Russell Arben Fox's insightful <a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/5044e38b-4d59-4805-9474-786c9a04bbf1">editorial on the dynamics of local governance in Kansas</a> rightly underscores the pivotal role played by city managers in shaping our communities.

While his article delves into the complexities of the relationship between elected officials and appointed professionals, it is equally important to acknowledge the empowering nature of constitutional home-rule authority granted to Kansas citizens, the cornerstone of self-determination. 

Home­ rule authority allows cities to choose the form of government that aligns with the community's specific needs and goals. This flexibility is instrumental in ensuring that local governments can effectively address the challenges they face while operating within the framework of our great state.

In Kansas, the council-manager system has predominantly been embraced, which, as Fox aptly points out, fosters pragmatic governance and guards against the polarization often observed in state and national politics. 

City managers, as nonpartisan professionals, bring expertise and experience to the decision-making process, ensuring that choices are made based on sound judgment and technical knowledge rather than political agendas.

It is important to recognize that appointing city managers by elected officials creates a synergy between professional expertise and the community's values and priorities. Elected officials representing their constituents are well-suited to select city managers who share their vision for the community and possess the necessary skills to execute it effectively. 

While city managers play a vital role in day-to-day decision-making, they are held accountable to the elected officials who appoint them. City managers serve at the pleasure of the governing body, and their performance is continually evaluated based on their ability to implement the council's decisions and achieve the community's goals.

The balance between elected officials and professionals in local government is crucial. Elected officials provide the vision and direction, while professional managers ensure those goals are translated into effective action. This collaborative approach allows for the best of both worlds: the democratic representation of citizens' interests and the expertise needed to navigate complex administrative tasks.

In summary, Fox's column serves as a valuable reminder of the critical role played by city managers and their staff in shaping our local communities. Home-rule authority empowers cities to choose a form of government - a council-manager system, a strong mayor system, or a hybrid model - that is effective and responsive to community values. 

By striking a balance&nbsp;between elected officials and professional managers and fostering transparency and citizen engagement, Kansas cities can continue to thrive under strong leadership and professional expertise.

Jon Quinday, ICMA-CM Russell City Manager

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698091063975.png" alt="Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>Russell Arben Fox's insightful <a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/5044e38b-4d59-4805-9474-786c9a04bbf1">editorial on the dynamics of local governance in Kansas</a> rightly underscores the pivotal role played by city managers in shaping our communities. While his article delves into the complexities of the relationship between elected officials and appointed professionals, it is equally important to acknowledge the empowering nature of constitutional home-rule authority granted to Kansas citizens, the cornerstone of self-determination. Home­ rule authority allows cities to choose the form of government that aligns with the community's specific needs and goals. This flexibility is instrumental in ensuring that local governments can effectively address the challenges they face while operating within the framework of our great state.In Kansas, the council-manager system has predominantly been embraced, which, as Fox aptly points out, fosters pragmatic governance and guards against the polarization often observed in state and national politics. City managers, as nonpartisan professionals, bring expertise and experience to the decision-making process, ensuring that choices are made based on sound judgment and technical knowledge rather than political agendas.It is important to recognize that appointing city managers by elected officials creates a synergy between professional expertise and the community's values and priorities. Elected officials representing their constituents are well-suited to select city managers who share their vision for the community and possess the necessary skills to execute it effectively. While city managers play a vital role in day-to-day decision-making, they are held accountable to the elected officials who appoint them. City managers serve at the pleasure of the governing body, and their performance is continually evaluated based on their ability to implement the council's decisions and achieve the community's goals.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1575913663048.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>The balance between elected officials and professionals in local government is crucial. Elected officials provide the vision and direction, while professional managers ensure those goals are translated into effective action. This collaborative approach allows for the best of both worlds: the democratic representation of citizens' interests and the expertise needed to navigate complex administrative tasks.In summary, Fox's column serves as a valuable reminder of the critical role played by city managers and their staff in shaping our local communities. Home-rule authority empowers cities to choose a form of government - a council-manager system, a strong mayor system, or a hybrid model - that is effective and responsive to community values. By striking a balance&nbsp;between elected officials and professional managers and fostering transparency and citizen engagement, Kansas cities can continue to thrive under strong leadership and professional expertise.Jon Quinday, ICMA-CM Russell City Manager

LETTER: The role of city managers and home-rule authority in local governance

According to data published by the Pew Charitable Trusts, an affiliate of the Pew Research Center, Kansas ranks dead last in the country on the share of state revenue that comes from federal funds.

Across the country, the percentage of state revenue from federal funds ranges from about a quarter to more than half of state revenue and according to Pew, a higher or lower percentage does not necessarily indicate a problem for state budgets.

The highest and lowest ranked states vary greatly — and perhaps challenge some partisan stereotypes about federal spending. Alaska, Louisiana, Montana and Rhode Island make up the top four, while New Jersey, California, Utah, and Kansas fall at the bottom of the list.

To some, this may not seem like a bad thing; Kansas’ politics has strong libertarian undertones after all.

However, the federal share of state revenue does reflect how much funding states receive from the federal government to help pay for public services — healthcare, education and training, transportation, infrastructure, etc.

In Kansas in particular, our ranking shows that federal dollars are left on the table rather than being used on public goods that benefit citizens.

The latest Kansas Speaks public opinion survey — conducted by the Docking Institute of Public Affairs at Fort Hays State University from September 20 to October 10 of this year — shows that nearly 70% of respondents support Medicaid expansion.

Ninety-percent of the cost of expanding KanCare, the state’s Medicaid program, would come from federal dollars under the 2010 Affordable Care Act. Forty states and Washington, D.C. have enacted expansion, including all of our neighboring states — three of which expanded Medicaid via initiative petition.

Studies estimate that 150,000 Kansans would gain coverage under KanCare expansion. Sixty-six percent of Kansas Speaks respondents indicated that these Kansans deserve healthcare from the state.

Furthermore, expanding KanCare would also keep rural hospitals open — which is critically important to our rural communities.

In an investigation by Wichita’s KWCH Factfinder 12 team earlier this year, over half of the state’s rural hospitals are at risk of closing. Of 104 rural hospitals, 60 are at risk of closing, including 29 facing immediate risk.

Just over 64% of Kansas Speaks respondents agree that keeping rural hospitals open is an important benefit of expanding KanCare.

In the face of Kansas' unique position as the lowest-ranked state in terms of federal funds contributing to our state revenue, it becomes evident that there is untapped potential for improving the well-being of citizens.

The data from Pew and Kansas Speaks paint a clear picture: Kansas has an opportunity to leverage federal funding to enhance public services, especially in the crucial areas of healthcare and rural hospital sustainability.

Accepting federal funds does not compromise our values but rather presents an avenue to improve the lives of our fellow Kansans. It's not just about numbers; it's about providing a lifeline to those who need it and ensuring the stability of our rural hospitals.

Kansas stands at a crossroads, with the opportunity to harness federal resources for the betterment of our citizens and communities.

Expanding KanCare is not just an investment in healthcare; it is an investment in the future of our state, where every individual's well-being and the vitality of our rural communities matter.

Kansas can rise above its ranking by embracing practical solutions that reflect our deeply held values of compassion, community, and care for one another.

Alexandra Middlewood, PhD, is the Department Chair of Political Science at Wichita State University.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/9/1694699489540.png" alt="Alexandra Middlewood (Courtesy photo)" />
 <figcaption>Alexandra Middlewood (Courtesy photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>According to data published by the Pew Charitable Trusts, an affiliate of the Pew Research Center, Kansas ranks dead last in the country on the share of state revenue that comes from federal funds.Across the country, the percentage of state revenue from federal funds ranges from about a quarter to more than half of state revenue and according to Pew, a higher or lower percentage does not necessarily indicate a problem for state budgets.The highest and lowest ranked states vary greatly — and perhaps challenge some partisan stereotypes about federal spending. Alaska, Louisiana, Montana and Rhode Island make up the top four, while New Jersey, California, Utah, and Kansas fall at the bottom of the list.To some, this may not seem like a bad thing; Kansas’ politics has strong libertarian undertones after all.However, the federal share of state revenue does reflect how much funding states receive from the federal government to help pay for public services — healthcare, education and training, transportation, infrastructure, etc.In Kansas in particular, our ranking shows that federal dollars are left on the table rather than being used on public goods that benefit citizens.The latest Kansas Speaks public opinion survey — conducted by the Docking Institute of Public Affairs at Fort Hays State University from September 20 to October 10 of this year — shows that nearly 70% of respondents support Medicaid expansion.Ninety-percent of the cost of expanding KanCare, the state’s Medicaid program, would come from federal dollars under the 2010 Affordable Care Act. Forty states and Washington, D.C. have enacted expansion, including all of our neighboring states — three of which expanded Medicaid via initiative petition.Studies estimate that 150,000 Kansans would gain coverage under KanCare expansion. Sixty-six percent of Kansas Speaks respondents indicated that these Kansans deserve healthcare from the state.Furthermore, expanding KanCare would also keep rural hospitals open — which is critically important to our rural communities.In an investigation by Wichita’s KWCH Factfinder 12 team earlier this year, over half of the state’s rural hospitals are at risk of closing. Of 104 rural hospitals, 60 are at risk of closing, including 29 facing immediate risk.Just over 64% of Kansas Speaks respondents agree that keeping rural hospitals open is an important benefit of expanding KanCare.In the face of Kansas' unique position as the lowest-ranked state in terms of federal funds contributing to our state revenue, it becomes evident that there is untapped potential for improving the well-being of citizens.The data from Pew and Kansas Speaks paint a clear picture: Kansas has an opportunity to leverage federal funding to enhance public services, especially in the crucial areas of healthcare and rural hospital sustainability.Accepting federal funds does not compromise our values but rather presents an avenue to improve the lives of our fellow Kansans. It's not just about numbers; it's about providing a lifeline to those who need it and ensuring the stability of our rural hospitals.Kansas stands at a crossroads, with the opportunity to harness federal resources for the betterment of our citizens and communities.Expanding KanCare is not just an investment in healthcare; it is an investment in the future of our state, where every individual's well-being and the vitality of our rural communities matter.Kansas can rise above its ranking by embracing practical solutions that reflect our deeply held values of compassion, community, and care for one another.Alexandra Middlewood, PhD, is the Department Chair of Political Science at Wichita State University.

Insight Kansas: Kansas’ dilemma: Embracing federal dollars for a brighter, healthier future

By CAROL KANDO-PINEDA FTC

As we approach Veterans Day, we thank our veterans for their service and sacrifice. But not everyone has a vet’s best interests in mind. Whether you left the service decades ago or you’re planning your transition to civilian life, scammers will try to get you to send money or share personal information. Scammers also want to get their hands on the valuable benefits you earned through military service. 

What are some ways to know you’re dealing with a scammer?

First know how scammers operate. Imposter scams come in many varieties but they work the same way: scammers call, text, email, or reach out over social media and pretend to be someone you trust to convince you to send them money.&nbsp;

Scammers&nbsp;may pretend to be from a&nbsp;<a href="http://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/how-avoid-government-impersonator-scam">government agency</a>&nbsp;and say you need to pay a fine. Or they may pose as an online&nbsp;<a href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/what-know-about-romance-scams">love interest</a>&nbsp;who needs you to send money for an expensive medical procedure. The scammer may&nbsp;<a href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/job-scams">offer you a job</a>, too, but say you need to pay a fee before you get hired. Scammers may claim to have some affinity with the military to gain your trust so you won’t dig too deep into what they’re saying.

Second, know how scammers ask you to pay. No matter what the story is, only scammers will insist that the only way you can pay is by cash, gift card, cryptocurrency, payment app, or a wire transfer service.&nbsp;These methods make it almost impossible to get your money back, which is why scammers insist you pay that way.&nbsp;Stop. Don’t pay.

Over the next few weeks, we’ll highlight some of the ways scammers try to get at your veterans benefits — and ways you can spot and avoid those scams. 

One way to recognize Veterans Day is to share the advice about avoiding scams and encourage the veterans you know to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.militaryconsumer.gov/">sign up for the latest updates</a>&nbsp;to stay a step ahead of scammers.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/11/1699286606601.png" alt="FTC" />
 <figcaption>FTC</figcaption>
 </figure>By CAROL KANDO-PINEDA FTCAs we approach Veterans Day, we thank our veterans for their service and sacrifice. But not everyone has a vet’s best interests in mind. Whether you left the service decades ago or you’re planning your transition to civilian life, scammers will try to get you to send money or share personal information. Scammers also want to get their hands on the valuable benefits you earned through military service. What are some ways to know you’re dealing with a scammer?First know how scammers operate. Imposter scams come in many varieties but they work the same way: scammers call, text, email, or reach out over social media and pretend to be someone you trust to convince you to send them money.&nbsp;Scammers&nbsp;may pretend to be from a&nbsp;<a href="http://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/how-avoid-government-impersonator-scam">government agency</a>&nbsp;and say you need to pay a fine. Or they may pose as an online&nbsp;<a href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/what-know-about-romance-scams">love interest</a>&nbsp;who needs you to send money for an expensive medical procedure. The scammer may&nbsp;<a href="https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/job-scams">offer you a job</a>, too, but say you need to pay a fee before you get hired. Scammers may claim to have some affinity with the military to gain your trust so you won’t dig too deep into what they’re saying.Second, know how scammers ask you to pay. No matter what the story is, only scammers will insist that the only way you can pay is by cash, gift card, cryptocurrency, payment app, or a wire transfer service.&nbsp;These methods make it almost impossible to get your money back, which is why scammers insist you pay that way.&nbsp;Stop. Don’t pay.Over the next few weeks, we’ll highlight some of the ways scammers try to get at your veterans benefits — and ways you can spot and avoid those scams. One way to recognize Veterans Day is to share the advice about avoiding scams and encourage the veterans you know to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.militaryconsumer.gov/">sign up for the latest updates</a>&nbsp;to stay a step ahead of scammers.

FTC: Veterans and scams

Mustard plants such as field pennycress, bushy wallflower, flixweed, tansy mustard, and blue mustard in wheat fields often are not noticed until the mustards start to bloom in the spring. As a result, farmers often do not think about control until that time. Although it is possible to get some control with spring herbicide applications, mustards are much more difficult to control once they have flowered and often have already reduced wheat yields by then.

To minimize yield losses, mustards should be controlled by late winter or very early spring before the stems begin to elongate or bolt. If mustards are present in the fall, they can be controlled by various active ingredients. You can look for products containing Group 2 ALS-inhibiting herbicides.

Most ALS-inhibiting herbicides control winter annual mustards very well. However, there are populations of bushy wall flower (treacle mustard) and flixweed in Kansas that are ALS-resistant and cannot be controlled by these products. Alternative herbicides will be needed to control these populations. Also, be aware that some of the Group 2 herbicides have long rotation intervals to other crops.

Group 27 herbicides can control ALS-resistant mustards. Other options to control ALS-resistant mustards are Group 4 herbicides.

Group 27 and Group 4 herbicides have little to no residual activity, thus will only control weeds that have emerged and are actively growing. Applying them with fertilizer in January or February when weeds are dormant will not provide good mustard control. In addition, special care should be taken to ensure wheat is fully tillered when 2,4-D is applied to avoid reducing tillering.

In the late winter or early spring, blue mustard is perhaps the most difficult of the winter annual broadleaf weeds to control because it bolts very early. To be effective on blue mustard, herbicides typically need to be applied in late February or early March. Blue mustard is more difficult to control than tansy mustard with 2,4-D because blue mustard has often already bolted by the time 2,4-D can be safely applied to wheat. Thus, 2,4-D is often applied too late to be effective on blue mustard.

Flixweed and tansy mustard should be treated when they are no larger than two to three inches across and two to three inches tall. As these plants become larger, control decreases dramatically. Ester formulations of 2,4-D and MCPA are more effective on tansy mustard and flixweed than amine formulations. Field pennycress is easier to control than tansy mustard or flixweed. Herbicide applications made before the pennycress bolts are usually effective.

Crop rotation with corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, or sunflowers is a good way of managing mustards as long as they are controlled in the spring before producing seeds. Crop rotation will usually result in a gradual reduction of mustard populations in the future as the seedbank in the soil decreases.

Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Mustard plants such as field pennycress, bushy wallflower, flixweed, tansy mustard, and blue mustard in wheat fields often are not noticed until the mustards start to bloom in the spring. As a result, farmers often do not think about control until that time. Although it is possible to get some control with spring herbicide applications, mustards are much more difficult to control once they have flowered and often have already reduced wheat yields by then.To minimize yield losses, mustards should be controlled by late winter or very early spring before the stems begin to elongate or bolt. If mustards are present in the fall, they can be controlled by various active ingredients. You can look for products containing Group 2 ALS-inhibiting herbicides.Most ALS-inhibiting herbicides control winter annual mustards very well. However, there are populations of bushy wall flower (treacle mustard) and flixweed in Kansas that are ALS-resistant and cannot be controlled by these products. Alternative herbicides will be needed to control these populations. Also, be aware that some of the Group 2 herbicides have long rotation intervals to other crops.Group 27 herbicides can control ALS-resistant mustards. Other options to control ALS-resistant mustards are Group 4 herbicides.Group 27 and Group 4 herbicides have little to no residual activity, thus will only control weeds that have emerged and are actively growing. Applying them with fertilizer in January or February when weeds are dormant will not provide good mustard control. In addition, special care should be taken to ensure wheat is fully tillered when 2,4-D is applied to avoid reducing tillering.In the late winter or early spring, blue mustard is perhaps the most difficult of the winter annual broadleaf weeds to control because it bolts very early. To be effective on blue mustard, herbicides typically need to be applied in late February or early March. Blue mustard is more difficult to control than tansy mustard with 2,4-D because blue mustard has often already bolted by the time 2,4-D can be safely applied to wheat. Thus, 2,4-D is often applied too late to be effective on blue mustard.Flixweed and tansy mustard should be treated when they are no larger than two to three inches across and two to three inches tall. As these plants become larger, control decreases dramatically. Ester formulations of 2,4-D and MCPA are more effective on tansy mustard and flixweed than amine formulations. Field pennycress is easier to control than tansy mustard or flixweed. Herbicide applications made before the pennycress bolts are usually effective.Crop rotation with corn, grain sorghum, soybeans, or sunflowers is a good way of managing mustards as long as they are controlled in the spring before producing seeds. Crop rotation will usually result in a gradual reduction of mustard populations in the future as the seedbank in the soil decreases.Always consult the herbicide label for the most current use requirements.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.

CAMPBELL: Control of mustards in wheat, timely treatment is important

First-Generation College Celebration is an annual event raising awareness of first-generation college students and highlighting their achievements and experiences. Launched in 2017, the celebration recognizes the successes of the first-generation community. It is also a significant date, as November 8 marks the signing of the Higher Education Act&nbsp; of 1965, which established federal financial aid programs and made vital investments in colleges and universities, particularly benefiting limited-income, first-generation college students.

The term "first-generation" has been used in higher education for decades. Still, with shifting demographics, increasing enrollment of first-gen students, rising tuition costs, and a focus on graduation rates, the experiences of first-generation college students have become a renewed area of focus in postsecondary education.

As an institution dedicated to providing accessible, quality education, Fort Hays State University prioritizes welcoming and supporting first-generation college students. Our programs and services, such as the First to Finish Living Learning Community, aim to assist our students in their academic, career, and professional development.

The First to Finish Living Learning Community is designed to foster leadership growth among first-gen students by offering introductory leadership courses and a CORE (confidence, optimism, resilience, and engagement) leadership model. Our goal is to provide a pathway for students to navigate campus and community resources, explore engagement opportunities, and create career goals. Additionally, we prioritize assisting students in navigating campus services such as academic advising, career services, financial aid, and student employment opportunities, ensuring they feel supported throughout their college journey.

Our students also participate in various co-curricular experiences, including service projects and leadership opportunities. One of the signature co-curricular experiences is the Ad Astra First Generation Conference, where students travel to a Kansas university to engage in a two-day conference for first-generation college students.

To build a pipeline of support, we initiated a second-year community in 2019. This community aims to continue supporting students during their second or third year and includes a peer mentoring component. Students in this community are connected with the First to Finish community, allowing for networking and additional support.

Students in the First to Finish Living Learning Community are encouraged to complete the leadership certificate or minor to enhance their leadership skills and knowledge further. The second-year community, driven by the confidence and engagement gained in the first year, inspires the first-year living-learning community students, demonstrating what success can look like for first-generation college students. Becoming a first-generation college graduate can&nbsp;profoundly impact future generations, and we celebrate the achievements of our students who pave the way for others.

In celebration of the First-Generation College Celebration, I want to highlight the stories of some of our students.

Hailing from Holcomb, Kansas, Derek Mesa embarked on his journey at FHSU in the fall of 2020 amidst the challenges posed by pandemic protocols and limited student engagement. Recounting his initial visit to the campus during Tiger Day 2019, Derek was drawn to Fort Hays due to its exceptional experience. However, his expectations of finding friends exactly like him were exceeded as he and his fellow First to Finish Living Learning Community members realized the beauty of diversity in their newfound friendships.

Amid diverse backgrounds and interests, Derek was surrounded by friends from various majors, providing a unique opportunity to learn about their distinct experiences at Fort Hays. The programs at FHSU played a crucial role in Derek's success, equipping him with real-world career and professional experiences. Through his courses and club involvement, he absorbed invaluable knowledge that will shape his future career.

Currently a senior health and human performance major, Derek envisions continuing his education in graduate school and gaining classroom experience as a graduate teacher's assistant. Setting his sights even further, he aspires to work at a college or a facility akin to HaysMed's Center for Health Improvement after earning his master’s degree.

Derek fondly reflects on his lifelong appreciation for education, instilled by his parents since kindergarten. With unwavering support from his dad, mom, and brother, Derek emphasizes that his degree may bear his name, but its achievement would have been impossible without his family’s assistance. Their unwavering belief in his aspirations has enabled him to pursue opportunities they never had.

Melissa Nunez's journey from growing up in Topeka, Kansas, to attending FHSU is inspiring. Originally from California, she joined the First to Finish Living Learning Community in the fall of 2021. Melissa, a junior studying business management, dreams of owning her own business. However, her immediate goal after college is to oversee a company or business and establish her name as a business professional.

Reflecting on her time at FHSU, Melissa finds it challenging to pinpoint a favorite memory because she cherishes every aspect of being part of the program. The First to Finish Living Learning Community experience helped her step out of her comfort zone, allowing her to be authentic. It taught her there is always room for growth and learning. This newfound confidence has permeated all aspects of her life: school, work, and personal experiences.

Melissa's college journey holds great significance for her. She contemplated dropping out after a turbulent first semester of her freshman year. However, with her family's and professors' support, she realized she was simply in the wrong major. The decision to change majors proved life-changing; she knows it was the best choice she could have made. Melissa's determination and resilience have made her family exceptionally proud, especially considering the opportunities they never had.

Embracing every aspect of her college experience, pushing boundaries, and seizing opportunities, Melissa has transformed her journey into a tale of perseverance and growth. Her&nbsp;story inspires others who may find themselves at a crossroads, showing them that incredible success is within reach with the right support and self-belief.

Efren Tarango Fernandez, a technology studies (Construction Management) student, hails from Chihuahua, Mexico, specifically a ranch called El Chamizal. Last fall, he was a member of the First to Finish Living Learning Community, an experience that has profoundly impacted his college journey. The program provided Efren with a valuable opportunity to connect with other first-generation students, providing constant motivation in his academic pursuits. Moreover, he forged lifelong friendships with instructors, leaders, and fellow students, creating a supportive network beyond the classroom.

Efren draws inspiration from his sister, the first in their family to attend college, who continues to set a remarkable example for him and his brother. She consistently lends her assistance and support whenever he needs it most. Growing up, Efren's parents courageously uprooted their lives in Mexico and migrated to the United States to provide their children with opportunities they never had. They continue to make sacrifices, dedicating time and money to ensure their children's success and realize the American Dream. Efren's college journey fills his parents with pride and a deep sense of accomplishment. They relish witnessing their children flourish and courageously pursue their diverse career paths.

Membership in the First to Finish Living Learning Community program facilitated new friendships for Efren and propelled him out of his comfort zone through interactive class structures and dynamic classmates. His leadership role within the program enabled him to foster lasting connections that persist to this day. Whether conversing on the way to class, socializing around campus, or engaging with each other in public, these friends have become an integral part of Efren's college experience. The profound impact of the First to Finish Living Learning Community has instilled in him a desire to become even more involved in student organizations, such as Tiger Team, the Associated General Contractors, Alpha Kappa Psi, and Catholic Tiger.

Efren's college journey exemplifies the transformative power of perseverance and a strong support system. From the First to Finish Living Learning Community program to his unwavering family support, he has found the motivation to thrive academically and navigate the challenges of pursuing his dreams. Through his story, Efren shows us the profound impact of our connections, the importance of family, and the unlimited potential within each of us.

I love how we engage and support our students, fostering their growth and helping them reach their full potential. From the moment they walk through our doors to the day they graduate, we provide a nurturing environment that allows them to flourish. 

As someone who experienced being a first-generation college student, I understand the incredible transformation during this journey.

I vividly recall how gaining knowledge and skills during my time as a student empowered me to envision a future I had never thought possible. The opportunities that emerged as a result were beyond my wildest dreams. It was remarkable to witness the positive impact of gaining an education on my life.

My personal story drives my unwavering commitment to education and helping others succeed. I deeply appreciate the value education brings, as it granted me the opportunity to one day pay it forward and serve as a university president. This privilege allows me to inspire and empower countless students, helping them realize their potential and achieve their goals.

By combining our passion for student success, dedication to supporting their growth, and providing the tools they need to navigate the world beyond graduation, we can continue to create a vibrant university community that transforms lives. Together, we can make a lasting impact and contribute to a future filled with endless possibilities.

Dr. Tisa Mason is the president of Fort Hays State University.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1575301942236.jpeg" alt="Tisa Mason" />
 <figcaption>Tisa Mason</figcaption>
 </figure>First-Generation College Celebration is an annual event raising awareness of first-generation college students and highlighting their achievements and experiences. Launched in 2017, the celebration recognizes the successes of the first-generation community. It is also a significant date, as November 8 marks the signing of the Higher Education Act&nbsp; of 1965, which established federal financial aid programs and made vital investments in colleges and universities, particularly benefiting limited-income, first-generation college students.The term "first-generation" has been used in higher education for decades. Still, with shifting demographics, increasing enrollment of first-gen students, rising tuition costs, and a focus on graduation rates, the experiences of first-generation college students have become a renewed area of focus in postsecondary education.As an institution dedicated to providing accessible, quality education, Fort Hays State University prioritizes welcoming and supporting first-generation college students. Our programs and services, such as the First to Finish Living Learning Community, aim to assist our students in their academic, career, and professional development.The First to Finish Living Learning Community is designed to foster leadership growth among first-gen students by offering introductory leadership courses and a CORE (confidence, optimism, resilience, and engagement) leadership model. Our goal is to provide a pathway for students to navigate campus and community resources, explore engagement opportunities, and create career goals. Additionally, we prioritize assisting students in navigating campus services such as academic advising, career services, financial aid, and student employment opportunities, ensuring they feel supported throughout their college journey.Our students also participate in various co-curricular experiences, including service projects and leadership opportunities. One of the signature co-curricular experiences is the Ad Astra First Generation Conference, where students travel to a Kansas university to engage in a two-day conference for first-generation college students.To build a pipeline of support, we initiated a second-year community in 2019. This community aims to continue supporting students during their second or third year and includes a peer mentoring component. Students in this community are connected with the First to Finish community, allowing for networking and additional support.Students in the First to Finish Living Learning Community are encouraged to complete the leadership certificate or minor to enhance their leadership skills and knowledge further. The second-year community, driven by the confidence and engagement gained in the first year, inspires the first-year living-learning community students, demonstrating what success can look like for first-generation college students. Becoming a first-generation college graduate can&nbsp;profoundly impact future generations, and we celebrate the achievements of our students who pave the way for others.In celebration of the First-Generation College Celebration, I want to highlight the stories of some of our students.Hailing from Holcomb, Kansas, Derek Mesa embarked on his journey at FHSU in the fall of 2020 amidst the challenges posed by pandemic protocols and limited student engagement. Recounting his initial visit to the campus during Tiger Day 2019, Derek was drawn to Fort Hays due to its exceptional experience. However, his expectations of finding friends exactly like him were exceeded as he and his fellow First to Finish Living Learning Community members realized the beauty of diversity in their newfound friendships.Amid diverse backgrounds and interests, Derek was surrounded by friends from various majors, providing a unique opportunity to learn about their distinct experiences at Fort Hays. The programs at FHSU played a crucial role in Derek's success, equipping him with real-world career and professional experiences. Through his courses and club involvement, he absorbed invaluable knowledge that will shape his future career.Currently a senior health and human performance major, Derek envisions continuing his education in graduate school and gaining classroom experience as a graduate teacher's assistant. Setting his sights even further, he aspires to work at a college or a facility akin to HaysMed's Center for Health Improvement after earning his master’s degree.Derek fondly reflects on his lifelong appreciation for education, instilled by his parents since kindergarten. With unwavering support from his dad, mom, and brother, Derek emphasizes that his degree may bear his name, but its achievement would have been impossible without his family’s assistance. Their unwavering belief in his aspirations has enabled him to pursue opportunities they never had.Melissa Nunez's journey from growing up in Topeka, Kansas, to attending FHSU is inspiring. Originally from California, she joined the First to Finish Living Learning Community in the fall of 2021. Melissa, a junior studying business management, dreams of owning her own business. However, her immediate goal after college is to oversee a company or business and establish her name as a business professional.Reflecting on her time at FHSU, Melissa finds it challenging to pinpoint a favorite memory because she cherishes every aspect of being part of the program. The First to Finish Living Learning Community experience helped her step out of her comfort zone, allowing her to be authentic. It taught her there is always room for growth and learning. This newfound confidence has permeated all aspects of her life: school, work, and personal experiences.Melissa's college journey holds great significance for her. She contemplated dropping out after a turbulent first semester of her freshman year. However, with her family's and professors' support, she realized she was simply in the wrong major. The decision to change majors proved life-changing; she knows it was the best choice she could have made. Melissa's determination and resilience have made her family exceptionally proud, especially considering the opportunities they never had.Embracing every aspect of her college experience, pushing boundaries, and seizing opportunities, Melissa has transformed her journey into a tale of perseverance and growth. Her&nbsp;story inspires others who may find themselves at a crossroads, showing them that incredible success is within reach with the right support and self-belief.Efren Tarango Fernandez, a technology studies (Construction Management) student, hails from Chihuahua, Mexico, specifically a ranch called El Chamizal. Last fall, he was a member of the First to Finish Living Learning Community, an experience that has profoundly impacted his college journey. The program provided Efren with a valuable opportunity to connect with other first-generation students, providing constant motivation in his academic pursuits. Moreover, he forged lifelong friendships with instructors, leaders, and fellow students, creating a supportive network beyond the classroom.Efren draws inspiration from his sister, the first in their family to attend college, who continues to set a remarkable example for him and his brother. She consistently lends her assistance and support whenever he needs it most. Growing up, Efren's parents courageously uprooted their lives in Mexico and migrated to the United States to provide their children with opportunities they never had. They continue to make sacrifices, dedicating time and money to ensure their children's success and realize the American Dream. Efren's college journey fills his parents with pride and a deep sense of accomplishment. They relish witnessing their children flourish and courageously pursue their diverse career paths.Membership in the First to Finish Living Learning Community program facilitated new friendships for Efren and propelled him out of his comfort zone through interactive class structures and dynamic classmates. His leadership role within the program enabled him to foster lasting connections that persist to this day. Whether conversing on the way to class, socializing around campus, or engaging with each other in public, these friends have become an integral part of Efren's college experience. The profound impact of the First to Finish Living Learning Community has instilled in him a desire to become even more involved in student organizations, such as Tiger Team, the Associated General Contractors, Alpha Kappa Psi, and Catholic Tiger.Efren's college journey exemplifies the transformative power of perseverance and a strong support system. From the First to Finish Living Learning Community program to his unwavering family support, he has found the motivation to thrive academically and navigate the challenges of pursuing his dreams. Through his story, Efren shows us the profound impact of our connections, the importance of family, and the unlimited potential within each of us.I love how we engage and support our students, fostering their growth and helping them reach their full potential. From the moment they walk through our doors to the day they graduate, we provide a nurturing environment that allows them to flourish. As someone who experienced being a first-generation college student, I understand the incredible transformation during this journey.I vividly recall how gaining knowledge and skills during my time as a student empowered me to envision a future I had never thought possible. The opportunities that emerged as a result were beyond my wildest dreams. It was remarkable to witness the positive impact of gaining an education on my life.My personal story drives my unwavering commitment to education and helping others succeed. I deeply appreciate the value education brings, as it granted me the opportunity to one day pay it forward and serve as a university president. This privilege allows me to inspire and empower countless students, helping them realize their potential and achieve their goals.By combining our passion for student success, dedication to supporting their growth, and providing the tools they need to navigate the world beyond graduation, we can continue to create a vibrant university community that transforms lives. Together, we can make a lasting impact and contribute to a future filled with endless possibilities.Dr. Tisa Mason is the president of Fort Hays State University.

Heart of a Tiger: Empowering first-generation college students at Fort Hays State University

Nothing like history conferences to tug old knowledge from the brain’s dark recesses and shake it up with fresh concepts. 

Recently, Trego County Historical Museum hosted the annual Smoky Hill Trail Conference. Organizers assembled stellar presenters to inform, entertain, and intrigue member’s interests.

I loved all the presentations, but one literally caught my eye. Denver historian Wes Brown has spent a lifetime collecting old and rare maps, several pertinent to this region and the trail that crosses it. He shared these, supplementing his visuals with details regarding development of what became Colorado and Kansas.

Those original maps paired with fellow attendee Jim Mayhew’s map tied into an article I wrote long ago. Add a recent trip across western Kansas and eastern Colorado and my overfull brain reeled as history leapt to life. Anyone who finds Kansas boring needs to study it and compare old maps to their current atlas.

The article mentioned focused on how the Arkansas River that flows across southern Kansas marked an international border. At the time I wrote that piece, this concept surprised several readers. 

Originally, this waterway separated U.S. territory from Spain, which acquired the region the Arkansas flowed across as a result of the Adams-Onis Treaty (aka the Florida Purchase Treaty) of 1819. This agreement added Florida to U.S. territory and established an official boundary. It designated the Arkansas River as part of the border between America and New Spain. Spain, intent on supplementing its coffers, protected trade in her new world territory and discouraged entrepreneurs willing to travel from Missouri to Santa Fe.

In short time, Mexico declared independence from Spain and successfully won the resulting war in 1821. Mexico encouraged cross-border trade relationships that made the Santa Fe Trail a successful exchange route beginning in 1821 with William Becknell’s delivery of goods.

While this victory over Spain changed Mexico’s government and its trade relationships, the established border remained until 1846, when the U.S. defeated Mexico in the Mexican-American War and annexed Texas. 

While I’d read text books that depicted modern illustrations of this border, seeing nearly 200-year-old maps with a sharply-defined river and its contributing streams combined with a different era’s terminology made it real versus theoretical.

One of those 19th century maps identified Territorial Kansas, revealing that it extended from the Missouri River to the Continental Divide. It showed physical attributes like waterways and mountain ranges but unlike today’s maps, few human settlements existed. As a result, this map’s clearly labeled Bent’s New Fort located north of the Arkansas River stood out like a beacon on the prairie.

After we recently visited that still isolated region, I reflected on how minor details like the Kansas-Nebraska Act and statehood prevented Old and New Bent’s Forts from becoming Kansas historical destinations. This map validated such thoughts. I also considered how including the Front Range with its traffic, cities, and industry would alter the world perception of western Kansas.

Seeing some of Mr. Brown’s map collection and listening to his presentation breathed life into history. It demonstrated how primary sources vividly link present to past. The people who created these documents are long dead, but their work lives when historians share.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698329781749.jpeg" alt="Jim Mayhew and Wes Brown (Courtesy photo)" />
 <figcaption>Jim Mayhew and Wes Brown (Courtesy photo)</figcaption>
 </figure>Nothing like history conferences to tug old knowledge from the brain’s dark recesses and shake it up with fresh concepts. Recently, Trego County Historical Museum hosted the annual Smoky Hill Trail Conference. Organizers assembled stellar presenters to inform, entertain, and intrigue member’s interests.I loved all the presentations, but one literally caught my eye. Denver historian Wes Brown has spent a lifetime collecting old and rare maps, several pertinent to this region and the trail that crosses it. He shared these, supplementing his visuals with details regarding development of what became Colorado and Kansas.Those original maps paired with fellow attendee Jim Mayhew’s map tied into an article I wrote long ago. Add a recent trip across western Kansas and eastern Colorado and my overfull brain reeled as history leapt to life. Anyone who finds Kansas boring needs to study it and compare old maps to their current atlas.The article mentioned focused on how the Arkansas River that flows across southern Kansas marked an international border. At the time I wrote that piece, this concept surprised several readers. Originally, this waterway separated U.S. territory from Spain, which acquired the region the Arkansas flowed across as a result of the Adams-Onis Treaty (aka the Florida Purchase Treaty) of 1819. This agreement added Florida to U.S. territory and established an official boundary. It designated the Arkansas River as part of the border between America and New Spain. Spain, intent on supplementing its coffers, protected trade in her new world territory and discouraged entrepreneurs willing to travel from Missouri to Santa Fe.In short time, Mexico declared independence from Spain and successfully won the resulting war in 1821. Mexico encouraged cross-border trade relationships that made the Santa Fe Trail a successful exchange route beginning in 1821 with William Becknell’s delivery of goods.While this victory over Spain changed Mexico’s government and its trade relationships, the established border remained until 1846, when the U.S. defeated Mexico in the Mexican-American War and annexed Texas. While I’d read text books that depicted modern illustrations of this border, seeing nearly 200-year-old maps with a sharply-defined river and its contributing streams combined with a different era’s terminology made it real versus theoretical.One of those 19th century maps identified Territorial Kansas, revealing that it extended from the Missouri River to the Continental Divide. It showed physical attributes like waterways and mountain ranges but unlike today’s maps, few human settlements existed. As a result, this map’s clearly labeled Bent’s New Fort located north of the Arkansas River stood out like a beacon on the prairie.After we recently visited that still isolated region, I reflected on how minor details like the Kansas-Nebraska Act and statehood prevented Old and New Bent’s Forts from becoming Kansas historical destinations. This map validated such thoughts. I also considered how including the Front Range with its traffic, cities, and industry would alter the world perception of western Kansas.Seeing some of Mr. Brown’s map collection and listening to his presentation breathed life into history. It demonstrated how primary sources vividly link present to past. The people who created these documents are long dead, but their work lives when historians share.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658158626307.png" alt="Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>

MADORIN: Old maps breathe life into history

The words “holiday” and “healthy” usually aren’t found together, especially when it comes to food. Indulgent treats and drinks are a tradition for the holiday season, and they should be enjoyed! People are brought together around meals to celebrate, create lasting memories, and connect with others. 

However, the holiday season can be a difficult time to maintain good health, and many find weight management a challenge during the winter months. 

Many assume this is because of high-calorie foods, but many other factors play into winter weight gain. People are less active, tend to drink more alcohol, and some have irregular circadian rhythms. All these obstacles can result in unwanted weight gain, and this is why it’s important to learn how to make a health plan for the winter months.

One of the most important ways to stick to your health plan is to get into a routine before the gatherings begin. 

Creating a healthy eating plan, exercise regimen, and sleep schedule are all important to start before you relax for the holidays. Once a healthy lifestyle is a habit, it is much easier to get back on track after the holiday season.

If you are looking for more tips related to holiday health, the Great Bend Activity Center will host an event called "Focus on the ‘Stars’: Cooking Healthy for the Holidays" on November 15 at noon. Key topics will include ingredient substitutions, indoor physical activity, and leftovers. Finally, those who join will get to sample a healthy take on a holiday treat!

Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697546908793.jpeg" alt="Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>The words “holiday” and “healthy” usually aren’t found together, especially when it comes to food. Indulgent treats and drinks are a tradition for the holiday season, and they should be enjoyed! People are brought together around meals to celebrate, create lasting memories, and connect with others. However, the holiday season can be a difficult time to maintain good health, and many find weight management a challenge during the winter months. Many assume this is because of high-calorie foods, but many other factors play into winter weight gain. People are less active, tend to drink more alcohol, and some have irregular circadian rhythms. All these obstacles can result in unwanted weight gain, and this is why it’s important to learn how to make a health plan for the winter months.One of the most important ways to stick to your health plan is to get into a routine before the gatherings begin. Creating a healthy eating plan, exercise regimen, and sleep schedule are all important to start before you relax for the holidays. Once a healthy lifestyle is a habit, it is much easier to get back on track after the holiday season.If you are looking for more tips related to holiday health, the Great Bend Activity Center will host an event called "Focus on the ‘Stars’: Cooking Healthy for the Holidays" on November 15 at noon. Key topics will include ingredient substitutions, indoor physical activity, and leftovers. Finally, those who join will get to sample a healthy take on a holiday treat!Karissa Winkel is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 620-793-1910 or krwinkel@ksu.edu.&nbsp;

WINKEL: Health management during the holidays

Kansas businesses will see a positive change when submitting required filings with the Secretary of State’s office in 2024. 

During the 2021 Kansas legislative session, my office introduced a bill which became law that will reduce the filing requirements with our office and cut government paperwork. 

Every year, Kansas business owners have been required to file an annual report with the Secretary of State’s office. This will soon change. 

Starting in January, Kansas businesses will file an “Information Report” every two years instead of an “Annual Report” every year. 

Although the content of the report will remain the same, the transition from annual filings to biennial filings will reduce paperwork for Kansas business owners allowing them to focus more on their business and less time with the government. 

A business’ filing year will be determined by the year in which the business was formed. Those formed in even years will file in even years, and those formed in odd years will file in odd years. 

For more information about biennial filing or to get your business formation and filing date, please visit <a href="http://sos.ks.gov">sos.ks.gov</a>.

Scott Schwab Kansas Secretary of State&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698457254851.jpeg" alt="Kansas Secretary of State Scott Schwab" />
 <figcaption>Kansas Secretary of State Scott Schwab</figcaption>
 </figure>Kansas businesses will see a positive change when submitting required filings with the Secretary of State’s office in 2024. During the 2021 Kansas legislative session, my office introduced a bill which became law that will reduce the filing requirements with our office and cut government paperwork. Every year, Kansas business owners have been required to file an annual report with the Secretary of State’s office. This will soon change. Starting in January, Kansas businesses will file an “Information Report” every two years instead of an “Annual Report” every year. Although the content of the report will remain the same, the transition from annual filings to biennial filings will reduce paperwork for Kansas business owners allowing them to focus more on their business and less time with the government. A business’ filing year will be determined by the year in which the business was formed. Those formed in even years will file in even years, and those formed in odd years will file in odd years. For more information about biennial filing or to get your business formation and filing date, please visit <a href="http://sos.ks.gov">sos.ks.gov</a>. Scott Schwab Kansas Secretary of State&nbsp;

LETTER: Transition to biennial filings reduces paperwork for Kansas business owners

Just the other day, I was reminiscing with someone else my age the days of our youth, and though I’ve told this story before, it came to my mind amidst the memories, and is just too good not to repeat. So, grab a snack, sit back and enjoy “Wimpy and the Woodchuck.”

As a kid growing up in the farm country of central Ohio, my summer income came from the same source as all other farm boys near and far -&nbsp; baling hay! I know I’m aging myself here, but we’re talking pre-round bale days; we’re talking wagon load after wagon load of at least 100 small square bales apiece, loaded on wagons pulled behind the baler, taken to the barn, unloaded onto an elevator and stacked into the loft. 

The farm boys in our neighborhood were the usual ornery, free-spirited lot, but we all knew how to work hard, and come hayin’ time each year we became a necessary commodity to most local farmers. 

Such was the case with Chester Campbell. “Chet” as he was known, lived across the road from me, was a grouchy ol’ cuss and for reasons unknown, didn’t seem to care much for us neighborhood boys. I think the feelings were mutual, but like I said, once his hay was down, we became “golden.”

Ohio has groundhogs like Kansas has coyotes; wherever there is ground there are groundhogs. 

Groundhogs, best known as woodchucks, look like overgrown prairie dogs, short stumpy tail and all, and can easily grow to weigh ten pounds or more. They have two sharp incisor teeth in the front of their mouth, much like a beaver, and eat all types of green plant life. They dig their burrows in fence rows and woodlots where they can easily sneak out into fields of young growing crops and wreak havoc. Like mini-combines, they choose a row of tender young soybean plants, straddle the row and eat every plant off to the ground for several feet.

We had a dog named “Silly” who was a groundhog slayin’ machine. Silly knew just how and where to grab them, and would shake them till their teeth rattled. One day we heard a huge ruckus coming from the cornfield by the house. Upon investigation, it was Silly who had caught a groundhog, probably sneaking through the cornfield on its way back to the safety of its den. When the fight was over, Silly was victorious as usual, the groundhog was dead and a patch of corn the size of a pickup was flattened from the fray.

Now old man Campbell also had a dog, sort of a cross between a beagle and a basset, named Wimpy. As I remember Wimpy was a good old dog, just not the “sharpest knife in the drawer,” if you know what I mean. 

This particular day, Campbell’s hay was ready to bale, and, as usual, three of us neighbor boys suddenly became handier to him than sliced bread! The hay field was bordered by a creek on one side and by woods on one end, and those borders were riddled with woodchuck dens.

Empty wagons were pulled behind the baler, and when one was loaded, we stopped long enough to unhook the loaded one, hook up to the empty behind us and go again. In the middle of one such exchange, we heard the most awful wailing, screeching and thrashing imaginable coming from the nearby field edge. The three of us ran to investigate and found Wimpy in the weeds with a big groundhog fastened securely to the end of his snout! Around and around they went, the woodchuck showing no intentions of letting go.

We all knew better than to try and interrupt the festivities barehanded, so we scrambled to find something to end the brawl and save Wimpy’s snout. The back of all the hay wagons had metal “pockets” welded to them into which wooden racks could be inserted to provide something solid to stack the back row of hay bales against. One wagon happened to have just single 2x4’s in those pockets, so someone grabbed one and ran back to the brawl. After taking careful aim amidst the ball of thrashing fur, a well placed wallop across the groundhogs back dropped it to the ground and sent it diving for its burrow minus Wimpy, who raced shrieking toward the house. So ended Wimpy's close encounter with the woodchuck, and I sincerely doubt he ever saw one that close again.

Although I’ve not heard of groundhogs in my neck of the woods, they are in eastern Kansas and will probably someday make their way here much like the armadillos have. Each time I go to Hutchinson I marvel at the prairie dog “city” there around the mall, and I think to myself that if our commercial food supply was ever cut off and I wanted something different than fish or venison, I’d simply head to the mall with a pellet gun and fill my freezer; I’m sure prairie dog tastes just like chicken!

Steve Gilliland, Inman, can be contacted by email at&nbsp;stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574696211722.png" alt="Steve Gilliland" />
 <figcaption>Steve Gilliland</figcaption>
 </figure>Just the other day, I was reminiscing with someone else my age the days of our youth, and though I’ve told this story before, it came to my mind amidst the memories, and is just too good not to repeat. So, grab a snack, sit back and enjoy “Wimpy and the Woodchuck.”As a kid growing up in the farm country of central Ohio, my summer income came from the same source as all other farm boys near and far -&nbsp; baling hay! I know I’m aging myself here, but we’re talking pre-round bale days; we’re talking wagon load after wagon load of at least 100 small square bales apiece, loaded on wagons pulled behind the baler, taken to the barn, unloaded onto an elevator and stacked into the loft. The farm boys in our neighborhood were the usual ornery, free-spirited lot, but we all knew how to work hard, and come hayin’ time each year we became a necessary commodity to most local farmers. Such was the case with Chester Campbell. “Chet” as he was known, lived across the road from me, was a grouchy ol’ cuss and for reasons unknown, didn’t seem to care much for us neighborhood boys. I think the feelings were mutual, but like I said, once his hay was down, we became “golden.”Ohio has groundhogs like Kansas has coyotes; wherever there is ground there are groundhogs. Groundhogs, best known as woodchucks, look like overgrown prairie dogs, short stumpy tail and all, and can easily grow to weigh ten pounds or more. They have two sharp incisor teeth in the front of their mouth, much like a beaver, and eat all types of green plant life. They dig their burrows in fence rows and woodlots where they can easily sneak out into fields of young growing crops and wreak havoc. Like mini-combines, they choose a row of tender young soybean plants, straddle the row and eat every plant off to the ground for several feet.We had a dog named “Silly” who was a groundhog slayin’ machine. Silly knew just how and where to grab them, and would shake them till their teeth rattled. One day we heard a huge ruckus coming from the cornfield by the house. Upon investigation, it was Silly who had caught a groundhog, probably sneaking through the cornfield on its way back to the safety of its den. When the fight was over, Silly was victorious as usual, the groundhog was dead and a patch of corn the size of a pickup was flattened from the fray.Now old man Campbell also had a dog, sort of a cross between a beagle and a basset, named Wimpy. As I remember Wimpy was a good old dog, just not the “sharpest knife in the drawer,” if you know what I mean. This particular day, Campbell’s hay was ready to bale, and, as usual, three of us neighbor boys suddenly became handier to him than sliced bread! The hay field was bordered by a creek on one side and by woods on one end, and those borders were riddled with woodchuck dens.Empty wagons were pulled behind the baler, and when one was loaded, we stopped long enough to unhook the loaded one, hook up to the empty behind us and go again. In the middle of one such exchange, we heard the most awful wailing, screeching and thrashing imaginable coming from the nearby field edge. The three of us ran to investigate and found Wimpy in the weeds with a big groundhog fastened securely to the end of his snout! Around and around they went, the woodchuck showing no intentions of letting go.We all knew better than to try and interrupt the festivities barehanded, so we scrambled to find something to end the brawl and save Wimpy’s snout. The back of all the hay wagons had metal “pockets” welded to them into which wooden racks could be inserted to provide something solid to stack the back row of hay bales against. One wagon happened to have just single 2x4’s in those pockets, so someone grabbed one and ran back to the brawl. After taking careful aim amidst the ball of thrashing fur, a well placed wallop across the groundhogs back dropped it to the ground and sent it diving for its burrow minus Wimpy, who raced shrieking toward the house. So ended Wimpy's close encounter with the woodchuck, and I sincerely doubt he ever saw one that close again.Although I’ve not heard of groundhogs in my neck of the woods, they are in eastern Kansas and will probably someday make their way here much like the armadillos have. Each time I go to Hutchinson I marvel at the prairie dog “city” there around the mall, and I think to myself that if our commercial food supply was ever cut off and I wanted something different than fish or venison, I’d simply head to the mall with a pellet gun and fill my freezer; I’m sure prairie dog tastes just like chicken!Continue to Explore Kansas Outdoors.Steve Gilliland, Inman, can be contacted by email at&nbsp;stevenrgilliland@gmail.com.

Exploring Kansas Outdoors: Wimpy and the woodchuck

As a Kansas&nbsp;specialty clinic nurse manager with over 17 years of experience in the healthcare field,&nbsp;I have grown concerned about SB 234.

SB 234, if passed, would weaken the Kansas public's health providers’ ability to respond to state residents' healthcare needs and concerns.&nbsp;

As it stands, patients may produce their consent for providers to refer them to other care professionals. However, this bill would mandate providers initially go through an overly bureaucratic, time-consuming approval process that could add several weeks of time before an individual&nbsp;receives the help he or she desperately needs.&nbsp;

Speed is often our top concern when it comes to making referrals. Ordinarily, individuals solicit&nbsp;care only after they have become remarkably vulnerable and their circumstances become dire. All the referrals we make for them first require the patient’s consent, so extending&nbsp;another time-consuming layer of bureaucracy into an already bureaucratic process is entirely&nbsp;unnecessary and counterproductive.&nbsp;

The federal government, coupled with&nbsp;the state of Kansas, already thoroughly protect patients’ personal information through HIPAA and other time-tested measures. Additionally, the current referral system has several layers of built-in security measures to prevent their documents from being viewed by those who are not privileged. 

The care delays that SB 234 would belabor on this process would be subtractive, not addictive, to Kansans’ welfare.&nbsp;

Today, Kansans already suffer tremendously from a lack of speedy healthcare. Kansas ranks dead last in the nation for access to mental health resources. Further, rural and metropolitan counties only have an average of 0.8 and 1.5 physicians per 1,000 people, respectively.&nbsp;

A study at the National Library of Medicine, published by Kansas State University, indicates that, “Kansas public health practitioners identified several barriers to public health and marginalized populations, suggestion an important lack of public health nationally in the U.S. are reflected in local public health in Kansas.” On the authority of the Kansas care providers interviewed, affordable care access and long travel times are two of the top barriers to access.

The responsibility to navigate these barriers and sensitivities falls on the state’s care facilities and organizations working with the Kansas Health Department. Patients already have enough on their minds to worry about, and they do not have the same industry of information and knowledge that we do, which allows them to rise above these state barriers to care access. 

The referrals we provide are what allow&nbsp;them to get the help they need. However, should SB 234 pass,&nbsp;it will become significantly harder for us to refer Kansans to care providers who can meet their unique circumstances.

The Kansas Association of Local Health Departments, Kansas Association of School Boards, and a slew of county governments and health departments oppose SB 234. 

The bill is misguided and does not consider the current dynamics of the Kansas healthcare industry. Our elected representatives need to reject the measure while they still can.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698091063975.png" alt="Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>As a Kansas&nbsp;specialty clinic nurse manager with over 17 years of experience in the healthcare field,&nbsp;I have grown concerned about SB 234. SB 234, if passed, would weaken the Kansas public's health providers’ ability to respond to state residents' healthcare needs and concerns.&nbsp;As it stands, patients may produce their consent for providers to refer them to other care professionals. However, this bill would mandate providers initially go through an overly bureaucratic, time-consuming approval process that could add several weeks of time before an individual&nbsp;receives the help he or she desperately needs.&nbsp;Speed is often our top concern when it comes to making referrals. Ordinarily, individuals solicit&nbsp;care only after they have become remarkably vulnerable and their circumstances become dire. All the referrals we make for them first require the patient’s consent, so extending&nbsp;another time-consuming layer of bureaucracy into an already bureaucratic process is entirely&nbsp;unnecessary and counterproductive.&nbsp;The federal government, coupled with&nbsp;the state of Kansas, already thoroughly protect patients’ personal information through HIPAA and other time-tested measures. Additionally, the current referral system has several layers of built-in security measures to prevent their documents from being viewed by those who are not privileged. The care delays that SB 234 would belabor on this process would be subtractive, not addictive, to Kansans’ welfare.&nbsp;Today, Kansans already suffer tremendously from a lack of speedy healthcare. Kansas ranks dead last in the nation for access to mental health resources. Further, rural and metropolitan counties only have an average of 0.8 and 1.5 physicians per 1,000 people, respectively.&nbsp;A study at the National Library of Medicine, published by Kansas State University, indicates that, “Kansas public health practitioners identified several barriers to public health and marginalized populations, suggestion an important lack of public health nationally in the U.S. are reflected in local public health in Kansas.” On the authority of the Kansas care providers interviewed, affordable care access and long travel times are two of the top barriers to access.The responsibility to navigate these barriers and sensitivities falls on the state’s care facilities and organizations working with the Kansas Health Department. Patients already have enough on their minds to worry about, and they do not have the same industry of information and knowledge that we do, which allows them to rise above these state barriers to care access. The referrals we provide are what allow&nbsp;them to get the help they need. However, should SB 234 pass,&nbsp;it will become significantly harder for us to refer Kansans to care providers who can meet their unique circumstances.The Kansas Association of Local Health Departments, Kansas Association of School Boards, and a slew of county governments and health departments oppose SB 234. The bill is misguided and does not consider the current dynamics of the Kansas healthcare industry. Our elected representatives need to reject the measure while they still can.&nbsp;Rachael Rushton Norton

LETTER: Need for speedy health and social care in Kansas 

In a few days, voters across Kansas will choose members of their city’s governing councils. In some cases they’ll also be voting for mayors; when they aren’t, it’s because their city elected a mayor during the previous odd-year cycle, or because the mayor is chosen from among those elected to the city council by an internal vote.

But whether the mayor is separately elected or not, there are two things nearly all of these elections have in common. First, not very many voters will participate in them. Second, those who do participate aren’t really voting for who will be in charge of where they live.

That’s a broad claim, and not an entirely fair one. Those elected to municipal positions truly do have the responsibility to make decisions about taxes, spending, investment, infrastructure, public safety, and more. Since those decisions profoundly affect Kansas towns and cities, doesn’t that mean they deserve to be called “in charge” of those localities?

Well, yes. But still: who drafted the budgets which framed the available options for possible taxes and spending? Who studied the proposals and made investment recommendations? Who worked out plans and priorities for infrastructure maintenance? While those elected to city governments can, through their decisions, enable cities to pursue various agendas, in the end they are mostly not deciding what goes onto those agendas in the first place.

Who does? City managers and their staff, that’s who.

A hundred years ago, broad disgust with corruption in municipal governments, along with the great faith many felt in the power of specialization and expertise, led to a wave of reforms across the United States. Specific executive power was often taken away from municipal officials and given to professionals who were hired to take care of the fine details of taxation, development, and more. Many would argue that this led to great practical improvements in how cities and towns are administered, and there is some evidence in support of that claim. But it also led to an abiding democratic deficit: so much of the day-to-day decisions in cities across America are made, or at least defined, by unelected professionals, not those who seek the people’s votes.

Kansas municipalities overwhelmingly maintain these kind of council-manager governments, where the mayor is equal to all other members of city council, discussing and voting up or down on what the city manager and their permanent city staff put before them. The contrary governing system—a “strong mayor” system, such as was preserved in cities like Tulsa, Omaha, and elsewhere—is one where the mayor is the true chief executive of the city, who appoints a staff and negotiates with the city council, which in turn serves as genuine legislative body, advancing the specific (admittedly, often partisan) interests of those who elected them in their districts.

Many defenders of Kansas’s dominant council-manager approach insist that it is appropriate for sewers, roads, parks, and more to be overseen by professionals; they assume that returning detailed executive responsibility to elected politicians would only polarize city governments the way America’s state and national governments are polarized. That’s a fair point.

But it is also fair to point out that one possible reason that participation in local elections is often so often low is because many voters may realize that those they are electing are sometimes almost more an oversight body to the professionals who actually run their city, rather than the other way around. If we want local turnout to change, perhaps government structures need to change too.

Dr. Russell Arben Fox teaches politics at Friends University in Wichita.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1586443443315.jpeg" alt="Dr. Russell Arben Fox teaches politics at Friends University in Wichita. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Dr. Russell Arben Fox teaches politics at Friends University in Wichita. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>In a few days, voters across Kansas will choose members of their city’s governing councils. In some cases they’ll also be voting for mayors; when they aren’t, it’s because their city elected a mayor during the previous odd-year cycle, or because the mayor is chosen from among those elected to the city council by an internal vote.But whether the mayor is separately elected or not, there are two things nearly all of these elections have in common. First, not very many voters will participate in them. Second, those who do participate aren’t really voting for who will be in charge of where they live.That’s a broad claim, and not an entirely fair one. Those elected to municipal positions truly do have the responsibility to make decisions about taxes, spending, investment, infrastructure, public safety, and more. Since those decisions profoundly affect Kansas towns and cities, doesn’t that mean they deserve to be called “in charge” of those localities?Well, yes. But still: who drafted the budgets which framed the available options for possible taxes and spending? Who studied the proposals and made investment recommendations? Who worked out plans and priorities for infrastructure maintenance? While those elected to city governments can, through their decisions, enable cities to pursue various agendas, in the end they are mostly not deciding what goes onto those agendas in the first place.Who does? City managers and their staff, that’s who.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1575913663048.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>A hundred years ago, broad disgust with corruption in municipal governments, along with the great faith many felt in the power of specialization and expertise, led to a wave of reforms across the United States. Specific executive power was often taken away from municipal officials and given to professionals who were hired to take care of the fine details of taxation, development, and more. Many would argue that this led to great practical improvements in how cities and towns are administered, and there is some evidence in support of that claim. But it also led to an abiding democratic deficit: so much of the day-to-day decisions in cities across America are made, or at least defined, by unelected professionals, not those who seek the people’s votes.Kansas municipalities overwhelmingly maintain these kind of council-manager governments, where the mayor is equal to all other members of city council, discussing and voting up or down on what the city manager and their permanent city staff put before them. The contrary governing system—a “strong mayor” system, such as was preserved in cities like Tulsa, Omaha, and elsewhere—is one where the mayor is the true chief executive of the city, who appoints a staff and negotiates with the city council, which in turn serves as genuine legislative body, advancing the specific (admittedly, often partisan) interests of those who elected them in their districts.Many defenders of Kansas’s dominant council-manager approach insist that it is appropriate for sewers, roads, parks, and more to be overseen by professionals; they assume that returning detailed executive responsibility to elected politicians would only polarize city governments the way America’s state and national governments are polarized. That’s a fair point.But it is also fair to point out that one possible reason that participation in local elections is often so often low is because many voters may realize that those they are electing are sometimes almost more an oversight body to the professionals who actually run their city, rather than the other way around. If we want local turnout to change, perhaps government structures need to change too.Dr. Russell Arben Fox teaches politics at Friends University in Wichita.

INSIGHT KANSAS: Who governs Kansas cities after those cities vote?

Do you like water conservation and really want to convey the message to the public?&nbsp; Well, have I got the position for you!&nbsp; 4-H Water Ambassadors are a group of teens in Barton and Ellis counties that focus on the importance of water quality, water conservation, and water careers.

My name is Jonas Kern and I’m a sophomore at Ellinwood High School.&nbsp; 

I have been a 4-H20 ambassador for two years.&nbsp; My favorite part of being an ambassador with this program is the opportunity to learn and present.&nbsp; I am heavily involved in the wildlife project within 4-H.&nbsp; Teaching about the importance of water as a natural resource helped me reach my project goals.

To be a water ambassador, teens must apply to join and then attend two training sessions where they learn about different leadership and presentation skills.&nbsp; After training in Hays, the ambassador team gets to tour the municipal water treatment plant, and the wastewater treatment plant.&nbsp; There are a lot of steps to ensure we have clean and safe drinking water!&nbsp; 

The other training is held at the Kansas Wetlands Education Center, and we get to tour the Cheyenne Bottoms wetland and learn how water acts and affects the environment.&nbsp; 

During the training, we learn to lead activities to teach others about water.&nbsp; I personally like to lead the “Incredible Journey.”&nbsp; It is an activity where you become a water molecule and travel through the water cycle.&nbsp; You might end up in an animal, a cloud, or an ocean.&nbsp; Students create a bracelet with beads to remind them of their trip through the hydrosphere.&nbsp; I led the activity at the state 4-H Discovery Days and at the Barton County Fair.

And that is what water ambassadors is all about.&nbsp; After we learn how to do cool activities, we go out and lead presentations at a variety of places, like the Hays Public Library, Sternberg Museum, or the Kansas Wetlands Education Center.&nbsp; We are always looking for opportunities to present for other organizations.

If you are interested in being an ambassador or want the ambassadors to present at your event, contact the Cottonwood District Extension Office.&nbsp; Michelle Beran in Barton County at 620-793-1910 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:BT@listserv.ksu.edu">BT@listserv.ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;and Tamara Robertson in Ellis County at 785-628-9430 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:el@listserv.ksu.edu">el@listserv.ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp; Applications for the 2023-2024 team will be due December 1.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:mberan@ksu.edu">mberan@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or call Cottonwood Extension District, Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698420858900.jpeg" alt="4-H20 Ambassador Jonas Kern, Ellinwood, at the Fort Hays State University Kansas Wetlands Education Center in Cheyenne Bottoms near Great Bend. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>4-H20 Ambassador Jonas Kern, Ellinwood, at the Fort Hays State University Kansas Wetlands Education Center in Cheyenne Bottoms near Great Bend. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Do you like water conservation and really want to convey the message to the public?&nbsp; Well, have I got the position for you!&nbsp; 4-H Water Ambassadors are a group of teens in Barton and Ellis counties that focus on the importance of water quality, water conservation, and water careers.My name is Jonas Kern and I’m a sophomore at Ellinwood High School.&nbsp; I have been a 4-H20 ambassador for two years.&nbsp; My favorite part of being an ambassador with this program is the opportunity to learn and present.&nbsp; I am heavily involved in the wildlife project within 4-H.&nbsp; Teaching about the importance of water as a natural resource helped me reach my project goals.To be a water ambassador, teens must apply to join and then attend two training sessions where they learn about different leadership and presentation skills.&nbsp; After training in Hays, the ambassador team gets to tour the municipal water treatment plant, and the wastewater treatment plant.&nbsp; There are a lot of steps to ensure we have clean and safe drinking water!&nbsp; The other training is held at the Kansas Wetlands Education Center, and we get to tour the Cheyenne Bottoms wetland and learn how water acts and affects the environment.&nbsp; During the training, we learn to lead activities to teach others about water.&nbsp; I personally like to lead the “Incredible Journey.”&nbsp; It is an activity where you become a water molecule and travel through the water cycle.&nbsp; You might end up in an animal, a cloud, or an ocean.&nbsp; Students create a bracelet with beads to remind them of their trip through the hydrosphere.&nbsp; I led the activity at the state 4-H Discovery Days and at the Barton County Fair.And that is what water ambassadors is all about.&nbsp; After we learn how to do cool activities, we go out and lead presentations at a variety of places, like the Hays Public Library, Sternberg Museum, or the Kansas Wetlands Education Center.&nbsp; We are always looking for opportunities to present for other organizations.If you are interested in being an ambassador or want the ambassadors to present at your event, contact the Cottonwood District Extension Office.&nbsp; Michelle Beran in Barton County at 620-793-1910 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:BT@listserv.ksu.edu">BT@listserv.ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;and Tamara Robertson in Ellis County at 785-628-9430 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:el@listserv.ksu.edu">el@listserv.ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp; Applications for the 2023-2024 team will be due December 1.Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:mberan@ksu.edu">mberan@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or call Cottonwood Extension District, Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: 4-H Water Ambassadors program looking for new members

The weeks between harvest and when snow flies can be a good time to evaluate and perform maintenance on terraces. 

In Kansas, over 9 million acres of land is protected by more than 290,000 miles of terraces, making Kansas number two in the U.S. for this soil and water conservation practice. 

To accomplish the goal of erosion control and water savings, terraces must have adequate capacity, ridge height, and channel width.&nbsp;

Without adequate capacity to carry water, terraces will be overtopped by runoff in a heavy storm. Overtopping causes erosion of the terrace ridge, terrace back slope, and lower terraces and may result in severe gullies. 

Terraces are typically designed to handle runoff from a 1-in-10-year storm. The rainfall amounts for such a storm are approximately five inches for eastern Kansas, four inches for central, and three inches for western Kansas during a 24-hour period.&nbsp;

Terraces need regular maintenance to function for a long life. 

Erosion by water, wind, and tillage wears the ridge down and deposits sediment in the channel, decreasing the effective ridge height, and channel capacity. The amount of capacity loss depends on the type and number of tillage operations, topography, soil properties, crop residue, and precipitation. Terrace maintenance restores capacity by removing sediment from the channel and rebuilding ridge height.&nbsp;

Typically, more frequent maintenance is required for steep slopes and/or highly erodible soils. Annual maintenance is necessary for intense tillage operations and heavy rainfall runoff. Less frequent maintenance is often adequate with high residue levels or where lower rainfall occurs and runoff intensity is low.&nbsp;

Check for needed repairs; terraces degrade naturally by erosion and sediment, and can be damaged by machinery, animals, settling, and erosion. Check terraces and terrace outlets regularly (at least annually) for needed repairs. 

The best time to check is after rains, when erosion, sedimentation, and unevenness in elevation are easiest to spot. Specific items to note are overtopping, low or narrow terrace ridges, water ponding in the channel, terrace outlets, erosion, and sediment clogging near waterway or pipe outlets.&nbsp;

Terraces should be considered only a part of an overall erosion control plan. Use of conservation farming methods, especially residue maintenance, compliments erosion control structures and has been shown to be both economically and environmentally sound.&nbsp;

Information provided by DeAnn Presley, K-State Soil Management Specialist. Additional sources for technical information include local USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service and county conservation district offices.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>The weeks between harvest and when snow flies can be a good time to evaluate and perform maintenance on terraces. In Kansas, over 9 million acres of land is protected by more than 290,000 miles of terraces, making Kansas number two in the U.S. for this soil and water conservation practice. To accomplish the goal of erosion control and water savings, terraces must have adequate capacity, ridge height, and channel width.&nbsp;Without adequate capacity to carry water, terraces will be overtopped by runoff in a heavy storm. Overtopping causes erosion of the terrace ridge, terrace back slope, and lower terraces and may result in severe gullies. Terraces are typically designed to handle runoff from a 1-in-10-year storm. The rainfall amounts for such a storm are approximately five inches for eastern Kansas, four inches for central, and three inches for western Kansas during a 24-hour period.&nbsp;Terraces need regular maintenance to function for a long life. Erosion by water, wind, and tillage wears the ridge down and deposits sediment in the channel, decreasing the effective ridge height, and channel capacity. The amount of capacity loss depends on the type and number of tillage operations, topography, soil properties, crop residue, and precipitation. Terrace maintenance restores capacity by removing sediment from the channel and rebuilding ridge height.&nbsp;Typically, more frequent maintenance is required for steep slopes and/or highly erodible soils. Annual maintenance is necessary for intense tillage operations and heavy rainfall runoff. Less frequent maintenance is often adequate with high residue levels or where lower rainfall occurs and runoff intensity is low.&nbsp;Check for needed repairs; terraces degrade naturally by erosion and sediment, and can be damaged by machinery, animals, settling, and erosion. Check terraces and terrace outlets regularly (at least annually) for needed repairs. The best time to check is after rains, when erosion, sedimentation, and unevenness in elevation are easiest to spot. Specific items to note are overtopping, low or narrow terrace ridges, water ponding in the channel, terrace outlets, erosion, and sediment clogging near waterway or pipe outlets.&nbsp;Terraces should be considered only a part of an overall erosion control plan. Use of conservation farming methods, especially residue maintenance, compliments erosion control structures and has been shown to be both economically and environmentally sound.&nbsp;Information provided by DeAnn Presley, K-State Soil Management Specialist. Additional sources for technical information include local USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service and county conservation district offices.&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.

CAMPBELL: Check terraces now for needed repairs and maintenance 

Benjamin Franklin is credited with saying, “Nothing is certain but death and taxes.” Local cities, school districts and the county have recently completed their 2024 budgets, and soon, property owners will receive their annual property tax statements.

Of course, none of us like to pay taxes, and there are few issues that generate more indigestion, but at the risk of creating heartburn, I thought I would provide some data that I believe is relevant.

I often hear the comment that “taxes are too high in Hays.” When I hear this, my initial thought is compared to what? Compared to other Kansas communities our size? Compared to what they were a few years ago? It isn’t reasonable to say something is too high without some basis for comparison.

The chart below reflects comparable communities across Kansas, the median listing price of homes for sale (per Realtor.com), their mill levies, and corresponding property taxes experienced in those communities.

We compare very well with these communities in terms of property tax costs.

Taxpayers in the city of Hays have long enjoyed one of the lowest mill levies in the state. There are several reasons for this.

●	In 2004, the residents of the city of Hays voted to fund the city general fund via sales tax versus property taxes. This has resulted in a reduction in the city levy to about 25 mills since that time. ●	Ellis County is consistently the top oil-producing county in the state of Kansas. In 2022, oil properties comprised 8.52 percent of the county's taxable valuation. The property taxes paid on these oil properties result in lower overall property taxes for other property owners. ●	For 40 years, the residents of USD 489 chose not to invest in school facilities. By doing so, the levy for USD 489 remained low. However, the bill came due, and in May of 2022, a $143.5 million bond was passed, resulting in an 11 mill levy increase.

Another consideration is where our property tax dollars go. Below is a chart reflecting the break out of the levies by the various entities and the percentage of the property tax bill they represent.

Undoubtedly, increased costs of all types create a hardship for low and fixed-income residents, and this is an ongoing challenge. However, in my experience, Hays city commissioners, Ellis County commissioners, USD 489 board members, and their staffs do a very good job making financially prudent decisions and managing costs. They are mindful of spending and invest public funds wisely.

Property taxes fund much in our community, including schools, streets,&nbsp;county roads and bridges, fire departments, city and county law enforcement,&nbsp;parks and recreation, libraries, and many other quality-of-life amenities. We&nbsp;have a wonderful community and much to be thankful for, but Benjamin&nbsp;Franklin was right. “Nothing is certain but death and taxes.”

— Doug Williams, executive director of Grow Hays

Benjamin Franklin is credited with saying, “Nothing is certain but death and taxes.” Local cities, school districts and the county have recently completed their 2024 budgets, and soon, property owners will receive their annual property tax statements.Of course, none of us like to pay taxes, and there are few issues that generate more indigestion, but at the risk of creating heartburn, I thought I would provide some data that I believe is relevant.I often hear the comment that “taxes are too high in Hays.” When I hear this, my initial thought is compared to what? Compared to other Kansas communities our size? Compared to what they were a few years ago? It isn’t reasonable to say something is too high without some basis for comparison.The chart below reflects comparable communities across Kansas, the median listing price of homes for sale (per Realtor.com), their mill levies, and corresponding property taxes experienced in those communities.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/11/1699022903433.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>We compare very well with these communities in terms of property tax costs.Taxpayers in the city of Hays have long enjoyed one of the lowest mill levies in the state. There are several reasons for this.●	In 2004, the residents of the city of Hays voted to fund the city general fund via sales tax versus property taxes. This has resulted in a reduction in the city levy to about 25 mills since that time. ●	Ellis County is consistently the top oil-producing county in the state of Kansas. In 2022, oil properties comprised 8.52 percent of the county's taxable valuation. The property taxes paid on these oil properties result in lower overall property taxes for other property owners. ●	For 40 years, the residents of USD 489 chose not to invest in school facilities. By doing so, the levy for USD 489 remained low. However, the bill came due, and in May of 2022, a $143.5 million bond was passed, resulting in an 11 mill levy increase.Another consideration is where our property tax dollars go. Below is a chart reflecting the break out of the levies by the various entities and the percentage of the property tax bill they represent.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/11/1699023022713.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Undoubtedly, increased costs of all types create a hardship for low and fixed-income residents, and this is an ongoing challenge. However, in my experience, Hays city commissioners, Ellis County commissioners, USD 489 board members, and their staffs do a very good job making financially prudent decisions and managing costs. They are mindful of spending and invest public funds wisely.Property taxes fund much in our community, including schools, streets,&nbsp;county roads and bridges, fire departments, city and county law enforcement,&nbsp;parks and recreation, libraries, and many other quality-of-life amenities. We&nbsp;have a wonderful community and much to be thankful for, but Benjamin&nbsp;Franklin was right. “Nothing is certain but death and taxes.”— Doug Williams, executive director of Grow Hays

Letter: Death and taxes

This column continues exploring the 1913 – 1914 Second Annual Catalogue of Ellis Public Schools. This portion deals with the curricula for the College Preparatory Course. Keep in mind the limited faculty available to prepare Ellis youth for their futures.

According to the catalogue, the district (or perhaps the state) required 15 units for graduation. Those desiring to attend college needed to take and pass “at least two units of a foreign language and three units in one subject besides English, to be taken from the following: Foreign Language, Mathematics, History, Natural Science.”

The catalogue adds an explanation stating, “In the branches that do not require preparation by the student outside of the recitation a unit of credit is given for a course of daily exercises extending through the year with double eighty-minute periods, and a half unit of credit is given for a course extending through the year with forty-minute periods.”

In additional paragraphs, the catalogue records that, “The Normal Training Course meets the requirements of the State Board of Education.

"If agriculture and domestic science are taken in the third year, this course will also satisfy the requirements of the State Board with reference to appropriations for these subjects.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697658052786.jpeg" alt="Ellis School ca 1911. Courtesy Paul Kraus&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Ellis School ca 1911. Courtesy Paul Kraus&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>This column continues exploring the 1913 – 1914 Second Annual Catalogue of Ellis Public Schools. This portion deals with the curricula for the College Preparatory Course. Keep in mind the limited faculty available to prepare Ellis youth for their futures.According to the catalogue, the district (or perhaps the state) required 15 units for graduation. Those desiring to attend college needed to take and pass “at least two units of a foreign language and three units in one subject besides English, to be taken from the following: Foreign Language, Mathematics, History, Natural Science.”The catalogue adds an explanation stating, “In the branches that do not require preparation by the student outside of the recitation a unit of credit is given for a course of daily exercises extending through the year with double eighty-minute periods, and a half unit of credit is given for a course extending through the year with forty-minute periods.”In additional paragraphs, the catalogue records that, “The Normal Training Course meets the requirements of the State Board of Education."If agriculture and domestic science are taken in the third year, this course will also satisfy the requirements of the State Board with reference to appropriations for these subjects."If two units of foreign language are included in the electives, this course will be satisfactory for admission to most colleges.”And finally, “Satisfactory rhetoricals are required of all students.”Clearly, earning a diploma and the right to apply to colleges required diligence on the part of students and faculty. I don’t pretend that I understand all of these requirements, but I do recognize that the students and their families sacrificed more than tuition money to achieve educational success. I wish I had more information regarding teacher preparation that detailed how educators instructed students to meet these standards.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1697658006051.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/7/1658158626307.png" alt="Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Karen Madorin is a retired teacher, writer, photographer, outdoors lover, and sixth-generation Kansan. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>

Opinion