By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Musk thistle is usually a biennial or winter annual, but it will occasionally occur as a summer annual. 

As a biennial, it produces a rosette the first year and develops flowers and seeds the second year. As a summer annual, this thistle completes its life cycle from germination through seed production in the same growing season. Seedlings may emerge anytime during the growing season, but the plants usually remain in the rosette stage for about 90% of their life cycle.

Musk thistle usually begins flowering in May and may bloom from seven to nine weeks. Seed dispersal begins seven to ten days after a head begins to bloom and an average of 11,000 seeds can be produced per plant with around 5,000 of the seeds capable of germination.

Musk thistle was declared a noxious week in Kansas in 1963. Kansas law requires all persons and organizations prevent its spread and eradicate it.

There are several different methods for controlling thistle. 

The first line of defense is proper grazing management. Invasion of thistle is slowed on grasslands that are properly stocked to maintain a good cover of competing vegetation. 

Burning does not control the thistle, but it makes control more effective. Burn according to your burn plan, and then spray 10-14 days after. 

For the most effective control, apply herbicides while the musk thistle is in the rosette stage and actively growing, usually early May. For fall, October 1 to soil freeze is an excellent time. During the fall, most musk thistles are in the rosette stage and are most susceptible to herbicides. Use herbicides when they are growing rapidly under good soil moisture and favorable air temperatures (70-90 degrees F). A 6-12 hours rain-free period after application at the recommended rate is adequate to allow herbicide absorption.

For control in pastures that have a scattered issue, you can remove them by hand. Dig the plant below the crown to prevent further development. Dig, remove the plant, and burn the flowers that are in late bud or bloom stage. 

Research shows that mowing is the most effective at full bloom, but must be repeated as necessary for effective control.

For questions over what herbicides are labeled for use, consult K-State Research and Extension’s Chemical Weed Control guide. It's available online or you can pick up a copy at most Extension offices. Column adapted from publication L-231.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictMusk thistle is usually a biennial or winter annual, but it will occasionally occur as a summer annual. As a biennial, it produces a rosette the first year and develops flowers and seeds the second year. As a summer annual, this thistle completes its life cycle from germination through seed production in the same growing season. Seedlings may emerge anytime during the growing season, but the plants usually remain in the rosette stage for about 90% of their life cycle.Musk thistle usually begins flowering in May and may bloom from seven to nine weeks. Seed dispersal begins seven to ten days after a head begins to bloom and an average of 11,000 seeds can be produced per plant with around 5,000 of the seeds capable of germination.Musk thistle was declared a noxious week in Kansas in 1963. Kansas law requires all persons and organizations prevent its spread and eradicate it.There are several different methods for controlling thistle. The first line of defense is proper grazing management. Invasion of thistle is slowed on grasslands that are properly stocked to maintain a good cover of competing vegetation. Burning does not control the thistle, but it makes control more effective. Burn according to your burn plan, and then spray 10-14 days after. For the most effective control, apply herbicides while the musk thistle is in the rosette stage and actively growing, usually early May. For fall, October 1 to soil freeze is an excellent time. During the fall, most musk thistles are in the rosette stage and are most susceptible to herbicides. Use herbicides when they are growing rapidly under good soil moisture and favorable air temperatures (70-90 degrees F). A 6-12 hours rain-free period after application at the recommended rate is adequate to allow herbicide absorption.For control in pastures that have a scattered issue, you can remove them by hand. Dig the plant below the crown to prevent further development. Dig, remove the plant, and burn the flowers that are in late bud or bloom stage. Research shows that mowing is the most effective at full bloom, but must be repeated as necessary for effective control.For questions over what herbicides are labeled for use, consult K-State Research and Extension’s Chemical Weed Control guide. It's available online or you can pick up a copy at most Extension offices. Column adapted from publication L-231.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Musk thistle eradication

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension&nbsp;

Over the last ten years, stripe rust has been one of the most damaging wheat diseases in Kansas. 

There are several factors that contribute to the development and severity of stripe rust in our region within a given year. The stripe rust pathogen typically does not survive in Kansas over the winter but can survive in Texas through the winter months and make its way back north as the weather warms in the spring. Because of this, weather conditions in Texas can be important indicators of how bad stripe rust will be in Kansas.

Our K-State plant pathologists have received reports that low levels of stripe and leaf rust were active in College Station, TX, and Waco, TX, in late February. 

Currently they have not received any reports of stripe rust in Oklahoma or Kansas. Historically, stripe rust detections in Kansas prior to April 15 have been associated with bad stripe rust years. Scouting efforts over the next few weeks will be very important.

Conditions this fall/winter were dry in parts of Texas that are important for stripe rust overwintering. At K-State, they combine this information with several weather-based models to help forecast whether or not stripe rust will be widespread and yield limiting in Kansas. 

Right now, all models are indicating that the stripe rust risk is generally low for this year. Historically, years that begin like this have ended with lower-than-average yield losses in Kansas to this disease.

Of course, stripe rust severity in Kansas is still driven by weather conditions in the state in the late spring. Once stripe rust is detected in Kansas, cool evenings and extended periods of canopy moisture will be necessary for disease establishment at levels that would result in yield losses.

The disease situation can change rapidly, and it is important to continue to scout for signs of disease development as the season progresses. 

K-State Research &amp; Extension will continue to provide updates on stripe rust occurrence and weather outlook as we move toward critical growth stages for fungicide applications in Kansas over the next several weeks. Growers can also get these weekly updates by subscribing to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate newsletter, by googling it and subscribing.

If you detect any stripe rust please contact me, so we can use this information to update our surveillance maps for stipe rust detection. And of course, if you have any questions or need assistance please do not hesitate to reach out and contact me in the Cottonwood District office in Hays.

Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre and Erick DeWolf, K-State Extension plant pathologists.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/5/1621099033810.jpeg" alt="Wheat stripe rust. Extension photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Wheat stripe rust. Extension photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension&nbsp;Over the last ten years, stripe rust has been one of the most damaging wheat diseases in Kansas. There are several factors that contribute to the development and severity of stripe rust in our region within a given year. The stripe rust pathogen typically does not survive in Kansas over the winter but can survive in Texas through the winter months and make its way back north as the weather warms in the spring. Because of this, weather conditions in Texas can be important indicators of how bad stripe rust will be in Kansas.Our K-State plant pathologists have received reports that low levels of stripe and leaf rust were active in College Station, TX, and Waco, TX, in late February. Currently they have not received any reports of stripe rust in Oklahoma or Kansas. Historically, stripe rust detections in Kansas prior to April 15 have been associated with bad stripe rust years. Scouting efforts over the next few weeks will be very important.What is the outlook for Kansas wheat? Conditions this fall/winter were dry in parts of Texas that are important for stripe rust overwintering. At K-State, they combine this information with several weather-based models to help forecast whether or not stripe rust will be widespread and yield limiting in Kansas. Right now, all models are indicating that the stripe rust risk is generally low for this year. Historically, years that begin like this have ended with lower-than-average yield losses in Kansas to this disease.Of course, stripe rust severity in Kansas is still driven by weather conditions in the state in the late spring. Once stripe rust is detected in Kansas, cool evenings and extended periods of canopy moisture will be necessary for disease establishment at levels that would result in yield losses.The disease situation can change rapidly, and it is important to continue to scout for signs of disease development as the season progresses. K-State Research &amp; Extension will continue to provide updates on stripe rust occurrence and weather outlook as we move toward critical growth stages for fungicide applications in Kansas over the next several weeks. Growers can also get these weekly updates by subscribing to the K-State Agronomy eUpdate newsletter, by googling it and subscribing.If you detect any stripe rust please contact me, so we can use this information to update our surveillance maps for stipe rust detection. And of course, if you have any questions or need assistance please do not hesitate to reach out and contact me in the Cottonwood District office in Hays.Information provided by Kelsey Andersen Onofre and Erick DeWolf, K-State Extension plant pathologists.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMBELL: Outlook for stripe rust in 2025 Kansas wheat crop is optimistic

By JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp;

Have you ever wanted to make a difference in your community, support local agriculture, youth, families, and community development, or help guide educational outreach in Barton and Ellis Counties? Serving on the Cottonwood Extension District Board may be just the opportunity you’re looking for.

The filing deadline for the 2025 Cottonwood Extension District Board Election is June 1, 2025. Interested individuals must be residents of either Barton or Ellis County and file for candidacy through the respective county clerk’s office. Four positions—two from each county—will be on the ballot during the upcoming election.

What Is the Cottonwood Extension District?

The Cottonwood Extension District is part of K-State Research and Extension, a statewide system that brings the resources of Kansas State University to local communities. Our staff work in areas such as agriculture and natural resources, family and consumer sciences, 4-H youth development, and community vitality. Programs are offered through educational workshops, field demonstrations, school enrichment, one-on-one consultations, and more.

The Cottonwood District serves both Barton and Ellis Counties through offices in Great Bend and Hays, and is guided by a locally elected board of directors.

The Extension District Board plays a vital role in overseeing the planning, budgeting, and staffing of district programs and services. Board members work closely with local extension agents and administrative staff to ensure that educational needs of the community are being met effectively. The board also provides fiscal oversight and strategic guidance to support long-term impact and sustainability.

Board members are elected to four-year terms and meet regularly throughout the year. This is a great opportunity to serve your community while gaining insight into the important work being done to support agriculture, health, youth, and economic development in our region.

Filing is easy. Simply contact your County Clerk’s office—either in Barton County or Ellis County—and request to file for the Cottonwood Extension District Board election. The deadline to file is June 1, 2025.

For more information about the Cottonwood Extension District and the work we do, visit our website at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/">cottonwood.k-state.edu</a> or call the office in Hays at 785-628-9430 or Great Bend at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1745338245919.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension District&nbsp;Have you ever wanted to make a difference in your community, support local agriculture, youth, families, and community development, or help guide educational outreach in Barton and Ellis Counties? Serving on the Cottonwood Extension District Board may be just the opportunity you’re looking for.The filing deadline for the 2025 Cottonwood Extension District Board Election is June 1, 2025. Interested individuals must be residents of either Barton or Ellis County and file for candidacy through the respective county clerk’s office. Four positions—two from each county—will be on the ballot during the upcoming election.What Is the Cottonwood Extension District?The Cottonwood Extension District is part of K-State Research and Extension, a statewide system that brings the resources of Kansas State University to local communities. Our staff work in areas such as agriculture and natural resources, family and consumer sciences, 4-H youth development, and community vitality. Programs are offered through educational workshops, field demonstrations, school enrichment, one-on-one consultations, and more.The Cottonwood District serves both Barton and Ellis Counties through offices in Great Bend and Hays, and is guided by a locally elected board of directors.The Role of the BoardThe Extension District Board plays a vital role in overseeing the planning, budgeting, and staffing of district programs and services. Board members work closely with local extension agents and administrative staff to ensure that educational needs of the community are being met effectively. The board also provides fiscal oversight and strategic guidance to support long-term impact and sustainability.Board members are elected to four-year terms and meet regularly throughout the year. This is a great opportunity to serve your community while gaining insight into the important work being done to support agriculture, health, youth, and economic development in our region.How to FileFiling is easy. Simply contact your County Clerk’s office—either in Barton County or Ellis County—and request to file for the Cottonwood Extension District Board election. The deadline to file is June 1, 2025.For more information about the Cottonwood Extension District and the work we do, visit our website at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/">cottonwood.k-state.edu</a> or call the office in Hays at 785-628-9430 or Great Bend at 620-793-1910.

Filing open for Cottonwood Extension District board member election; deadline June 1

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

One of the best ways to keep your mind and body functioning at its best is to exercise. When I worked with small children we always used to say, “the best exercise for the brain is exercise!” The same holds true as we age. 

Exercise produces a wide range of benefits for not only our physical health, but also mental health. Regular participation in strengthening exercises can help you build muscle and increase bone density. It can also help relieve stress and reduce depression symptoms. 

The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program focuses on improving the health and well being of older adults. The goal of the program is to provide safe, structured and effective strength training for adults. No one is too inactive, or too young to participate. 

Strength training promotes quality of life and independence, especially for adults over age 60. Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an evidence-based program that has been shown to increase strength, balance, and flexibility.

You might be asking yourself, “I wonder what we’ll do?” It is an eight-week program that meets twice a week for one-hour. We will do warm up exercises, easy strengthening exercises, with or without weights, based on your preference, and finish with cool-down stretches and breathing exercises. 

The best part is there is no membership fee like at a gym and there are no special clothes or equipment needed. We will have weights available if you want to use them. You will work at your own pace and progress as you are able. There are modifications to the exercises based on your own fitness level.

Regular classes will begin April 28, 2025 and will be held on Mondays and Wednesdays at 4 p.m. for eight weeks. All classes will be held at our office in Hays located at 601 Main Street. There will be a one-time fee of $20 to participate in the eight-week program. I’m hoping by offering it at 4 p.m. more&nbsp;working people might also be able to attend. 

Please call the office if you have any questions or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu.

Cottonwood Extension District would like to extend a huge thank you to Heartland Community Foundation. This project was funded in part by a grant from the Ellis County Legacy Fund and the Dane G. Hansen Community Grant Fund-Heartland of the Heartland Community Foundation. Their funding allowed us to purchase our own weight set for our district so we will be able to offer classes on a regular basis.

Come join me for some fun and get healthier and stronger!

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1744127925465.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictOne of the best ways to keep your mind and body functioning at its best is to exercise. When I worked with small children we always used to say, “the best exercise for the brain is exercise!” The same holds true as we age. Exercise produces a wide range of benefits for not only our physical health, but also mental health. Regular participation in strengthening exercises can help you build muscle and increase bone density. It can also help relieve stress and reduce depression symptoms. The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program focuses on improving the health and well being of older adults. The goal of the program is to provide safe, structured and effective strength training for adults. No one is too inactive, or too young to participate. Strength training promotes quality of life and independence, especially for adults over age 60. Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an evidence-based program that has been shown to increase strength, balance, and flexibility.You might be asking yourself, “I wonder what we’ll do?” It is an eight-week program that meets twice a week for one-hour. We will do warm up exercises, easy strengthening exercises, with or without weights, based on your preference, and finish with cool-down stretches and breathing exercises. The best part is there is no membership fee like at a gym and there are no special clothes or equipment needed. We will have weights available if you want to use them. You will work at your own pace and progress as you are able. There are modifications to the exercises based on your own fitness level.Regular classes will begin April 28, 2025 and will be held on Mondays and Wednesdays at 4 p.m. for eight weeks. All classes will be held at our office in Hays located at 601 Main Street. There will be a one-time fee of $20 to participate in the eight-week program. I’m hoping by offering it at 4 p.m. more&nbsp;working people might also be able to attend. Please call the office if you have any questions or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu.Cottonwood Extension District would like to extend a huge thank you to Heartland Community Foundation. This project was funded in part by a grant from the Ellis County Legacy Fund and the Dane G. Hansen Community Grant Fund-Heartland of the Heartland Community Foundation. Their funding allowed us to purchase our own weight set for our district so we will be able to offer classes on a regular basis.Come join me for some fun and get healthier and stronger!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

KOERNER: Stay strong, stay healthy classes start April 28

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

WASHINGTON, D.C. — It is exciting that I get to share my thoughts with you this week from Washington, D.C.! I traveled with four of our Kansas 4-H Youth Council delegates to attend the 2025 National 4-H Conference.

National 4-H Conference is a 98-year-old tradition administered by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture with the intent to develop the next generation of leaders.

Youth participants had the opportunity to prioritize several challenge questions that they were interested in working on and presenting a youth perspective briefing. A key component of the National 4-H Conference is to amplify youth voice so a Youth Leadership team assists in conference planning and a Collegiate Facilitator Team host and facilitate youth roundtable groups.

The 21 challenge questions provide the foundation for the roundtable groups to research and develop a presentation to share youth perspective ranging from Financial Literacy to Youth Engagement, Preparedness, Resilience to Empowering Youth in Rural Communities to Future Food and Agriculture Workforce. The roundtable group will develop a 45-minute briefing presentation for a related federal partner. I am so excited to see the thought-provoking ideas that come out of this work.

In addition to many hours of research, discussion, and practice, the youth have time for great opportunities to expand their experiences and network. We have congressional office visits scheduled, time to take in at least one of the Smithsonian museums, an evening tour of the monuments, and to participate in the flag-raising at USDA!

I am very appreciative of the opportunity to chaperone these accomplished young women, as well as the support of the Kansas 4-H Foundation and the planning by the Kansas 4-H office.

Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran&nbsp;is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran&nbsp;is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictWASHINGTON, D.C. — It is exciting that I get to share my thoughts with you this week from Washington, D.C.! I traveled with four of our Kansas 4-H Youth Council delegates to attend the 2025 National 4-H Conference.National 4-H Conference is a 98-year-old tradition administered by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture with the intent to develop the next generation of leaders.Youth participants had the opportunity to prioritize several challenge questions that they were interested in working on and presenting a youth perspective briefing. A key component of the National 4-H Conference is to amplify youth voice so a Youth Leadership team assists in conference planning and a Collegiate Facilitator Team host and facilitate youth roundtable groups.The 21 challenge questions provide the foundation for the roundtable groups to research and develop a presentation to share youth perspective ranging from Financial Literacy to Youth Engagement, Preparedness, Resilience to Empowering Youth in Rural Communities to Future Food and Agriculture Workforce. The roundtable group will develop a 45-minute briefing presentation for a related federal partner. I am so excited to see the thought-provoking ideas that come out of this work.In addition to many hours of research, discussion, and practice, the youth have time for great opportunities to expand their experiences and network. We have congressional office visits scheduled, time to take in at least one of the Smithsonian museums, an evening tour of the monuments, and to participate in the flag-raising at USDA!I am very appreciative of the opportunity to chaperone these accomplished young women, as well as the support of the Kansas 4-H Foundation and the planning by the Kansas 4-H office.Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Attending the 2025 National 4-H Conference

If you’re planning to plant a tree in your yard this spring, there are some steps you can take to make sure it has its best chance of success.

Select the right tree for the site.

To avoid serious problems, choose trees that are adapted to your location. Consider whether the tree produces nuisance fruit or if there are disease-resistant varieties available. Also consider the mature size of a tree to be sure you have enough room.

Keep the tree well-watered and in a shady location until planting.

When moving the tree, lift it by the root ball or pot and not by the trunk.

Before planting, remove all wires, labels, cords or anything else tied to the plant.

If left on, they may eventually girdle the branch to which they are attached.

Make the hole deep enough so the root flare (point where the trunk and roots meet) is visible when planted. Plant the tree on solid ground, not fill dirt. In other words, don't dig the hole too deep and then add soil back to the hole before placing the tree.

The width of the planting hole is very important. It should be three times the width of the root ball. Loosening the soil outside the hole so it is five times the diameter of the root ball will allow the tree to spread its roots faster.

Remove all containers from the root ball.

Cut away plastic and peat pots; roll burlap and wire baskets back into the hole, cutting as much of the excess away as possible. If you can remove the wire basket without disturbing the root ball, do it. If roots have been circling around in the container, cut them and fluff them out so they do not continue growing in a circle inside the hole becoming girdling roots later.

Backfill the hole with the same soil that was removed.

Amendments such as peat moss likely do more harm than good. Make sure the soil that goes back is loosened. Add water as you fill to ensure good root to soil contact and prevent air pockets. There is no need to fertilize at planting.

Foliage is necessary for manufacturing energy to support a healthy tree. Heavy pruning reduces the number of leaves and consequently the amount of energy generated. Corrective pruning can be done at planting to remove dead, damaged or diseased branches or branches that are rubbing against each other.

Then, water once a week for the first season if there is insufficient rainfall.

Mulch should be 2-4 inches deep and cover an area 2 to 3 times the diameter of the root ball. Avoid mulching right up to the trunk of the tree. Leave a 3 to 6-inch gap between the mulch and the trunk to prevent damaging the tree. Mulching reduces competition from other plants, conserves moisture and moderates soil temperature.

Larger trees or those in windy locations may need to be staked the first year. Movement is necessary for the trunk and roots to develop properly. Staking should be designed to limit movement of the root ball rather than immobilize the trunk.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District . Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District . Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictIf you’re planning to plant a tree in your yard this spring, there are some steps you can take to make sure it has its best chance of success.Select the right tree for the site.To avoid serious problems, choose trees that are adapted to your location. Consider whether the tree produces nuisance fruit or if there are disease-resistant varieties available. Also consider the mature size of a tree to be sure you have enough room.Keep the tree well-watered and in a shady location until planting.When moving the tree, lift it by the root ball or pot and not by the trunk.Before planting, remove all wires, labels, cords or anything else tied to the plant.If left on, they may eventually girdle the branch to which they are attached.Dig a proper hole.Make the hole deep enough so the root flare (point where the trunk and roots meet) is visible when planted. Plant the tree on solid ground, not fill dirt. In other words, don't dig the hole too deep and then add soil back to the hole before placing the tree.The width of the planting hole is very important. It should be three times the width of the root ball. Loosening the soil outside the hole so it is five times the diameter of the root ball will allow the tree to spread its roots faster.Remove all containers from the root ball.Cut away plastic and peat pots; roll burlap and wire baskets back into the hole, cutting as much of the excess away as possible. If you can remove the wire basket without disturbing the root ball, do it. If roots have been circling around in the container, cut them and fluff them out so they do not continue growing in a circle inside the hole becoming girdling roots later.Backfill the hole with the same soil that was removed.Amendments such as peat moss likely do more harm than good. Make sure the soil that goes back is loosened. Add water as you fill to ensure good root to soil contact and prevent air pockets. There is no need to fertilize at planting.Minimize pruning after planting.Foliage is necessary for manufacturing energy to support a healthy tree. Heavy pruning reduces the number of leaves and consequently the amount of energy generated. Corrective pruning can be done at planting to remove dead, damaged or diseased branches or branches that are rubbing against each other.Water the tree thoroughly.Then, water once a week for the first season if there is insufficient rainfall.Mulch around the tree.Mulch should be 2-4 inches deep and cover an area 2 to 3 times the diameter of the root ball. Avoid mulching right up to the trunk of the tree. Leave a 3 to 6-inch gap between the mulch and the trunk to prevent damaging the tree. Mulching reduces competition from other plants, conserves moisture and moderates soil temperature.Stake only when necessary.Larger trees or those in windy locations may need to be staked the first year. Movement is necessary for the trunk and roots to develop properly. Staking should be designed to limit movement of the root ball rather than immobilize the trunk.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Spring tree planting

"Stay Strong Stay Healthy" is an evidence-based strength training program for older adults offered by the K-State Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks with Monique Koerner, family and community wellness agent about the benefits of strength training and an upcoming eight-week program starting April 28.

<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Stay strong. Stay healthy." allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=r34vv-1876f7c-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>"Stay Strong Stay Healthy" is an evidence-based strength training program for older adults offered by the K-State Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks with Monique Koerner, family and community wellness agent about the benefits of strength training and an upcoming eight-week program starting April 28.

🎙 Post Podcast: Stay strong. Stay healthy.

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Volatile grain markets may provide Kansas farmers and agribusiness with the opportunity to price 2025 crops at or above breakeven costs. Upcoming monthly webinars will help Kansas farmers develop effective 2025 grain marketing plans for Kansas crops.

These webinars will be presented by Daniel O’Brien from Kansas State University and Mark Nelson from Kansas Farm Bureau. They look at factors driving current grain markets in 2025, as well as pricing opportunities and strategies.

The next monthly “Winning the Game” Grain Marketing Webinar will be held April 28, 2025, 12 noon Central time, via Zoom. There is no fee, but registration is required. If you are unable to attend the live meeting zoom webinar, a recording of the presentations will be available the following day.

You can also view January, February, and March “Winning the Game” Grain Marketing webinars. To register, go to <a href="https://www.agmanager.info/">www.agmanager.info</a>.&nbsp;It only takes a minute to register and K-State Research &amp; Extension does not and cannot share your registration information.

If you would like to subscribe to the K-State Research &amp; Extension Agricultural Economics – AgManager web site which sends out a weekly email of upcoming events, workshops, and conferences, there is much more information on farm and ranch management and economics, crop and livestock budgets, farm bill and crop insurance information, interactive crop basis tool, grain marketing, livestock marketing, and many decision tools/spreadsheets available, etc.

Go to <a href="https://www.agmanager.info/">www.agmanager.info</a> in the upper right corner click onto the register link. It is also accessible via Facebook and X.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell&nbsp; is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell&nbsp; is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictVolatile grain markets may provide Kansas farmers and agribusiness with the opportunity to price 2025 crops at or above breakeven costs. Upcoming monthly webinars will help Kansas farmers develop effective 2025 grain marketing plans for Kansas crops.These webinars will be presented by Daniel O’Brien from Kansas State University and Mark Nelson from Kansas Farm Bureau. They look at factors driving current grain markets in 2025, as well as pricing opportunities and strategies.The next monthly “Winning the Game” Grain Marketing Webinar will be held April 28, 2025, 12 noon Central time, via Zoom. There is no fee, but registration is required. If you are unable to attend the live meeting zoom webinar, a recording of the presentations will be available the following day.You can also view January, February, and March “Winning the Game” Grain Marketing webinars. To register, go to <a href="https://www.agmanager.info/">www.agmanager.info</a>.&nbsp;It only takes a minute to register and K-State Research &amp; Extension does not and cannot share your registration information.If you would like to subscribe to the K-State Research &amp; Extension Agricultural Economics – AgManager web site which sends out a weekly email of upcoming events, workshops, and conferences, there is much more information on farm and ranch management and economics, crop and livestock budgets, farm bill and crop insurance information, interactive crop basis tool, grain marketing, livestock marketing, and many decision tools/spreadsheets available, etc. Go to <a href="https://www.agmanager.info/">www.agmanager.info</a> in the upper right corner click onto the register link. It is also accessible via Facebook and X.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: 'Winning the Game' grain marketing webinars

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension

Several K-State Research &amp; Extension Districts and counties are offering a hazardous occupation safety training in agriculture (tractor and farm safety course) for youth on Saturday, April 26, from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. The training will take place at Hoxie Implement, 933 Oak Ave., Hoxie.

K-State Research &amp; Extension agents, along with other organizations, will teach the course, covering critical farm and machinery safety topics, including proper tractor operation and maintenance, grain safety, implement use safety, livestock safety, and more.

The U.S. Department of Labor requires youth ages 14–15 to complete this safety training to work on a farm for someone other than their parents—and in some cases, even when working on a family farm.

Pre-training assignments must be completed before April 26. Registration fee: $10 (due by Tuesday, April 22). 

Visit one of these K-State Research &amp; Extension Offices to register:

Some Extension offices may provide transportation to the training.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/3/1679689278799.jpg" alt="Photo by Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood ExtensionSeveral K-State Research &amp; Extension Districts and counties are offering a hazardous occupation safety training in agriculture (tractor and farm safety course) for youth on Saturday, April 26, from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. The training will take place at Hoxie Implement, 933 Oak Ave., Hoxie.K-State Research &amp; Extension agents, along with other organizations, will teach the course, covering critical farm and machinery safety topics, including proper tractor operation and maintenance, grain safety, implement use safety, livestock safety, and more.The U.S. Department of Labor requires youth ages 14–15 to complete this safety training to work on a farm for someone other than their parents—and in some cases, even when working on a family farm.Registration Details:Pre-training assignments must be completed before April 26. Registration fee: $10 (due by Tuesday, April 22). Visit one of these K-State Research &amp; Extension Offices to register:· Twin Creeks – 785-421-3411· Golden Prairie – 785-673-4805· Phillips-Rooks – 785-425-6851· Cottonwood District 785-628-9430· Thomas County – 785-460-4582Some Extension offices may provide transportation to the training.&nbsp;

Tractor and farm safety training April 26 in Hoxie

Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. 

Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 

Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; 

Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; 

Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;

Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.

Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. 

Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). 

Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. 

However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictCrabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil.&nbsp; Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Crabgrass preventers

By STACY CAMPELL Cottonwood Extension District

For irrigated growers the following can serve as a good refresher or reminder. 

Giving your irrigation system a thorough check-up and tune-up this spring can lead to more effective water application and potentially, to fewer breakdowns or problems during the heart of the irrigation season. 

Even if irrigation has started in places like southwestern Kansas, it’s important to go through this checklist to potentially save energy and costs while irrigating to the best of the system’s abilities. The above-average seasonal temperatures might have made it where some have jumped into irrigation already, though the nights are still cold.

Here are some areas to check before irrigation starts or when the first irrigation occurs. These areas include the pump and pivot itself, but there may be additional areas to consider as this is not an exhaustive list. Some of this checklist might have been done in the fall.

· Clean pipes and structure of animal nests and check for any damage on the wires.

· Check all panel or pump wires for rodent damage.

· Change all lubricants, associated filters, and fluids if not done in the fall: engine, fuel, cooling system.

·  Refill the drip oil reservoir and allow oil to drain into the drip line based on pump column length.

· Grease drive shafts on the pump and motor.

· Check spark plugs on gas, propane, or natural gas motors.

· Ensure that the right-angle gear head is free moving and clean and lubricate non-reverse pins.

· Blow out any in line filters of debris and check for damage

· Flush system thoroughly with drains removed/open to prevent plugging nozzles and pressure regulators.

· Close any drains/ valves that were opened.

·  Most newer pivots have automatic frost drains that do not need maintenance, but it’s a water loss orifice that shouldn’t be overlooked.

·  Tighten all pressure valves back into operation if loosened or removed for winter months

· Run the motor at the normal operating speed for 45 minutes and walk along the system looking for faulty sprinklers. Look for plugging, broken sprinklers, partially opened valves (if present), unusual distribution/movement, and leaks. If no faulty sprinklers, then any hoses and sprinklers that might have fallen off in the winter.

·  Check the pressure at the pivot point and at the end of the system, particularly at the highest point of the field. Compare this to the design pressure indicated in the pivot chart and adjust accordingly.

· Nozzle wear depends on the quality of the water and the system operating pressure. As a rule of thumb, sprinkler replacement should be considered after approximately 10,000-12,000 hours of operation.

·  Be sure to replace malfunctioning nozzles with ones listed on the computer printout you received from the manufacturer (i.e. pivot chart).

·  Visually inspecting the sprinkler in operation before the irrigation season starts can help identify whether water application is uniform and adequate and whether repairs are needed.

· If in an area with water quality concerns, grab some water samples for water quality testing to anticipate necessary mitigation.

· Check the chemigation pump and safety equipment operation.

·  Check hoses and replace them if cracking is noticeable.

· Check for correct air pressure and extreme wear and tear in each pivot tire

Performing a preseason checkup of your irrigation equipment this spring should be part of your regular maintenance schedule. Component wear happens, resulting in less uniform water application, increased energy use, and untimely breakdowns during your irrigation season. Identify and replace worn components now to have your system ready when you need it.

Information provided by Tina Sullivan, Northeast Area Agronomist and Jonathan Aguilar, Water Resources Engineer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictFor irrigated growers the following can serve as a good refresher or reminder. Giving your irrigation system a thorough check-up and tune-up this spring can lead to more effective water application and potentially, to fewer breakdowns or problems during the heart of the irrigation season. Even if irrigation has started in places like southwestern Kansas, it’s important to go through this checklist to potentially save energy and costs while irrigating to the best of the system’s abilities. The above-average seasonal temperatures might have made it where some have jumped into irrigation already, though the nights are still cold.Here are some areas to check before irrigation starts or when the first irrigation occurs. These areas include the pump and pivot itself, but there may be additional areas to consider as this is not an exhaustive list. Some of this checklist might have been done in the fall.· Clean pipes and structure of animal nests and check for any damage on the wires.· Check all panel or pump wires for rodent damage.· Change all lubricants, associated filters, and fluids if not done in the fall: engine, fuel, cooling system.· Refill the drip oil reservoir and allow oil to drain into the drip line based on pump column length.· Grease drive shafts on the pump and motor.· Check gearboxes for each pivot tower.· Check spark plugs on gas, propane, or natural gas motors.· Ensure that the right-angle gear head is free moving and clean and lubricate non-reverse pins.· Blow out any in line filters of debris and check for damage· Flush system thoroughly with drains removed/open to prevent plugging nozzles and pressure regulators.· Close any drains/ valves that were opened.· Most newer pivots have automatic frost drains that do not need maintenance, but it’s a water loss orifice that shouldn’t be overlooked.· Tighten all pressure valves back into operation if loosened or removed for winter months· Run the motor at the normal operating speed for 45 minutes and walk along the system looking for faulty sprinklers. Look for plugging, broken sprinklers, partially opened valves (if present), unusual distribution/movement, and leaks. If no faulty sprinklers, then any hoses and sprinklers that might have fallen off in the winter.· Check the pressure at the pivot point and at the end of the system, particularly at the highest point of the field. Compare this to the design pressure indicated in the pivot chart and adjust accordingly.· Nozzle wear depends on the quality of the water and the system operating pressure. As a rule of thumb, sprinkler replacement should be considered after approximately 10,000-12,000 hours of operation.· Be sure to replace malfunctioning nozzles with ones listed on the computer printout you received from the manufacturer (i.e. pivot chart).· Visually inspecting the sprinkler in operation before the irrigation season starts can help identify whether water application is uniform and adequate and whether repairs are needed.· If in an area with water quality concerns, grab some water samples for water quality testing to anticipate necessary mitigation.· Check the chemigation pump and safety equipment operation.· Check hoses and replace them if cracking is noticeable.· Check for correct air pressure and extreme wear and tear in each pivot tirePerforming a preseason checkup of your irrigation equipment this spring should be part of your regular maintenance schedule. Component wear happens, resulting in less uniform water application, increased energy use, and untimely breakdowns during your irrigation season. Identify and replace worn components now to have your system ready when you need it.Information provided by Tina Sullivan, Northeast Area Agronomist and Jonathan Aguilar, Water Resources Engineer.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Pre-season irrigation checklist: Maximize efficiency and minimize issues

Our HAPp program began in January 2025 and is going strong! 

Participants are learning the basics about hypertension, how to take their blood pressure at home and be in dialogue with their health care provider about the data. They are also learning about lifestyle choices that can affect their blood pressure such as diet, exercise, and stress management.

HAPp offers office hours twice a month that coach participants and answer questions around hypertension. They are also setting goals in relationship to the health goals they want to accomplish. In addition to the office hours, participants, as well as the public, are invited to the nutrition workshops.

We have had two of our nutrition workshops that also include a food demonstration. At our first workshop we discussed the role of fat in our diet and learned about how to read food labels. Our program assistant conducted a food demonstration, and participants were able to taste test a couple of delicious recipes.

The second workshop included a special guest speaker, Dr. Travis Haneke, a cardiologist from Hays Medical Center. Dr. Haneke gave an overview of hypertension from a cardiologist’s point of view and was able to answer detailed questions about what hypertension is and how it affects the body! He was a great addition to the night as we further explored how salt in our diet affects blood pressure. 

We finished the night with another food demonstration from Cottonwood District program assistant, Jacy, and she broke down the numbers for us on how using reduced sodium products in recipes affects the bottom line. We also tasted a couple of great recipes! Black bean soup and a lentil recipe were outstanding!

The participants are reporting great successes including lowered blood pressure readings and just an overall feeling of wellness after a couple months into the program. They enjoy the office hours to troubleshoot specifics for themselves as well as the group support offered at the nutrition programs. 

Most importantly, participants regularly monitor their blood pressure at home to enjoy better health in the long term.

It’s not too late to join us! We have two nutrition programs left scheduled for April 29 and May 27. In April we will discuss cooking with herbs and spices and in May we will explore ways to eat healthy when out and about. Both nights will include food demonstrations and tasting new recipes and foods.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictOur HAPp program began in January 2025 and is going strong! Participants are learning the basics about hypertension, how to take their blood pressure at home and be in dialogue with their health care provider about the data. They are also learning about lifestyle choices that can affect their blood pressure such as diet, exercise, and stress management.HAPp offers office hours twice a month that coach participants and answer questions around hypertension. They are also setting goals in relationship to the health goals they want to accomplish. In addition to the office hours, participants, as well as the public, are invited to the nutrition workshops.We have had two of our nutrition workshops that also include a food demonstration. At our first workshop we discussed the role of fat in our diet and learned about how to read food labels. Our program assistant conducted a food demonstration, and participants were able to taste test a couple of delicious recipes.The second workshop included a special guest speaker, Dr. Travis Haneke, a cardiologist from Hays Medical Center. Dr. Haneke gave an overview of hypertension from a cardiologist’s point of view and was able to answer detailed questions about what hypertension is and how it affects the body! He was a great addition to the night as we further explored how salt in our diet affects blood pressure. We finished the night with another food demonstration from Cottonwood District program assistant, Jacy, and she broke down the numbers for us on how using reduced sodium products in recipes affects the bottom line. We also tasted a couple of great recipes! Black bean soup and a lentil recipe were outstanding!The participants are reporting great successes including lowered blood pressure readings and just an overall feeling of wellness after a couple months into the program. They enjoy the office hours to troubleshoot specifics for themselves as well as the group support offered at the nutrition programs. Most importantly, participants regularly monitor their blood pressure at home to enjoy better health in the long term.It’s not too late to join us! We have two nutrition programs left scheduled for April 29 and May 27. In April we will discuss cooking with herbs and spices and in May we will explore ways to eat healthy when out and about. Both nights will include food demonstrations and tasting new recipes and foods.

KOERNER: Hypertension Awareness and Prevention program (HAPp) update

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1743773637569.png" alt="K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District</figcaption>
 </figure>Submitted

Dementia workshops to be presented April 9 & 10

Understanding spray water quality is a crucial first step for successful herbicide applications for farmers. 

Much of the water used for herbicide applications in Kansas is inherently “hard,” and the quality of water from some wells is decreasing as water resources decrease. 

This article will be a shortened version that will focus on the effects of water quality on herbicide efficacy, particularly in postemergence applications. To see the full article, google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>.

Three main factors affect water quality in Kansas - turbidity, pH, and hardness.

Turbidity is defined as the clarity of water and is mostly affected by larger particles suspended in the water, such as algae, clay, minerals, or organic matter. 

Poor turbidity is more likely to exist where surface waters such as ponds, streams, or rivers are the source of spray water. These suspended particles interact with many of our herbicides and can influence uptake by the plants, chemical changes at the site-of-action (SOA), and decrease the performance of sprayer equipment. Its effect is severe on cationic (positively charged) herbicides (paraquat and diquat) and herbicides with low soil mobility (glyphosate). 

If turbidity is an issue, chelating agents may be available for use in holding ponds or tanks prior to mixing in the spray tank.

Spray water pH is a measure of acidity or the presence of hydrogen ions. Pure water is neutral, having a pH of 7.0, whereas values below 7 are considered acidic, and values above 7 are basic. 

Kansas surface and subsurface water pH typically ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. Generally, pH values of spray water in Kansas do not have a large effect on the herbicides commonly applied. However, there are some exceptions.

Water hardness is one of the largest issues impacting herbicide applications in Kansas. Hardness is caused by the presence of positively charged minerals (cations) suspended in the water, particularly calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). 

Because many of our herbicides, notably glyphosate and glufosinate, form weak acids (negatively charged) when mixed in water, cations can bind to herbicide molecules, thus changing how the herbicide is absorbed by the plants and altering its ability to bind at the site of action.

Water hardness can be classified into the following groups based on the total number of cations present expressed in parts per million (ppm): Soft = less than 75 ppm, moderately hard = 75 to 150 ppm, hard = 150 to 300 ppm, and very hard = greater than 300 ppm.

To combat hard water antagonism, water conditioners such as ammonium sulfate (AMS) are recommended with many of our postemergence herbicides. When added to the water prior to the herbicide, AMS produces ammonium ions which bind to the herbicide and prevent other cations from interacting with it. Recommended rates of AMS range from 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100&nbsp;

A handy Excel-based version of this formula can be found at the website: https://sprayers101.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMS-Calculator-Sprayers101-1.xlsx

Water quality has a large impact on herbicide efficacy. As water resources decline, water quality can and does change over time. A proper water test is the best way to understand what characteristics are influencing our spray applications and how to mitigate those effects. K-State, as well as several commercial providers, can conduct water tests for a nominal charge.

During the summer of 2025, researchers at K-State will be collecting spray water samples from around the state to test for quality. If you are interested in participating in this study, please contact your local Extension agent. To read about liquid AMS replacements and the full article google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>.

Information provided by Patrick Geier, Sarah Lancaster, and Jeremie Kouame, K-State Weed Management Specialist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictUnderstanding spray water quality is a crucial first step for successful herbicide applications for farmers. Much of the water used for herbicide applications in Kansas is inherently “hard,” and the quality of water from some wells is decreasing as water resources decrease. This article will be a shortened version that will focus on the effects of water quality on herbicide efficacy, particularly in postemergence applications. To see the full article, google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>. Three main factors affect water quality in Kansas - turbidity, pH, and hardness.Turbidity is defined as the clarity of water and is mostly affected by larger particles suspended in the water, such as algae, clay, minerals, or organic matter. Poor turbidity is more likely to exist where surface waters such as ponds, streams, or rivers are the source of spray water. These suspended particles interact with many of our herbicides and can influence uptake by the plants, chemical changes at the site-of-action (SOA), and decrease the performance of sprayer equipment. Its effect is severe on cationic (positively charged) herbicides (paraquat and diquat) and herbicides with low soil mobility (glyphosate). If turbidity is an issue, chelating agents may be available for use in holding ponds or tanks prior to mixing in the spray tank.Spray water pH is a measure of acidity or the presence of hydrogen ions. Pure water is neutral, having a pH of 7.0, whereas values below 7 are considered acidic, and values above 7 are basic. Kansas surface and subsurface water pH typically ranges from 6.5 to 8.5. Generally, pH values of spray water in Kansas do not have a large effect on the herbicides commonly applied. However, there are some exceptions.Water hardness is one of the largest issues impacting herbicide applications in Kansas. Hardness is caused by the presence of positively charged minerals (cations) suspended in the water, particularly calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and iron (Fe). Because many of our herbicides, notably glyphosate and glufosinate, form weak acids (negatively charged) when mixed in water, cations can bind to herbicide molecules, thus changing how the herbicide is absorbed by the plants and altering its ability to bind at the site of action.Water hardness can be classified into the following groups based on the total number of cations present expressed in parts per million (ppm): Soft = less than 75 ppm, moderately hard = 75 to 150 ppm, hard = 150 to 300 ppm, and very hard = greater than 300 ppm.To combat hard water antagonism, water conditioners such as ammonium sulfate (AMS) are recommended with many of our postemergence herbicides. When added to the water prior to the herbicide, AMS produces ammonium ions which bind to the herbicide and prevent other cations from interacting with it. Recommended rates of AMS range from 8.5 to 17 pounds per 100&nbsp;A handy Excel-based version of this formula can be found at the website: https://sprayers101.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMS-Calculator-Sprayers101-1.xlsxSUMMARYWater quality has a large impact on herbicide efficacy. As water resources decline, water quality can and does change over time. A proper water test is the best way to understand what characteristics are influencing our spray applications and how to mitigate those effects. K-State, as well as several commercial providers, can conduct water tests for a nominal charge.During the summer of 2025, researchers at K-State will be collecting spray water samples from around the state to test for quality. If you are interested in participating in this study, please contact your local Extension agent. To read about liquid AMS replacements and the full article google <a href="https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/the-role-of-water-quality-on-effective-herbicide-applications-634-3">K-State Agronomy eUpdates</a>.Information provided by Patrick Geier, Sarah Lancaster, and Jeremie Kouame, K-State Weed Management Specialist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Role of water quality on effective herbicide applications

The Community Baby Shower will held on Saturday, April 5 at St. Nicholas Church, 2901 E. 13th, Hays, as part of the Week of the Young Child.

News reporter Becky Kiser talks with Monique Koerner, Cottonwood Extension Family &amp; Community Wellness Agent and Susan Bowles, Kid-Link&nbsp;speech pathologist on this episode of the Hays Post Podcast about the event for expectant and new parents.&nbsp;

<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Community Baby Shower" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=ycm4r-186c8fd-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>The Community Baby Shower will held on Saturday, April 5 at St. Nicholas Church, 2901 E. 13th, Hays, as part of the Week of the Young Child.News reporter Becky Kiser talks with Monique Koerner, Cottonwood Extension Family &amp; Community Wellness Agent and Susan Bowles, Kid-Link&nbsp;speech pathologist on this episode of the Hays Post Podcast about the event for expectant and new parents.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1743609508823.png" alt="K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District</figcaption>
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🎙 Post Podcast: Community Baby Shower for new parents Saturday in Hays

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 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1743609508823.png" alt="K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District</figcaption>
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Community Baby Shower in Hays Saturday celebrates new, expecting parents

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

If you have called or stopped by our Cottonwood Extension offices in Hays or Great Bend, you have spoken to some of the most valuable members of our team!

The agents across the Cottonwood Extension District are blessed to have incredible staff to support and assist in so many ways.

Brenda and Theresa are our office professionals and they manage a multitude of tasks, well beyond answering the phone and greeting those who step through our doors. They help to keep us organized, manage the district finances and website, and occasionally “mom” us when schedules and tasks get overwhelming. In addition, they manage so many tasks for events such as the fairs, Walk Kansas, and much more. We couldn’t function without them!

Jacy is the district-wide program assistant and provides wonderful support from scheduling social media to assisting with programs to general coordination of supplies for those programs. If you happened to see our <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ksrecottonwood">National Ag Week videos</a>, (Rowdy Ringo on 3.18.2025 and&nbsp;Crosby the Farm Dog on 3.21.2025), Jacy took my crazy idea and made it happen to share two books from local authors with 4-H youth reading. Her fun and “can do” attitude make her a joy with whom to work!

We are also fortunate to have a couple of student assistants from time to time in our offices. Kiera is a Barton Community College student and a Midway-Russell 4-H member and brings a willingness to work and help wherever needed. 

This summer we will have a student summer assistant in each office who assist with copies, fair input, answering the phones, and whatever else is needed. One of our goals is always to expose these students to the larger world of Extension work!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District, Great Bend and Hays. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran&nbsp;is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District, Great Bend and Hays. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran&nbsp;is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District, Great Bend and Hays. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictIf you have called or stopped by our Cottonwood Extension offices in Hays or Great Bend, you have spoken to some of the most valuable members of our team!The agents across the Cottonwood Extension District are blessed to have incredible staff to support and assist in so many ways.Brenda and Theresa are our office professionals and they manage a multitude of tasks, well beyond answering the phone and greeting those who step through our doors. They help to keep us organized, manage the district finances and website, and occasionally “mom” us when schedules and tasks get overwhelming. In addition, they manage so many tasks for events such as the fairs, Walk Kansas, and much more. We couldn’t function without them!Jacy is the district-wide program assistant and provides wonderful support from scheduling social media to assisting with programs to general coordination of supplies for those programs. If you happened to see our <a href="https://www.facebook.com/ksrecottonwood">National Ag Week videos</a>, (Rowdy Ringo on 3.18.2025 and&nbsp;Crosby the Farm Dog on 3.21.2025), Jacy took my crazy idea and made it happen to share two books from local authors with 4-H youth reading. Her fun and “can do” attitude make her a joy with whom to work!We are also fortunate to have a couple of student assistants from time to time in our offices. Kiera is a Barton Community College student and a Midway-Russell 4-H member and brings a willingness to work and help wherever needed. This summer we will have a student summer assistant in each office who assist with copies, fair input, answering the phones, and whatever else is needed. One of our goals is always to expose these students to the larger world of Extension work!Keep learning! Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District, Great Bend and Hays. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: It takes a team 

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

A Kansas Forest Service official is urging Kansans to be on the lookout for a pair of invasive species that threaten the state’s forests and ecosystems by pushing out native vegetation.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictA Kansas Forest Service official is urging Kansans to be on the lookout for a pair of invasive species that threaten the state’s forests and ecosystems by pushing out native vegetation.Ryan Rastok, the forest health coordinator with KFS, said Callery pear and bush honeysuckle are especially meddlesome this time of year.“I was flying back from Georgia into Kansas City recently and as we were flying into the airport, I could see an abundance of Callery pear, even from the plane,” Rastok said.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/3/1742917001894.png" alt="Callery or Bradford pear tree. Photo by Kelly Oten/North Carolina State Extension" />
 <figcaption>Callery or Bradford pear tree. Photo by Kelly Oten/North Carolina State Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>For a brief time – often in early April – the Callery pear puts on a stunning display of white flowers. But behind the beauty belies a menace.Native to China, the Callery pear includes 26 cultivars that present significant ecological concerns in Kansas and Missouri. Among them:·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; It displaces native trees and plants in the wild, which lowers ecologocial biodiversity. The tree does not host native pollinators. · It leafs out before woodland wildflowers emerge from dormancy, robbing them of critical sunlight and preventing their growth. · Its’ egg-shaped structure – at heights of 30-40 feet – and brittle wood make it prone to falling limbs that can damage people and property.And, Rastok says, it smells.“Yeah, there’s been a myriad of descriptions for the smell, most of them vile and maybe some not appropriate to say out loud,” he said.Bush Honeysuckle is another invasive that Rastok urges homeowners to identify and remove. The shrub spreads up to 15-20 feet in height with flowers that change from white to yellow; juicy red berries; and opposite, simple leaves that green up much earlier than surrounding native vegetation.The shrub typically flowers in May or June, and unlike the Callery pear, is more fragrant.Rastok said not counting such human activities as &nbsp;urban sprawl and others, bush honeysuckle “is the biggest threat to our native forests and ecosystems in Kansas, and it’s continuing to spread so we need to keep the pressure on that one, as well. The biggest issue right now is that it’s starting to establish in the state’s woodlands where it will eventually push out our native vegetation…it simplifies the ecosystem by lowering its overall floral and faunal diversity.”Neither the Callery pear nor the bush honeysuckle are easily managed by prescribed burning, Rastok said. More information on controls, and options for replenishing areas where trees have been removed, is available from the Kansas Forest Service at&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="http://www.kansasforests.org/">www.kansasforests.org</a>.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.