it is.&nbsp;	So now is the time to visit with friends, family or co-workers and form your team of six. Select a fun name that describes your team and when March 15th rolls around start logging minutes exercised. Each team will choose a challenge to work toward depending on the goals of the team. Besides reporting minutes exercised each week, participants have an opportunity to log the number of cups of fruits and vegetables they eat each week. &nbsp;People are always anxious to learn what colors the t-shirts are. This years’ t-shirt colors are a pretty sea green and charcoal gray. Both are attractive with the Walk KS logo complete with sunflower and purple lettering.&nbsp;	A Walk Kansas Celebration complete with a free lunch for Walk Kansas team members is set for Tuesday, May 12th, at the Great Bend Activity Center. I’ll have more information about this fun and educational event as the date draws near.	You can go to <a href="http://www.walkkansasonline.org">www.walkkansasonline.org</a> and follow the steps to sign up for Walk KS. Call or stop by our office if you have questions. So now, let’s hope for some warmer weather so we can get back into the swing of things with Walk KS!Donna Krug is the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp; You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1581625303222.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>

KRUG: Walk KS registration is in full swing

Though soil tests are useful for identifying nutrient deficiencies&nbsp;as well as soil pH, they do not tell the whole story. We often receive soils from gardeners that are having a difficult time growing crops even&nbsp;though the soil test shows the pH is fine and nutrients are not&nbsp;deficient. Here are some factors that can affect plant growth that are&nbsp;not due to nutrient deficiencies or pH.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Not enough sun: Plants need a certain minimum amount of sun before&nbsp;they will grow well. As a general rule, flowering (and fruiting) plants need at least 6 to 8 hours of full sun per day. There are, of course,&nbsp;exceptions such as impatiens that bloom well in shade. Move sun-loving&nbsp;plants into more sun or use plants that are better adapted to shady conditions.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Poor soil physical characteristics: Roots need oxygen as much as&nbsp;they need water. A tight clay soil or excessive water can restrict soil oxygen levels as well as make root penetration of the soil difficult.&nbsp;

Increasing the organic matter content of clay soils can help rebuild&nbsp;good structure.&nbsp; Add a 2-inch layer of organic matter and till it in.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Walnut trees: Walnuts give off a natural herbicide that interferes&nbsp;with the growth of some plants such as tomatoes. Vegetable gardens&nbsp;should be at least 50 feet away from walnut trees if possible. For a&nbsp;listing of plants that are susceptible to walnut, go to:&nbsp;http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_walnut_toxicity.htm

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Tree roots: Trees not only compete with other plants for sun but&nbsp;also for water and nutrients. Extra water and nutrients may be needed.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Shallow soils: When new homes are built, the topsoil is often&nbsp;stripped off before the soils are brought to grade. Though the topsoil should be replaced, it sometimes is not or is not replaced to the same&nbsp;depth as it was originally. You are left with a subsoil that usually&nbsp;does not allow plants to grow well due to a lack of soil structure.

Adding topsoil to a depth of 8 to 12 inches would be best but this often&nbsp;is not practical. In such cases, try to rebuild structure by adding&nbsp;organic matter and working it into the soil.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; In other cases, a thin layer of soil may be spread over rock or construction debris.&nbsp; Plantings in shallow soils will wilt and die more&nbsp;quickly than other plants that are on a deeper soil. Use a soil probe to&nbsp;find such obstructions.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Too much phosphorus: Most Kansas soils are naturally low in&nbsp;phosphorus. However, soils that have been fertilized for a number of years may have phosphorus levels that are quite high. As a matter of fact, the majority of soil tests we receive show phosphorus levels in the "high" category. Extremely high phosphorus levels can interfere with the uptake of some micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc.

High phosphorus soils should only be fertilized with fertilizers that&nbsp;have relatively low amounts of phosphorus.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Improper watering: Roots develop where conditions are best for&nbsp;growth. Shallow, frequent watering leads to roots developing primarily&nbsp;near the surface of the soil where the soil is moist. Such shallow root&nbsp;systems are easily damaged by heat and any interruption in the watering&nbsp;schedule. It is better to water less frequently and to a greater depth to encourage a deeper root system that is less sensitive to heat and&nbsp;water stress.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Watering during the evening can also be detrimental to plants if&nbsp;the irrigation wets the foliage. Many diseases are encouraged by free water on the leaves. Watering late in the day often will keep the&nbsp;foliage wet until dew forms. Dew will keep the foliage wet until it&nbsp;evaporates the next morning. It is better to water early in the morning&nbsp;so leaves do not stay wet as long. If you must water late in the day,&nbsp;use drip irrigation if practical (such as in a vegetable garden).

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Overwatering: Roots need to breathe. In other words, they must have&nbsp; oxygen in order to survive. Be careful to not water so heavily that the&nbsp;soil remains saturated. Water deeply but allow soil to dry somewhat&nbsp;between waterings.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Though soil tests are useful for identifying nutrient deficiencies&nbsp;as well as soil pH, they do not tell the whole story. We often receive soils from gardeners that are having a difficult time growing crops even&nbsp;though the soil test shows the pH is fine and nutrients are not&nbsp;deficient. Here are some factors that can affect plant growth that are&nbsp;not due to nutrient deficiencies or pH.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Not enough sun: Plants need a certain minimum amount of sun before&nbsp;they will grow well. As a general rule, flowering (and fruiting) plants need at least 6 to 8 hours of full sun per day. There are, of course,&nbsp;exceptions such as impatiens that bloom well in shade. Move sun-loving&nbsp;plants into more sun or use plants that are better adapted to shady conditions.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Poor soil physical characteristics: Roots need oxygen as much as&nbsp;they need water. A tight clay soil or excessive water can restrict soil oxygen levels as well as make root penetration of the soil difficult.&nbsp;Increasing the organic matter content of clay soils can help rebuild&nbsp;good structure.&nbsp; Add a 2-inch layer of organic matter and till it in.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Walnut trees: Walnuts give off a natural herbicide that interferes&nbsp;with the growth of some plants such as tomatoes. Vegetable gardens&nbsp;should be at least 50 feet away from walnut trees if possible. For a&nbsp;listing of plants that are susceptible to walnut, go to:&nbsp;http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_walnut_toxicity.htm&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Tree roots: Trees not only compete with other plants for sun but&nbsp;also for water and nutrients. Extra water and nutrients may be needed.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Shallow soils: When new homes are built, the topsoil is often&nbsp;stripped off before the soils are brought to grade. Though the topsoil should be replaced, it sometimes is not or is not replaced to the same&nbsp;depth as it was originally. You are left with a subsoil that usually&nbsp;does not allow plants to grow well due to a lack of soil structure.Adding topsoil to a depth of 8 to 12 inches would be best but this often&nbsp;is not practical. In such cases, try to rebuild structure by adding&nbsp;organic matter and working it into the soil.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; In other cases, a thin layer of soil may be spread over rock or construction debris.&nbsp; Plantings in shallow soils will wilt and die more&nbsp;quickly than other plants that are on a deeper soil. Use a soil probe to&nbsp;find such obstructions.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Too much phosphorus: Most Kansas soils are naturally low in&nbsp;phosphorus. However, soils that have been fertilized for a number of years may have phosphorus levels that are quite high. As a matter of fact, the majority of soil tests we receive show phosphorus levels in the "high" category. Extremely high phosphorus levels can interfere with the uptake of some micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc.High phosphorus soils should only be fertilized with fertilizers that&nbsp;have relatively low amounts of phosphorus.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Improper watering: Roots develop where conditions are best for&nbsp;growth. Shallow, frequent watering leads to roots developing primarily&nbsp;near the surface of the soil where the soil is moist. Such shallow root&nbsp;systems are easily damaged by heat and any interruption in the watering&nbsp;schedule. It is better to water less frequently and to a greater depth to encourage a deeper root system that is less sensitive to heat and&nbsp;water stress.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Watering during the evening can also be detrimental to plants if&nbsp;the irrigation wets the foliage. Many diseases are encouraged by free water on the leaves. Watering late in the day often will keep the&nbsp;foliage wet until dew forms. Dew will keep the foliage wet until it&nbsp;evaporates the next morning. It is better to water early in the morning&nbsp;so leaves do not stay wet as long. If you must water late in the day,&nbsp;use drip irrigation if practical (such as in a vegetable garden).&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Overwatering: Roots need to breathe. In other words, they must have&nbsp; oxygen in order to survive. Be careful to not water so heavily that the&nbsp;soil remains saturated. Water deeply but allow soil to dry somewhat&nbsp;between waterings.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

BOOR: Diagnosing troublesome soil issues

Most gardeners think that soil tests are done only to find out what nutrients are deficient. However, it is&nbsp;just as important to know if you have adequate levels of nutrients so you don't add unneeded fertilizer.

The most basic soil test checks pH and the levels of phosphorus and potassium. Most of the lawn and&nbsp;garden soil tests that come out of our soil-testing lab show more than adequate levels of both&nbsp;phosphorus and potassium. If those nutrients are not needed, applying them is a waste of money and can be a source of pollution. In extreme cases, excess phosphorus can interfere with the&nbsp;uptake of micronutrients. So, if you haven't taken a soil test in several years, take one this spring.

Begin by taking a representative sample from a number of locations in the garden or lawn.&nbsp; Each sample&nbsp;is composed of about 8 sub-samples that go from the surface to 6 to 8 inches deep. Mix the sub-samplestogether in a clean container and select about 1 pint of soil.&nbsp;

Take the soil to your local K-State Research and Extension office to have tests done at the K-State soil-testing laboratory for a fee. A soil test determines fertility problems, not other conditions that mayexist such as poor drainage, poor soil structure, soil borne diseases or insects, chemical contaminants or&nbsp;damage, or shade with root competition from other plants. All of these conditions may reduce plant&nbsp;performance but cannot be evaluated by a soil test. If you are in need of a soil probe, the Extension&nbsp;Offices in both Ellis and Barton Co. have probes that can be checked out to the public.&nbsp;

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood District. She can be contacted by e-mail at <a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp; or by phone at 785-628-9430. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood District. " />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Most gardeners think that soil tests are done only to find out what nutrients are deficient. However, it is&nbsp;just as important to know if you have adequate levels of nutrients so you don't add unneeded fertilizer.The most basic soil test checks pH and the levels of phosphorus and potassium. Most of the lawn and&nbsp;garden soil tests that come out of our soil-testing lab show more than adequate levels of both&nbsp;phosphorus and potassium. If those nutrients are not needed, applying them is a waste of money and can be a source of pollution. In extreme cases, excess phosphorus can interfere with the&nbsp;uptake of micronutrients. So, if you haven't taken a soil test in several years, take one this spring.Begin by taking a representative sample from a number of locations in the garden or lawn.&nbsp; Each sample&nbsp;is composed of about 8 sub-samples that go from the surface to 6 to 8 inches deep. Mix the sub-samplestogether in a clean container and select about 1 pint of soil.&nbsp;Take the soil to your local K-State Research and Extension office to have tests done at the K-State soil-testing laboratory for a fee. A soil test determines fertility problems, not other conditions that mayexist such as poor drainage, poor soil structure, soil borne diseases or insects, chemical contaminants or&nbsp;damage, or shade with root competition from other plants. All of these conditions may reduce plant&nbsp;performance but cannot be evaluated by a soil test. If you are in need of a soil probe, the Extension&nbsp;Offices in both Ellis and Barton Co. have probes that can be checked out to the public.&nbsp;Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood District. She can be contacted by e-mail at <a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp; or by phone at 785-628-9430. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

FICK: Soil testing will save time, money

Cattle producers who have not yet started the spring calving season still have time to plan ahead, and a Kansas State University veterinarian notes that could make a big difference in having a successful year.

“This is the time for a pre-emptive strike,” said A.J. Tarpoff, a beef veterinarian with K-State Research and Extension. “If you haven’t started calving yet on your operation, now is the time to start thinking about what you can do to be ready.”

Tarpoff noted that producers need to make sure they have the necessary supplies on hand, which may require buying or repairing items and facilities. Then, he adds, set in motion a plan to manage the birth of the new calves.

“Calving books are a phenomenal tool,” Tarpoff said. “It could be just a little pocketbook where you write down who calved, when they calved, if there was difficulty, and whether it was a male or female coming out. There is a lot of information that we can capture about the birthing process so that we’re able to make better decisions within our herd in the future.”

One of the newer management techniques that can lead to successful calving is to feed cows at dusk. “There have been several research studies that show reliable results that a higher percentage of animals are born during daylight hours when we feed the cow in the late evening hours,” Tarpoff said.

Feeding late in the evening, he said, will help decrease midnight or early morning births, which are hard on workers and can make the birth more complicated if there are difficulties.

Tarpoff hosted a series of calving schools across Kansas over the last several weeks to help the state’s producers be adequately prepared to bring in as many healthy animals as possible. The final session for this season was video-streamed on Facebook Live. A recording of that session can be seen on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KStateRE/videos/746744109146536/?t=0">K-State Research and Extension Facebook page</a>.

One of his recommendations is that producers use a cooler to store tools and equipment: “On cold days and nights, the cooler will help equipment to stay nice and warm. We can close it up and know that our equipment is not going to freeze,” he said.

Tarpoff said producers should check calving chains or obstetric straps for rust, sharp spots or fraying. He also suggests having multiple sets on hand in case there are multiple births at once. The straps should be cleaned, disinfected and hung to dry after each use.

“Once those straps are dried, put them in a closed container so that you don’t re-contaminate them by accident,” he said. “Then, throw them back into your cooler kit.”

Producers should have a meeting with their local veterinarian to discuss situations that may occur, and what medicine or other supplies may be needed to handle those. “They can prescribe the products you’ll need and set you up to be a little more prepared,” Tarpoff said.

Producers can also contact their local extension agent or visit&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ksubeef.org/">KSUBeef.org</a>&nbsp;for more information on getting prepared for spring calving.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension.</figcaption>
 </figure>Cattle producers who have not yet started the spring calving season still have time to plan ahead, and a Kansas State University veterinarian notes that could make a big difference in having a successful year.“This is the time for a pre-emptive strike,” said A.J. Tarpoff, a beef veterinarian with K-State Research and Extension. “If you haven’t started calving yet on your operation, now is the time to start thinking about what you can do to be ready.”Tarpoff noted that producers need to make sure they have the necessary supplies on hand, which may require buying or repairing items and facilities. Then, he adds, set in motion a plan to manage the birth of the new calves.“Calving books are a phenomenal tool,” Tarpoff said. “It could be just a little pocketbook where you write down who calved, when they calved, if there was difficulty, and whether it was a male or female coming out. There is a lot of information that we can capture about the birthing process so that we’re able to make better decisions within our herd in the future.”One of the newer management techniques that can lead to successful calving is to feed cows at dusk. “There have been several research studies that show reliable results that a higher percentage of animals are born during daylight hours when we feed the cow in the late evening hours,” Tarpoff said.Feeding late in the evening, he said, will help decrease midnight or early morning births, which are hard on workers and can make the birth more complicated if there are difficulties.Tarpoff hosted a series of calving schools across Kansas over the last several weeks to help the state’s producers be adequately prepared to bring in as many healthy animals as possible. The final session for this season was video-streamed on Facebook Live. A recording of that session can be seen on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KStateRE/videos/746744109146536/?t=0">K-State Research and Extension Facebook page</a>.One of his recommendations is that producers use a cooler to store tools and equipment: “On cold days and nights, the cooler will help equipment to stay nice and warm. We can close it up and know that our equipment is not going to freeze,” he said.Tarpoff said producers should check calving chains or obstetric straps for rust, sharp spots or fraying. He also suggests having multiple sets on hand in case there are multiple births at once. The straps should be cleaned, disinfected and hung to dry after each use.“Once those straps are dried, put them in a closed container so that you don’t re-contaminate them by accident,” he said. “Then, throw them back into your cooler kit.”Producers should have a meeting with their local veterinarian to discuss situations that may occur, and what medicine or other supplies may be needed to handle those. “They can prescribe the products you’ll need and set you up to be a little more prepared,” Tarpoff said.Producers can also contact their local extension agent or visit&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ksubeef.org/">KSUBeef.org</a>&nbsp;for more information on getting prepared for spring calving.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Time to start prepping for calving season is now

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Kansas State University's Animal Sciences and Industry Department will host Cattlemen's Day 2020 on Friday, March 6 at Weber Hall in Manhattan. Lorna Marshall, Select Sires vice president of beef programs, will kick off the event by highlighting genetic and reproductive trends in the global beef industry.

"We're excited to host the 107th KSU Cattlemen's Day," says Ken Odde, K-State professor and Cattlemen's Day co-chairman. "Our annual program strives to address key issues and to provide current information that keeps our industry efficient and relevant. This year's main program speakers, Lorna Marshall and Dr. Derrell Peel, will challenge attendees to think outside the box as they address global protein supplies, trade, reproductive and genetic technologies and their effects on the U.S. beef industry."

The day starts at 8 a.m. with refreshments, educational exhibits and a commercial trade show. Odde adds, "This year more we have more than 75 participants signed up for our allied industry trade show. Hosted on the Weber Arena floor, the trade show provides a forum for the attendees to observe what's new in the beef industry and network with key industry leaders."

The program begins at 10 a.m. Following Marshall's presentation, Derrell Peel, Oklahoma State University extension livestock marketing specialist, will discuss opportunities for the beef industry in global meat markets.

Lunch featuring smoked brisket and Cajun-spiced catfish will be sponsored by U.S. Premium Beef and commercial exhibitors. The afternoon sessions will feature K-State faculty and industry presentations in Weber Hall, the Purebred Beef Unit and the Beef Stocker Unit discussing an array of topics.

• Factors Influencing Sale Price of Calves — Ken Odde, KSU ASI professor, Karol Fike, KSU ASI teaching assoc. professor, and Esther McCabe, KSU ASI PhD student, will discuss recently investigated regional effects on the value of calf health programs, age and source verification, trucking distance, and "natural" beef programs.

• Update on Insemination Timing with Sexed Semen, Split-Time AI and Embryonic Loss — Sandy Johnson, KSU ASI extension beef specialist, and David Grieger, KSU ASI professor, will give an overview of timed AI protocols for conventional and sexed semen; including an update on split-time AI protocols with costs and benefits for cows and heifers.

• Current Changes in the Mexican Meat Industry and the Impact of Mexico's New Beef Quality Grading System — Francisco Najar-Villarreal, KSU ASI meat science PhD candidate, will discuss the implementation of a new Mexican beef quality grading program, passed in 2017, and how this system may potentially change some of the market channels used during the last decade in Mexico. The potential impact of these changes on the United States will also be discussed.

• Calving School: Tools, Time Frames, Intervention Tips — A.J. Tarpoff, KSU ASI extension beef veterinarian, will outline overall calving management, including stages of the normal calving process and tips to handle difficult calving situations.

• Where Ruminant Digestion Begins — K-State Veterinary Health Center staff will utilize cannulated cows to discuss educational components regarding transfaunation fluid, calf scours and Hardware disease.

• Forage Sampling and Analysis 101 — Justin Waggoner, KSU ASI extension beef specialist, will provide a hands-on session covering how to sample different types of forage and understand the basic components of a forage analysis.

• Beef Stocker Unit Tour — Explore the Beef Stocker Unit, a facility devoted to management research with receiving, backgrounding and grazing cattle.

The cost to attend Cattlemen's Day 2020 is $25 if paid by February 28 at noon or $35 at the door. There is no charge for students, if they pre-register. For more information and online registration, visit KSUBeef.org or contact Lois Schreiner at 785-532-1267 or <a href="mailto:lschrein@ksu.edu">lschrein@ksu.edu</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1581343467166.jpeg" alt="Photo by Jonas Nordberg on Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Jonas Nordberg on Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictKansas State University's Animal Sciences and Industry Department will host Cattlemen's Day 2020 on Friday, March 6 at Weber Hall in Manhattan. Lorna Marshall, Select Sires vice president of beef programs, will kick off the event by highlighting genetic and reproductive trends in the global beef industry."We're excited to host the 107th KSU Cattlemen's Day," says Ken Odde, K-State professor and Cattlemen's Day co-chairman. "Our annual program strives to address key issues and to provide current information that keeps our industry efficient and relevant. This year's main program speakers, Lorna Marshall and Dr. Derrell Peel, will challenge attendees to think outside the box as they address global protein supplies, trade, reproductive and genetic technologies and their effects on the U.S. beef industry."The day starts at 8 a.m. with refreshments, educational exhibits and a commercial trade show. Odde adds, "This year more we have more than 75 participants signed up for our allied industry trade show. Hosted on the Weber Arena floor, the trade show provides a forum for the attendees to observe what's new in the beef industry and network with key industry leaders."The program begins at 10 a.m. Following Marshall's presentation, Derrell Peel, Oklahoma State University extension livestock marketing specialist, will discuss opportunities for the beef industry in global meat markets.Lunch featuring smoked brisket and Cajun-spiced catfish will be sponsored by U.S. Premium Beef and commercial exhibitors. The afternoon sessions will feature K-State faculty and industry presentations in Weber Hall, the Purebred Beef Unit and the Beef Stocker Unit discussing an array of topics.• Factors Influencing Sale Price of Calves — Ken Odde, KSU ASI professor, Karol Fike, KSU ASI teaching assoc. professor, and Esther McCabe, KSU ASI PhD student, will discuss recently investigated regional effects on the value of calf health programs, age and source verification, trucking distance, and "natural" beef programs.• Update on Insemination Timing with Sexed Semen, Split-Time AI and Embryonic Loss — Sandy Johnson, KSU ASI extension beef specialist, and David Grieger, KSU ASI professor, will give an overview of timed AI protocols for conventional and sexed semen; including an update on split-time AI protocols with costs and benefits for cows and heifers.• Current Changes in the Mexican Meat Industry and the Impact of Mexico's New Beef Quality Grading System — Francisco Najar-Villarreal, KSU ASI meat science PhD candidate, will discuss the implementation of a new Mexican beef quality grading program, passed in 2017, and how this system may potentially change some of the market channels used during the last decade in Mexico. The potential impact of these changes on the United States will also be discussed.• Calving School: Tools, Time Frames, Intervention Tips — A.J. Tarpoff, KSU ASI extension beef veterinarian, will outline overall calving management, including stages of the normal calving process and tips to handle difficult calving situations.• Where Ruminant Digestion Begins — K-State Veterinary Health Center staff will utilize cannulated cows to discuss educational components regarding transfaunation fluid, calf scours and Hardware disease.• Forage Sampling and Analysis 101 — Justin Waggoner, KSU ASI extension beef specialist, will provide a hands-on session covering how to sample different types of forage and understand the basic components of a forage analysis.• Beef Stocker Unit Tour — Explore the Beef Stocker Unit, a facility devoted to management research with receiving, backgrounding and grazing cattle.The cost to attend Cattlemen's Day 2020 is $25 if paid by February 28 at noon or $35 at the door. There is no charge for students, if they pre-register. For more information and online registration, visit KSUBeef.org or contact Lois Schreiner at 785-532-1267 or <a href="mailto:lschrein@ksu.edu">lschrein@ksu.edu</a>.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

K-State's 107th annual Cattlemen's Day set for March 6

Kochia, also known as fireweed or tumbleweed, is native to Europe and Asia and was introduced from Europe as an ornamental in the mid- to late- 1800s. It is well adapted to the Great Plains. Kochia is related to common lambsquarters and Russian thistle and is similar to them in some ways.

Kochia has alternate, lance-shaped leaves with 3-5 prominent veins and hairs on the margins and lower surface. Small green flowers are formed at the base of leaves in late summer and early fall. Kochia is a round or pyramid-shaped plant with many branches that can grow up to 6 feet tall.

In Kansas, kochia generally emerges in March, but can emerge as early as late January. Kochia can produce more than 50,000 seeds per plant, which are spread when the matured plant breaks off at the soil surface and tumbles in the wind. Kochia seeds are viable in the soil seedbank for only 1 to 2 years.

Kochia can be grazed when it is young and is credited with helping ranchers survive droughts of the early 20th century. However, it can accumulate harmful levels of nitrates and has been linked to photosensitivity in livestock.

If uncontrolled, kochia can reduce soybean yield by 30%, corn and sorghum yield by about 40%, and wheat yield by 58%. Kochia populations in Kansas have confirmed resistance to: chlorsulforon (Group 2, dicamba and fluroxypyr (Group 4, atrazine (Group 5, and glyphosate (Group 9). &nbsp;

Resistance to key post-emergence herbicides coupled with early emergence makes herbicide timing critical for kochia management. Pre-emergence herbicides are highly recommended for more effective control of kochia vs. post emerge applications only. Even with an effective pre-emerge application a post application may have to follow on any of the remaining small kochia weeds. Pre-emerge applications should be applied in fall or very early spring. Products below are listed as examples. Always read and follow label directions.

C=corn, GS = grain sorghum, SB=soybean, W = wheat, F = fallow, BD = burndown
1Tolerant varieties only; 2Resistant varieties only

For those wanting more information on weed control we will be offering an “Integrated Weed Control Management of Herbicide Resistant Weeds” program on Wednesday, February 19th at American Ag Credit, Great Bend. Registration will begin at 8:30 a.m. the program starts at 9 and concludes at 11:30 a.m. followed by a complimentary lunch. RSVP for the meal count by Monday, Feb. 17th by calling Cottonwood Extension District Office in Great Bend at 620-793-1910. Topics of discussion will be – the role of integrated weed management in combating difficult weeds, managing multiple herbicide-resistant palmer amaranth weeds in central KS., update on herbicides and herbicide tolerant traits for 2020, and as always there will be time for Q &amp; A.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070143255.png" alt="Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Kochia, also known as fireweed or tumbleweed, is native to Europe and Asia and was introduced from Europe as an ornamental in the mid- to late- 1800s. It is well adapted to the Great Plains. Kochia is related to common lambsquarters and Russian thistle and is similar to them in some ways.Kochia has alternate, lance-shaped leaves with 3-5 prominent veins and hairs on the margins and lower surface. Small green flowers are formed at the base of leaves in late summer and early fall. Kochia is a round or pyramid-shaped plant with many branches that can grow up to 6 feet tall.In Kansas, kochia generally emerges in March, but can emerge as early as late January. Kochia can produce more than 50,000 seeds per plant, which are spread when the matured plant breaks off at the soil surface and tumbles in the wind. Kochia seeds are viable in the soil seedbank for only 1 to 2 years.Kochia can be grazed when it is young and is credited with helping ranchers survive droughts of the early 20th century. However, it can accumulate harmful levels of nitrates and has been linked to photosensitivity in livestock.<h2>&nbsp;Management</h2>If uncontrolled, kochia can reduce soybean yield by 30%, corn and sorghum yield by about 40%, and wheat yield by 58%. Kochia populations in Kansas have confirmed resistance to: chlorsulforon (Group 2, dicamba and fluroxypyr (Group 4, atrazine (Group 5, and glyphosate (Group 9). &nbsp;Resistance to key post-emergence herbicides coupled with early emergence makes herbicide timing critical for kochia management. Pre-emergence herbicides are highly recommended for more effective control of kochia vs. post emerge applications only. Even with an effective pre-emerge application a post application may have to follow on any of the remaining small kochia weeds. Pre-emerge applications should be applied in fall or very early spring. Products below are listed as examples. Always read and follow label directions.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580825087309.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580825104296.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>C=corn, GS = grain sorghum, SB=soybean, W = wheat, F = fallow, BD = burndown
1Tolerant varieties only; 2Resistant varieties onlyFor those wanting more information on weed control we will be offering an “Integrated Weed Control Management of Herbicide Resistant Weeds” program on Wednesday, February 19th at American Ag Credit, Great Bend. Registration will begin at 8:30 a.m. the program starts at 9 and concludes at 11:30 a.m. followed by a complimentary lunch. RSVP for the meal count by Monday, Feb. 17th by calling Cottonwood Extension District Office in Great Bend at 620-793-1910. Topics of discussion will be – the role of integrated weed management in combating difficult weeds, managing multiple herbicide-resistant palmer amaranth weeds in central KS., update on herbicides and herbicide tolerant traits for 2020, and as always there will be time for Q &amp; A.&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Kochia, aka fireweed, tumbleweed

Severe winter weather is not only hard on people but can be a life and death struggle for birds. Though birds also require water and shelter, food is often the resource most lacking during cold weather. 

Many different bird food mixes are available because various species often prefer different grains. 

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750515658.png" alt="An American Goldfinch in a winter storm. (Flickr photo by itsgreg)" />
 <figcaption>An American Goldfinch in a winter storm. (Flickr photo by itsgreg)</figcaption>
 </figure>Severe winter weather is not only hard on people but can be a life and death struggle for birds. Though birds also require water and shelter, food is often the resource most lacking during cold weather. Many different bird food mixes are available because various species often prefer different grains. However, there is one seed that has more universal appeal than any other: black oil sunflower. If you are new to the bird-feeding game, make sure there is a high percentage of this seed in your mix. White proso millet is second in popularity and is the favorite of dark-eyed juncos and other sparrows as well as the red-winged blackbird.As you become more interested in bird feeding, you may want to use more than one feeder to attract specific species of birds. Following is a list of bird species with the grains they prefer:- Cardinal, evening grosbeak and most finch species – sunflower seeds, all types.- Rufous-sided towhee – white proso millet.- Dark-eyed junco – white and red proso millet, canary seed, fine cracked corn.- Many sparrow species – white and red proso millet.- Bluejay – peanut kernels and sunflower seeds of all types.- Chickadee and tufted titmouse – peanut kernels, oil (black) and black-striped sunflower seeds.- Red-breasted nuthatch – oil (black) and black-striped sunflower seeds.- Brown thrasher – hulled and black-striped sunflower seeds.- Red-winged blackbird – white and red proso millet plus German (golden) millet- Mourning dove – oil (black) sunflower seeds, white and red proso plus German (golden)millet.Extended cold periods can also make water unavailable. A heated birdbath can be a tremendous draw for birds during times when all other water is frozen. Energy use is usually less than what most people expect IF the heater has a built-in thermostat. If you would like more information, Chuck Otte, Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension Agent for Geary County has a series of backyard birding guides at <a href="http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm">http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm</a>.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750047144.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the&nbsp;Cottonwood District Horticulture Agent in Hays. You may reach her at&nbsp;lfick@k-state.edu or&nbsp;785-628-9430.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the&nbsp;Cottonwood District Horticulture Agent in Hays. You may reach her at&nbsp;lfick@k-state.edu or&nbsp;785-628-9430.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>&nbsp;