Cottonwood Extension District<figure>
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Stay Strong, Stay Healthy: new strength training program for older adults

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Water supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. 

In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.

Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.

Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:

· contamination sources upslope or near the well;

· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;

· inadequate well maintenance and service; and

· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.

Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. 

When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.

Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist. 

Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667

Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666 </a>

Testing Private Water Systems MF3655 <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655</a>

Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.edu.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765989648006.png" alt="Illustration by Kansas Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>Illustration by Kansas Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictWater supply to rural residences and agricultural operations without rural or public water systems is usually obtained from a private well or surface water supply. In Kansas, more than 73,000 individuals rely on private wells for a water supply. When public and rural water systems that use well water are added to the private well numbers, 34.6% of the Kansas population relies on groundwater for their water supply.Municipal and rural water systems must maintain water quality standards specified by local, state, or federal requirements; however, owners of private wells are responsible for the water quality of their wells. Permanent contamination of groundwater can decrease property values, affect human and animal health, and involve legal liability.Testing water from private wells has shown that some wells do not meet the safe drinking water standards used for public water systems. The primary reasons for this reduction in water quality from private wells include:· contamination sources upslope or near the well;· failure to construct the well in accordance with current standards;· inadequate well maintenance and service; and· lack of protection from activities that risk contamination.Following the guidelines for recommended separation distance and direction from potential contamination sources when locating a well can help protect private well water quality. When private wells are appropriately sited and constructed, routine maintenance is required to ensure wells continue to be safe. Wells that do not receive regular maintenance are more likely to produce unsafe water.Detailed information about properly constructing a well in a safe location and maintenance guidelines for existing wells can be found in two recently updated publications from K-State Research and Extension, says Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist. Private Wells – Safe Location MF3667 https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/private-wells-safe-location_MF3667 Private Well Maintenance and Protection MF3666 <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/item/private-well-maintenance-and-protection_MF3666 </a>Testing Private Water Systems MF3655 <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/testing-private-water-systems_MF3655</a>Information provided by Stacie Minson, Extension Watershed Specialist, KCARE sedgett@ksu.edu.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Private wells in Kansas: Safe location and maintenance guidelines

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

One of the best ways to keep your mind and body functioning at its best is to exercise. 

When I worked with small children we always used to say, “the best exercise for the brain is exercise!” The same holds true as we age. 

Exercise produces a wide range of benefits for not only our physical health, but also mental health. Regular participation in strengthening exercises can help you build muscle and increase bone density. It can also help relieve stress and reduce depression symptoms. 

The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program focuses on improving the health and well-being of older adults. The goal of the program is to provide safe, structured and effective strength training for adults. No one is too inactive, or too young to participate. Strength training promotes quality of life and independence, especially for adults over 60. 

Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an evidence-based program that has been shown to increase strength, balance, and flexibility.

You might be asking yourself, “I wonder what we’ll do?” It is an eight-week program that meets twice a week for one-hour. We will do warm up exercises, easy strengthening exercises, with or without weights, based on your preference, and finish with cool-down stretches and breathing exercises. 

The best part is there are no membership fees like at a gym and there is no special clothes or equipment needed. We will have weights available if you want to use them. You will work at your own pace and progress as you are able. There are modifications to the exercises based on your own fitness level.

Regular classes will begin January 5, 2025, and will be held on Mondays and Wednesdays at 9:30 a.m. for 16 sessions. All classes will be held at our office in Hays located at 601 Main Street. There will be a one-time fee of $20 to participate in the eight-week program. 

Please call the office if you have any questions or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu.

Please note that our office will be closed from December 24, 2025, through January 2, 2026. If you can’t register before the closure, don’t worry—we can complete your registration on January 5. Simply plan to attend the first class.

Cottonwood Extension District would like to extend a huge thank you to Heartland Community Foundation. This project was funded in part by a grant from the Ellis County Legacy Fund and the Dane G. Hansen Community Grant Fund-Heartland of the Heartland

Community Foundation. Their funding allowed us to purchase our own weight set for our district so we will be able to offer classes on a regular basis.

Come join me for some fun and get healthier and stronger!

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/8/1691425639307.png" alt=" " />
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 </figure><div><iframe title="Post Podcast: 'Stay Strong, Stay Healthy' program starts Jan. 5 in Hays" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=y49b6-19e8d23-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictOne of the best ways to keep your mind and body functioning at its best is to exercise. When I worked with small children we always used to say, “the best exercise for the brain is exercise!” The same holds true as we age. Exercise produces a wide range of benefits for not only our physical health, but also mental health. Regular participation in strengthening exercises can help you build muscle and increase bone density. It can also help relieve stress and reduce depression symptoms. The Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program focuses on improving the health and well-being of older adults. The goal of the program is to provide safe, structured and effective strength training for adults. No one is too inactive, or too young to participate. Strength training promotes quality of life and independence, especially for adults over 60. Stay Strong, Stay Healthy is an evidence-based program that has been shown to increase strength, balance, and flexibility.You might be asking yourself, “I wonder what we’ll do?” It is an eight-week program that meets twice a week for one-hour. We will do warm up exercises, easy strengthening exercises, with or without weights, based on your preference, and finish with cool-down stretches and breathing exercises. The best part is there are no membership fees like at a gym and there is no special clothes or equipment needed. We will have weights available if you want to use them. You will work at your own pace and progress as you are able. There are modifications to the exercises based on your own fitness level.Regular classes will begin January 5, 2025, and will be held on Mondays and Wednesdays at 9:30 a.m. for 16 sessions. All classes will be held at our office in Hays located at 601 Main Street. There will be a one-time fee of $20 to participate in the eight-week program. Please call the office if you have any questions or email Monique at moniquek@ksu.edu.Please note that our office will be closed from December 24, 2025, through January 2, 2026. If you can’t register before the closure, don’t worry—we can complete your registration on January 5. Simply plan to attend the first class.Cottonwood Extension District would like to extend a huge thank you to Heartland Community Foundation. This project was funded in part by a grant from the Ellis County Legacy Fund and the Dane G. Hansen Community Grant Fund-Heartland of the HeartlandCommunity Foundation. Their funding allowed us to purchase our own weight set for our district so we will be able to offer classes on a regular basis.Come join me for some fun and get healthier and stronger!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

🎙 KOERNER: 'Stay Strong, Stay Healthy' program starts Jan. 5 in Hays 

JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension District

As we turn the calendar to December and reflect on the year behind us, one theme continues to stand out across the Cottonwood Extension District: community matters. Not just as a concept, but as a lived experience; built through relationships, shared learning, and people willing to step forward and make a difference.

Cooperative Extension has existed in Kansas for more than a century, but its strength today is the same as it was in 1914: local people helping local people, supported by university research. And when you look closely, you’ll find Extension woven into the fabric of nearly every part of community life.

You see it in a 4-H member learning leadership skills for the first time while preparing a project for the county fair. You see it in a producer seeking support during drought or planning for next year’s pasture and forage needs. You see it in families who attend wellness or financial programs and leave with tools to improve their quality of life. And you see it in the countless volunteers who give time, talent, and heart to strengthen their communities.

Extension work is diverse; agriculture, youth development, health, family resources, community vitality, but it is all driven by the same belief: Knowledge is most powerful when it is shared.

In a world with search engines, apps, and endless online information, some might ask: Why do we still need Extension?

· Google can provide information, but it can’t provide connection.

· Technology can offer data, but it cannot replace trusted relationships.

· And online advice can be generic, but Extension is specific to Kansas, our climate, our challenges, and our way of life.

Extension doesn’t just deliver facts. It delivers understanding, context, and support grounded in real-world experience.

Even more importantly, Extension builds confidence, especially in young people. When a 4-H member gives their first speech, masters a skill, or discovers a new interest that may become a career, they’re experiencing something much bigger than a moment. They’re experiencing growth — the kind that stays with them long after awards and ribbons are forgotten.

As we prepare to enter a new year, I want to offer sincere gratitude to the Cottonwood District communities, partners, and volunteers who make this work meaningful. Your support ensures that Extension remains strong, relevant, and accessible.

And as always, we are here for you. Whether you’re producing food, raising a family, strengthening a community organization, or simply trying something new, Extension is your partner.

Because Extension isn’t just a service. It’s a relationship. It’s a commitment. And most of all, Extension is community.

Wishing you a season of peace, gratitude, and connection. We look forward to serving you in the new year.

Jay Harris&nbsp; is the District Director for K-State Extension, Cottonwood District (Ellis and Barton Counties).

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/4/1745338245919.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>JAY HARRIS Cottonwood Extension DistrictAs we turn the calendar to December and reflect on the year behind us, one theme continues to stand out across the Cottonwood Extension District: community matters. Not just as a concept, but as a lived experience; built through relationships, shared learning, and people willing to step forward and make a difference.Cooperative Extension has existed in Kansas for more than a century, but its strength today is the same as it was in 1914: local people helping local people, supported by university research. And when you look closely, you’ll find Extension woven into the fabric of nearly every part of community life.You see it in a 4-H member learning leadership skills for the first time while preparing a project for the county fair. You see it in a producer seeking support during drought or planning for next year’s pasture and forage needs. You see it in families who attend wellness or financial programs and leave with tools to improve their quality of life. And you see it in the countless volunteers who give time, talent, and heart to strengthen their communities.Extension work is diverse; agriculture, youth development, health, family resources, community vitality, but it is all driven by the same belief: Knowledge is most powerful when it is shared.In a world with search engines, apps, and endless online information, some might ask: Why do we still need Extension?The answer is simple:· Google can provide information, but it can’t provide connection.· Technology can offer data, but it cannot replace trusted relationships.· And online advice can be generic, but Extension is specific to Kansas, our climate, our challenges, and our way of life.Extension doesn’t just deliver facts. It delivers understanding, context, and support grounded in real-world experience.Even more importantly, Extension builds confidence, especially in young people. When a 4-H member gives their first speech, masters a skill, or discovers a new interest that may become a career, they’re experiencing something much bigger than a moment. They’re experiencing growth — the kind that stays with them long after awards and ribbons are forgotten.As we prepare to enter a new year, I want to offer sincere gratitude to the Cottonwood District communities, partners, and volunteers who make this work meaningful. Your support ensures that Extension remains strong, relevant, and accessible.And as always, we are here for you. Whether you’re producing food, raising a family, strengthening a community organization, or simply trying something new, Extension is your partner.Because Extension isn’t just a service. It’s a relationship. It’s a commitment. And most of all, Extension is community.Wishing you a season of peace, gratitude, and connection. We look forward to serving you in the new year.Jay Harris&nbsp; is the District Director for K-State Extension, Cottonwood District (Ellis and Barton Counties).

HARRIS: Extension is community: Why local engagement matters

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Kansas State University Research and Extension invites beef producers from Pawnee County and all surrounding counties to attend the upcoming Calving School on Wednesday, December 17 at the J.A. Haas Building, 400 E. 18th Street, Larned. Doors open at 5:30 p.m., with the steak meal and program beginning at 6:00 p.m.

This educational event is designed to support producers across central and western Kansas as they prepare for the upcoming calving season. The program will feature practical, research-based information that benefits operations of all sizes and experience levels.

Two K-State specialists will lead the evening’s presentations:&nbsp;Dr. AJ Tarpoff, K-State Associate Professor and Beef Extension Veterinarian, and&nbsp;Dr. Jason Warner, K-State Assistant Professor and Extension Cow-Calf Specialist.

Dr. Tarpoff will outline the normal stages of calving and provide practical instruction on how to recognize and manage difficult calving situations. His presentation will include guidance on when and how to intervene, along with a hands-on demonstration using a life-size cow and calf model to show proper use of calving equipment.

Dr. Warner will discuss winter cow/calf management strategies to help producers maintain herd health through the colder months. He will also cover key pre-calving nutritional fundamentals that support strong calves and productive cows.&nbsp;

“Calving season brings its own set of challenges, and our goal is to equip producers with tools they can take home and use right away,” said Kyle Grant, Pawnee County Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent. “We are excited to welcome participants not only from Pawnee County, but from all neighboring counties as well. This program is truly designed for the region.”

The event is being hosted in collaboration with 21 Central District, Cottonwood District, Ford County, Gray County, Hodgeman County, Rice County, and Walnut Creek District, all working together to promote the program and support attendance from across the area.

A complimentary steak meal will be provided, and participants are asked to RSVP by Friday, December 12.

To register call the Pawnee County Extension Office at&nbsp;620-285-6901,email Kyle Grant at&nbsp;kkgrant@ksu.edu,or register online at&nbsp;<a href="https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_emOKM1G0QLYiog6">bit.ly/pawnee-fallagprograms</a>.

This program is made possible through the generous support of local sponsors, including Bar F; Cauble Prisoner Transport Service LLC; Crieg Grandy Trucking LLC; Diamond Ag Research Inc.; Farm Bureau Financial Services – Leigh Anne Seeman; Frick Veterinary Services; G-S Cattle, Co.; Golden Valley Inc.; Grant Farms; Hanson Farming, Co.; High Plains Farm Credit; Josefiak Meats, Co.; La Crosse Livestock Market, LLC; Larned Veterinary Clinic, P.A.; Loving Farms; Maxwell Farm to Table; Meade Locker &amp; Processing LLC; National Beef Dodge City; Pawnee County COOP; Seeman Farms; Seibert Feeding LLC; Snodgrass Transfer LLC; and Ward Feed Yard, Inc.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/12/1701716288462.jpeg" alt="Courtesy image" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy image</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictKansas State University Research and Extension invites beef producers from Pawnee County and all surrounding counties to attend the upcoming Calving School on Wednesday, December 17 at the J.A. Haas Building, 400 E. 18th Street, Larned. Doors open at 5:30 p.m., with the steak meal and program beginning at 6:00 p.m.This educational event is designed to support producers across central and western Kansas as they prepare for the upcoming calving season. The program will feature practical, research-based information that benefits operations of all sizes and experience levels.Two K-State specialists will lead the evening’s presentations:&nbsp;Dr. AJ Tarpoff, K-State Associate Professor and Beef Extension Veterinarian, and&nbsp;Dr. Jason Warner, K-State Assistant Professor and Extension Cow-Calf Specialist.Dr. Tarpoff will outline the normal stages of calving and provide practical instruction on how to recognize and manage difficult calving situations. His presentation will include guidance on when and how to intervene, along with a hands-on demonstration using a life-size cow and calf model to show proper use of calving equipment.Dr. Warner will discuss winter cow/calf management strategies to help producers maintain herd health through the colder months. He will also cover key pre-calving nutritional fundamentals that support strong calves and productive cows.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765381035305.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>“Calving season brings its own set of challenges, and our goal is to equip producers with tools they can take home and use right away,” said Kyle Grant, Pawnee County Agriculture and Natural Resources Agent. “We are excited to welcome participants not only from Pawnee County, but from all neighboring counties as well. This program is truly designed for the region.”The event is being hosted in collaboration with 21 Central District, Cottonwood District, Ford County, Gray County, Hodgeman County, Rice County, and Walnut Creek District, all working together to promote the program and support attendance from across the area.A complimentary steak meal will be provided, and participants are asked to RSVP by Friday, December 12.To register call the Pawnee County Extension Office at&nbsp;620-285-6901,email Kyle Grant at&nbsp;kkgrant@ksu.edu,or register online at&nbsp;<a href="https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_emOKM1G0QLYiog6">bit.ly/pawnee-fallagprograms</a>.This program is made possible through the generous support of local sponsors, including Bar F; Cauble Prisoner Transport Service LLC; Crieg Grandy Trucking LLC; Diamond Ag Research Inc.; Farm Bureau Financial Services – Leigh Anne Seeman; Frick Veterinary Services; G-S Cattle, Co.; Golden Valley Inc.; Grant Farms; Hanson Farming, Co.; High Plains Farm Credit; Josefiak Meats, Co.; La Crosse Livestock Market, LLC; Larned Veterinary Clinic, P.A.; Loving Farms; Maxwell Farm to Table; Meade Locker &amp; Processing LLC; National Beef Dodge City; Pawnee County COOP; Seeman Farms; Seibert Feeding LLC; Snodgrass Transfer LLC; and Ward Feed Yard, Inc.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: K-State Research, Extension to host calving school in Pawnee County on Wednesday

By BECKY KISER Hays Post

The city of Hays approved financing for three projects to create new businesses and expand others.

Ordinances to authorize issuing industrial revenue bonds for the expansion of Agiliti and Vernie's Trux-N-Equip. were unanimously approved by the city commission during its meeting on Thursday.&nbsp;

Agiliti leases the former Sizewise facility in south Hays and employs about 91 employees. The company plans to purchase the building and expand its campus, completing the $6.5 million project by the end of 2027. About 140 additional jobs will be added over five years at the medical equipment manufacturer.&nbsp;

The bonds, which have no taxpayer commitment, would allow Agiliti to obtain a sales tax exemption for all construction-related purchases and a real property tax abatement for up to 10 years.

The new location of Vernies Trux-N-Equip. is at 48th Street and General Hays, site of the former Hays Livestock sales barn.  &nbsp;

Vernie's&nbsp;is asking for the issuance of industrial revenue bonds for the $2.2-million project, which is nearing completion. No property tax abatement is requested. A community improvement district is also being sought.

Exit 161 construction engineering contract

Bids were sought for construction engineering services for infrastructure construction, including water/sewer main extensions and street/intersection improvements to a city-owned 90-acre greenfield site at Interstate 70, Exit 161. 

Commissioners approved the low bid of $38,632 from Driggs Design Group, PA, with the cost to be funded from general obligation bonds.

"There are some grant dollars involved, and this bond issue comes from debt that is rolling off, so there won't be any impact to property tax dollars," Toby Dougherty, city manager,&nbsp;said.

The infrastructure would serve 11 buildable lots, ranging in size from 2 to 8 acres, for commercial and residential development.

Following a review of its 2025 pool season operation, the Hays Recreation Commission requested a 50% reimbursement for its operating loss, as outlined in the pool services agreement with the city. City commissioners voted to pay $25,501 to the recreation commission from the 2025 General Fund Pool Budget.

Commissioners re-appointed Hays resident Hali Bielser to the CARE Council for a second two-year term.

The 2026 cereal malt beverage city licenses for participating businesses were approved.

Commissioners also heard from Ellis County Cottonwood Extension Agents Monique Koerner, Karissa Frasier and Tamara Roberts about their programs and upcoming projects for 2026.&nbsp;

Sarah Wasinger, president/CEO of the Chamber in Hays, told the commission the chamber is circulating a petition to Hays residents urging the state Water Transfer Panel to hold the final hearing and approve the transfer application from Hays and Russell.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Mayor Sandy Jacobs and Commissioner Alaina Cunningham were absent from the meeting.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765556290561.jpeg" alt="Hays city commissioners at the Dec. 11 meeting. Photo by Becky Kiser/Hays Post" />
 <figcaption>Hays city commissioners at the Dec. 11 meeting. Photo by Becky Kiser/Hays Post</figcaption>
 </figure>By BECKY KISER Hays PostThe city of Hays approved financing for three projects to create new businesses and expand others.Ordinances to authorize issuing industrial revenue bonds for the expansion of Agiliti and Vernie's Trux-N-Equip. were unanimously approved by the city commission during its meeting on Thursday.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765556053525.png" alt="Agililti-Hays is on the south end of Commerce Parkway. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Agililti-Hays is on the south end of Commerce Parkway. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Agiliti leases the former Sizewise facility in south Hays and employs about 91 employees. The company plans to purchase the building and expand its campus, completing the $6.5 million project by the end of 2027. About 140 additional jobs will be added over five years at the medical equipment manufacturer.&nbsp;The bonds, which have no taxpayer commitment, would allow Agiliti to obtain a sales tax exemption for all construction-related purchases and a real property tax abatement for up to 10 years.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765555821943.png" alt="New location of Vernie's Trux-N-Equip. City of Hays" />
 <figcaption>New location of Vernie's Trux-N-Equip. City of Hays</figcaption>
 </figure>The new location of Vernies Trux-N-Equip. is at 48th Street and General Hays, site of the former Hays Livestock sales barn. &nbsp;Vernie's&nbsp;is asking for the issuance of industrial revenue bonds for the $2.2-million project, which is nearing completion. No property tax abatement is requested. A community improvement district is also being sought.Exit 161 construction engineering contractBids were sought for construction engineering services for infrastructure construction, including water/sewer main extensions and street/intersection improvements to a city-owned 90-acre greenfield site at Interstate 70, Exit 161. Commissioners approved the low bid of $38,632 from Driggs Design Group, PA, with the cost to be funded from general obligation bonds."There are some grant dollars involved, and this bond issue comes from debt that is rolling off, so there won't be any impact to property tax dollars," Toby Dougherty, city manager,&nbsp;said.The infrastructure would serve 11 buildable lots, ranging in size from 2 to 8 acres, for commercial and residential development.Pool reimbursement requestFollowing a review of its 2025 pool season operation, the Hays Recreation Commission requested a 50% reimbursement for its operating loss, as outlined in the pool services agreement with the city. City commissioners voted to pay $25,501 to the recreation commission from the 2025 General Fund Pool Budget.CARE CouncilCommissioners re-appointed Hays resident Hali Bielser to the CARE Council for a second two-year term.Cereal malt beverage licensesThe 2026 cereal malt beverage city licenses for participating businesses were approved.Citizen commentsCommissioners also heard from Ellis County Cottonwood Extension Agents Monique Koerner, Karissa Frasier and Tamara Roberts about their programs and upcoming projects for 2026.&nbsp;Sarah Wasinger, president/CEO of the Chamber in Hays, told the commission the chamber is circulating a petition to Hays residents urging the state Water Transfer Panel to hold the final hearing and approve the transfer application from Hays and Russell.&nbsp;&nbsp;<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Hays City Commission" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=chr44-19ebffa-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>Mayor Sandy Jacobs and Commissioner Alaina Cunningham were absent from the meeting.

 🎙 Hays City Commission approves industrial revenue bonds for two business expansions

STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Once in a while we get asked, “how cold does it have to get to kill insects?” Perhaps it is important to understand why cold temperatures kill insects. 

Insects are unlike mammals and birds because they must generate their own heat (called ectotherms). Insects die when they are exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids. If they want to survive winter, they must avoid freezing or tolerate freezing. Over time, insects have developed several strategies to survive cold temperatures and none of them involve wearing fleece.

Some insects just move into human structures in the fall and keep warm until spring. A common example are the multicolored Asian lady beetles aggregating on and in houses every year. Even if they are protected inside, they will likely die before spring if they don’t get food and water. Some insects also migrate to warmer climates to avoid freezing. A classic example is monarch butterflies moving from Canada to Mexico every year. Sounds pretty good about now!

A lot of our persistent insects in Kansas have to overwinter outside, and two strategies have evolved to survive extreme conditions: freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance. Freeze-avoidant insects keep body fluids liquid and freeze-tolerant insects can handle the formation of internal ice. Wait a minute, what? I know…either strategy seems impossible.

The main strategy for insects living in the northern hemisphere, where we can have cold temperatures for long periods of time, is freeze avoidance. 

Freeze avoidance can be achieved a few ways. 

Sometimes insects enter a “dry” hibernation by getting rid of all the food and water in their body. That way, ice can’t form inside the body and kill them. Water needs food or dust particles in order to crystallize; water can cool down to -42°C without freezing if particles are absent. Other insects have a super waxy coating on the exoskeleton that protects against ice formation on the body. Amazingly, some freeze-avoidant insects also produce cryoprotectants, such as glycerol and sugar, to reduce the lethal freezing temperature of the body. So yes, cryoprotectants act like the antifreeze in your car. I can’t make this stuff up!

Most insects living in the southern hemisphere, where the climate is more variable, employ freeze tolerance. 

These insects can stand ice formation in the body. Some will actually initiate freezing their body at relatively high temperatures in order to prepare for a longer hibernation. An example of a freeze-tolerant insect is the woolly bear. [Side note: several winter festivals celebrate the woolly bears kinda like Groundhog's Day.]

No matter the overwintering strategy, all insects will eventually die if it gets cold enough. However, the lower lethal temperature is different for each species. Insects can overwinter in any life stage - some are belowground and some aboveground. It gets complicated quickly. And as you can see a lot of insects can withstand very cold temperatures. 

Find out more about how insects survive the winter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology</a>

Information provided by Erin Hodgson, Iowa State University Extension Entomologists.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1765295808489.png" alt="Woolly bears overwinter as cold-hardy caterpillars. Photo by IronChris, Wiki." />
 <figcaption>Woolly bears overwinter as cold-hardy caterpillars. Photo by IronChris, Wiki.</figcaption>
 </figure>STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictOnce in a while we get asked, “how cold does it have to get to kill insects?” Perhaps it is important to understand why cold temperatures kill insects. Insects are unlike mammals and birds because they must generate their own heat (called ectotherms). Insects die when they are exposed to temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids. If they want to survive winter, they must avoid freezing or tolerate freezing. Over time, insects have developed several strategies to survive cold temperatures and none of them involve wearing fleece.Some insects just move into human structures in the fall and keep warm until spring. A common example are the multicolored Asian lady beetles aggregating on and in houses every year. Even if they are protected inside, they will likely die before spring if they don’t get food and water. Some insects also migrate to warmer climates to avoid freezing. A classic example is monarch butterflies moving from Canada to Mexico every year. Sounds pretty good about now!A lot of our persistent insects in Kansas have to overwinter outside, and two strategies have evolved to survive extreme conditions: freeze avoidance and freeze tolerance. Freeze-avoidant insects keep body fluids liquid and freeze-tolerant insects can handle the formation of internal ice. Wait a minute, what? I know…either strategy seems impossible.The main strategy for insects living in the northern hemisphere, where we can have cold temperatures for long periods of time, is freeze avoidance. Freeze avoidance can be achieved a few ways. Sometimes insects enter a “dry” hibernation by getting rid of all the food and water in their body. That way, ice can’t form inside the body and kill them. Water needs food or dust particles in order to crystallize; water can cool down to -42°C without freezing if particles are absent. Other insects have a super waxy coating on the exoskeleton that protects against ice formation on the body. Amazingly, some freeze-avoidant insects also produce cryoprotectants, such as glycerol and sugar, to reduce the lethal freezing temperature of the body. So yes, cryoprotectants act like the antifreeze in your car. I can’t make this stuff up!Most insects living in the southern hemisphere, where the climate is more variable, employ freeze tolerance. These insects can stand ice formation in the body. Some will actually initiate freezing their body at relatively high temperatures in order to prepare for a longer hibernation. An example of a freeze-tolerant insect is the woolly bear. [Side note: several winter festivals celebrate the woolly bears kinda like Groundhog's Day.]No matter the overwintering strategy, all insects will eventually die if it gets cold enough. However, the lower lethal temperature is different for each species. Insects can overwinter in any life stage - some are belowground and some aboveground. It gets complicated quickly. And as you can see a lot of insects can withstand very cold temperatures. Find out more about how insects survive the winter <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_winter_ecology</a>Information provided by Erin Hodgson, Iowa State University Extension Entomologists.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: How do insects survive the winter?

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

Even if you are not planning any large purchases in the near future, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) recommends checking your credit report annually. The CFPB is a U.S. government agency that makes sure banks, lenders, and other financial companies treat you fairly.

There are several tools to handle this and the easiest is from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s website: <a href="https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/">https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/</a>.

From this secure site, you can access one, two, or all three of the reporting credit bureaus. They also include a reminder that this annual check doesn’t negatively impact your credit rating. It is an important tool to verify that the information reported about you is accurate.

What is the difference between a credit report and a credit score? Both are important! 

The report is just that – a report of your information and includes both open and closed accounts such as a car loan, mortgage, or credit card. Per the CFPB website, a credit score predicts how likely you are to pay back a loan on time. 

Companies use a mathematical formula—called a scoring model—to create your credit score from the information in your credit report. It is important to know that you do not have just “one” credit score and there are many credit scores available to you as well as to lenders. Any credit score depends on the data used to calculate it, and may differ depending on the scoring model, the source of your credit history, the type of loan product, and even the day when it was calculated.

K-State Extension also has a good publication that explains basic terms and provides a handy resource for checking your credit. It can be located at <a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/program-areas/financial-planning/familyfinances.html">ksre.ksu.edu</a> under Family Financial Resource or at <a href="https://www.k-state.edu/family-finances/images/Understanding%20Your%20Credit%20Report.pdf?_gl=1*14pztdt*_gcl_au*MTM2MzY3OTA3Ny4xNzYxNTgyNTcw">https://bit.ly/48mMv6Y</a>.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764950508996.jpeg" alt="Photo courtesy K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>Photo courtesy K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictEven if you are not planning any large purchases in the near future, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) recommends checking your credit report annually. The CFPB is a U.S. government agency that makes sure banks, lenders, and other financial companies treat you fairly.There are several tools to handle this and the easiest is from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s website: <a href="https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/">https://www.consumerfinance.gov/consumer-tools/credit-reports-and-scores/</a>. From this secure site, you can access one, two, or all three of the reporting credit bureaus. They also include a reminder that this annual check doesn’t negatively impact your credit rating. It is an important tool to verify that the information reported about you is accurate.What is the difference between a credit report and a credit score? Both are important! The report is just that – a report of your information and includes both open and closed accounts such as a car loan, mortgage, or credit card. Per the CFPB website, a credit score predicts how likely you are to pay back a loan on time. Companies use a mathematical formula—called a scoring model—to create your credit score from the information in your credit report. It is important to know that you do not have just “one” credit score and there are many credit scores available to you as well as to lenders. Any credit score depends on the data used to calculate it, and may differ depending on the scoring model, the source of your credit history, the type of loan product, and even the day when it was calculated.K-State Extension also has a good publication that explains basic terms and provides a handy resource for checking your credit. It can be located at <a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/program-areas/financial-planning/familyfinances.html">ksre.ksu.edu</a> under Family Financial Resource or at <a href="https://www.k-state.edu/family-finances/images/Understanding%20Your%20Credit%20Report.pdf?_gl=1*14pztdt*_gcl_au*MTM2MzY3OTA3Ny4xNzYxNTgyNTcw">https://bit.ly/48mMv6Y</a>.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Check your credit report annually 

For many, the rich color of poinsettias is a comforting symbol of the holidays. With proper care, the popular plant can last through the end of the year and beyond.

Poinsettias should be kept in a spot where daytime temperatures are 65 to 75 degrees F, and 60 to 65 at night. Temperatures above 75 will shorten the life of blooms, and below 60 degrees may cause root rot. 

Place your poinsettia in a sunny window or the brightest areas of your room, but don’t let it touch cold window panes. Move plants away from drafty windows at night, or draw the drapes to avoid cold damage.

Poinsettias can be “finicky” when it comes to soil moisture. Avoid over-watering poinsettias because they do not like ‘wet feet'. On the other hand, if the plant is allowed to wilt (due to not getting enough water), it will drop some leaves.

To maintain proper moisture, stick a finger about ½ inch deep into the soil. If it’s dry to ½ inch, the plant needs water. When it becomes dry to the touch, water the plant with lukewarm water until some water runs out of the drainage hole, then discard the drainage water.

Despite rumors to the contrary, poinsettia leaves are not poisonous to humans or animals.

The plant could cause an allergic reaction to the milky sap in the leaves, but there has never been a recorded case of poisoning due to a poinsettia.

Some members of the genus Euphorbia, to which the poinsettia belongs, have a toxin that can cause vomiting. The poinsettia, however, does not contain that toxin. It is still a good idea though to keep an eye on children and pets.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/11/1637469634965.jpeg" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictFor many, the rich color of poinsettias is a comforting symbol of the holidays. With proper care, the popular plant can last through the end of the year and beyond.Poinsettias should be kept in a spot where daytime temperatures are 65 to 75 degrees F, and 60 to 65 at night. Temperatures above 75 will shorten the life of blooms, and below 60 degrees may cause root rot. Place your poinsettia in a sunny window or the brightest areas of your room, but don’t let it touch cold window panes. Move plants away from drafty windows at night, or draw the drapes to avoid cold damage.Poinsettias can be “finicky” when it comes to soil moisture. Avoid over-watering poinsettias because they do not like ‘wet feet'. On the other hand, if the plant is allowed to wilt (due to not getting enough water), it will drop some leaves.To maintain proper moisture, stick a finger about ½ inch deep into the soil. If it’s dry to ½ inch, the plant needs water. When it becomes dry to the touch, water the plant with lukewarm water until some water runs out of the drainage hole, then discard the drainage water.Are poinsettias poisonous?Despite rumors to the contrary, poinsettia leaves are not poisonous to humans or animals.The plant could cause an allergic reaction to the milky sap in the leaves, but there has never been a recorded case of poisoning due to a poinsettia.Some members of the genus Euphorbia, to which the poinsettia belongs, have a toxin that can cause vomiting. The poinsettia, however, does not contain that toxin. It is still a good idea though to keep an eye on children and pets.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: Caring for your Christmas poinsettias

If you’re feeling more overwhelmed than usual this time of year, you’re certainly not alone. 

Many people report that the holiday season brings added pressure—extra expenses, tense family dynamics, tired and overstimulated children, cold weather and shorter days, final exams, concerts and events, relationship challenges, or even deep loneliness. Any one of these stressors is manageable on its own, but during the holidays they often hit all at once, making the season feel heavy and exhausting.

When stress rises, it’s important to lean on healthy coping strategies rather than falling back on habits that leave us feeling worse. Here are some ways to make the holiday season more enjoyable and less overwhelming:

The holidays bring a flurry of gatherings and events, but you don’t have to attend everything. Identify what activities truly bring you joy and prioritize those. Focus your time and energy on what feels meaningful rather than what you believe you’re “supposed” to do.

2. Simplify Travel and Reduce Time in the Car

Travel can be especially draining this time of year. If you need to travel, simplify wherever you can—book direct flights when possible and reduce layovers. Driving from one event to the next can also be exhausting. Try limiting travel to one or two meaningful gatherings. Setting healthy boundaries helps protect your time and sanity.

Gift giving can be enjoyable but can also create financial strain. Establish a holiday budget now and commit to staying within it. You’re not obligated to overspend, and sticking to your limits will help prevent regret later on.

Try to maintain healthy eating habits and practice moderation with holiday treats and alcohol. Too much sugar can disrupt hormones, blood sugar, and even mood. Choose balanced meals, drink responsibly, and stay well-hydrated to feel your best.

Spending time with family can be wonderful, but it can also be stressful. Take care of yourself by stepping away when needed—take a walk, call someone supportive, or find a quiet moment alone. Decide ahead of time what you can reasonably handle regarding travel, hosting, meals, or spending.

Give yourself the gift of rest. Step away from the constant rushing, shopping, and preparing. Read a favorite book, watch a holiday movie, take a nap, or go for a bike ride. Limit screen time and prioritize genuine connection with the people around you. Your mental health will benefit from the pause.

For many, the holidays intensify feelings of grief. Allow space for your emotions. You might adjust traditions to make them more manageable or incorporate the memory of a loved one into your celebrations in meaningful ways.

Try to keep up with your usual self-care habits—sleep well, eat regularly, exercise, meditate, and get outside. Even in cold weather, fresh air and movement support both emotional and physical well-being. Staying active can be fun, too: • Walk the neighborhood to enjoy holiday lights • Have a snowball fight with neighbors • Visit a Christmas tree farm • Go ice skating • Build a snowman • Take a nature walk or hike • Go sledding

Regular activity boosts your immune system and helps you feel healthier, calmer, and more resilient during the holidays.

9. Ask for Support When You Need It

If this season is consistently difficult for you, turn to trusted friends or family. Share how you’re feeling and let them support you in setting boundaries and practicing self-care.

If you’re experiencing a mental health crisis, call or text 988, or connect with the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline for immediate support.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522176561.png" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictIf you’re feeling more overwhelmed than usual this time of year, you’re certainly not alone. Many people report that the holiday season brings added pressure—extra expenses, tense family dynamics, tired and overstimulated children, cold weather and shorter days, final exams, concerts and events, relationship challenges, or even deep loneliness. Any one of these stressors is manageable on its own, but during the holidays they often hit all at once, making the season feel heavy and exhausting.When stress rises, it’s important to lean on healthy coping strategies rather than falling back on habits that leave us feeling worse. Here are some ways to make the holiday season more enjoyable and less overwhelming:1. Avoid OverschedulingThe holidays bring a flurry of gatherings and events, but you don’t have to attend everything. Identify what activities truly bring you joy and prioritize those. Focus your time and energy on what feels meaningful rather than what you believe you’re “supposed” to do.2. Simplify Travel and Reduce Time in the CarTravel can be especially draining this time of year. If you need to travel, simplify wherever you can—book direct flights when possible and reduce layovers. Driving from one event to the next can also be exhausting. Try limiting travel to one or two meaningful gatherings. Setting healthy boundaries helps protect your time and sanity.3. Create a Realistic BudgetGift giving can be enjoyable but can also create financial strain. Establish a holiday budget now and commit to staying within it. You’re not obligated to overspend, and sticking to your limits will help prevent regret later on.4. Be Mindful of Food and AlcoholTry to maintain healthy eating habits and practice moderation with holiday treats and alcohol. Too much sugar can disrupt hormones, blood sugar, and even mood. Choose balanced meals, drink responsibly, and stay well-hydrated to feel your best.5. Enjoy Family—With BoundariesSpending time with family can be wonderful, but it can also be stressful. Take care of yourself by stepping away when needed—take a walk, call someone supportive, or find a quiet moment alone. Decide ahead of time what you can reasonably handle regarding travel, hosting, meals, or spending.6. Make Time for YourselfGive yourself the gift of rest. Step away from the constant rushing, shopping, and preparing. Read a favorite book, watch a holiday movie, take a nap, or go for a bike ride. Limit screen time and prioritize genuine connection with the people around you. Your mental health will benefit from the pause.7. Acknowledge LossesFor many, the holidays intensify feelings of grief. Allow space for your emotions. You might adjust traditions to make them more manageable or incorporate the memory of a loved one into your celebrations in meaningful ways.8. Maintain Healthy RoutinesTry to keep up with your usual self-care habits—sleep well, eat regularly, exercise, meditate, and get outside. Even in cold weather, fresh air and movement support both emotional and physical well-being. Staying active can be fun, too: • Walk the neighborhood to enjoy holiday lights • Have a snowball fight with neighbors • Visit a Christmas tree farm • Go ice skating • Build a snowman • Take a nature walk or hike • Go sleddingRegular activity boosts your immune system and helps you feel healthier, calmer, and more resilient during the holidays.9. Ask for Support When You Need ItIf this season is consistently difficult for you, turn to trusted friends or family. Share how you’re feeling and let them support you in setting boundaries and practicing self-care.If you’re experiencing a mental health crisis, call or text 988, or connect with the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline for immediate support.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Dealing with holiday stress

Armyworms are a recurring pest issue across Kansas, but several different species fall under the “armyworm” umbrella. Each species varies in its host plants, seasonal activity, and whether it overwinters in the state (Table 1). This article prepared by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist provides an overview of the major species of concern, with emphasis on the Fall Armyworm and Armyworm, which were the primary issues for Kansas producers in 2025. A brief summary of the Army Cutworm, which is not a true armyworm, is also included.

The two species that caused the greatest concern to Kansas producers in 2025 were: Fall armyworm &amp; armyworm (true armyworm). Summaries for each species follow.

Fall Armyworm key characteristics:

Identification: Inverted Y on head capsule and four dark spots on the last abdominal segment.

Identification: Larvae are green to black with stripes of various colors. Head capsule is medium brown with dark markings.

ARMY CUTWORM (not a true Armyworm)

Identification: Small larvae are light-colored with few distinguishable markings. As they grow, larvae become darker brown or grayish with varying degrees of mottling and several pale, dorsal stripes. The head capsule is darker brown with some mottling.

Damage - Army cutworms can severely thin or eliminate stands of wheat, alfalfa, and rangeland grasses. Army cutworms were present in large numbers in 2020 and decimated areas of wheat fields and alfalfa fields in parts of Kansas. However, this was not the case in 2021, and only a few were reported in 2022. Army cutworms develop into “miller” moths, which were a nuisance in spring 2024 and a smaller nuisance in spring 2025.

Turkeys often feed heavily on army cutworm larvae, sometimes with crops full of larvae (Figure 11).

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictArmyworms are a recurring pest issue across Kansas, but several different species fall under the “armyworm” umbrella. Each species varies in its host plants, seasonal activity, and whether it overwinters in the state (Table 1). This article prepared by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomology Specialist provides an overview of the major species of concern, with emphasis on the Fall Armyworm and Armyworm, which were the primary issues for Kansas producers in 2025. A brief summary of the Army Cutworm, which is not a true armyworm, is also included.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764685790990.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Major Concerns in 2025: The two species that caused the greatest concern to Kansas producers in 2025 were: Fall armyworm &amp; armyworm (true armyworm). Summaries for each species follow.Fall Armyworm key characteristics:<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764686282318.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Identification: Inverted Y on head capsule and four dark spots on the last abdominal segment.Armyworm key characteristics<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764688083018.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Identification: Larvae are green to black with stripes of various colors. Head capsule is medium brown with dark markings.ARMY CUTWORM (not a true Armyworm)Biology and Seasonal Behavior<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764688170704.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Identification: Small larvae are light-colored with few distinguishable markings. As they grow, larvae become darker brown or grayish with varying degrees of mottling and several pale, dorsal stripes. The head capsule is darker brown with some mottling.Damage - Army cutworms can severely thin or eliminate stands of wheat, alfalfa, and rangeland grasses. Army cutworms were present in large numbers in 2020 and decimated areas of wheat fields and alfalfa fields in parts of Kansas. However, this was not the case in 2021, and only a few were reported in 2022. Army cutworms develop into “miller” moths, which were a nuisance in spring 2024 and a smaller nuisance in spring 2025.Turkeys often feed heavily on army cutworm larvae, sometimes with crops full of larvae (Figure 11).<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/12/1764688285649.png" alt="Figure 11. Turkey crop after feeding on army cutworm larvae in a wheat field. Photo by K-State Entomology." />
 <figcaption>Figure 11. Turkey crop after feeding on army cutworm larvae in a wheat field. Photo by K-State Entomology.</figcaption>
 </figure>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: The armyworm lineup: Who’s feeding in your field?

If selecting a cut tree, watch for these signs that the tree is too far gone.&nbsp;

- Needles are a dull, grayish-green color - Needles fail to ooze pitch when broken apart and squeezed - Needles feel stiff and brittle - Needles pull easily off tree&nbsp;&nbsp;

Once you have your tree home, recut the trunk about one inch above the original cut. This will open up clogged, water-conducting tissues. Immediately place the trunk in warm water.

Locate the tree in as cool a spot as possible. Avoid areas near fireplaces, wood-burning stoves and heat ducts as the heat will result in excess water loss. 

Make sure the reservoir stays filled. If the reservoir loses enough water that the bottom of the trunk is exposed, the trunk will need to be recut. Adding aspirins, copper pennies, soda pop, sugar and bleach to the water reservoir have not been shown to prolong the life of a tree.&nbsp;

If you choose a living Christmas tree, be sure to dig the planting hole before the ground freezes.&nbsp; Mulch the hole and backfill soil to keep them from freezing. 

Live trees should not be kept inside for more than three days. Longer periods may cause them to lose dormancy resulting in severe injury when planted outside. You may wish to tag the tree at the nursery and then pick it up a couple days before Christmas. 

After Christmas, move the tree to an unheated garage for several days to acclimatize it to outside temperatures. After planting, water well and leave some mulch in place to prevent the soil water from freezing and becoming unavailable for plant uptake.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/12/1670515645452.jpeg" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictIf selecting a cut tree, watch for these signs that the tree is too far gone.&nbsp;- Needles are a dull, grayish-green color - Needles fail to ooze pitch when broken apart and squeezed - Needles feel stiff and brittle - Needles pull easily off tree&nbsp;&nbsp;Once you have your tree home, recut the trunk about one inch above the original cut. This will open up clogged, water-conducting tissues. Immediately place the trunk in warm water. Locate the tree in as cool a spot as possible. Avoid areas near fireplaces, wood-burning stoves and heat ducts as the heat will result in excess water loss. Make sure the reservoir stays filled. If the reservoir loses enough water that the bottom of the trunk is exposed, the trunk will need to be recut. Adding aspirins, copper pennies, soda pop, sugar and bleach to the water reservoir have not been shown to prolong the life of a tree.&nbsp; If you choose a living Christmas tree, be sure to dig the planting hole before the ground freezes.&nbsp; Mulch the hole and backfill soil to keep them from freezing. Live trees should not be kept inside for more than three days. Longer periods may cause them to lose dormancy resulting in severe injury when planted outside. You may wish to tag the tree at the nursery and then pick it up a couple days before Christmas. After Christmas, move the tree to an unheated garage for several days to acclimatize it to outside temperatures. After planting, water well and leave some mulch in place to prevent the soil water from freezing and becoming unavailable for plant uptake.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: Choosing, caring for your Christmas tree  

The beginning of the winter holiday season has begun, filled with food, family, friends and fun. I’d like to share some thoughts from Kansas State University family resource management specialist Elizabeth Kiss. She says that as celebrations are planned, it is important to consider the mental and financial stresses of the holiday season.

“One way to approach holidays is managing our time, energy and money,” Kiss said. “Things to think about are what's important to us as individuals and what is it that our family most enjoys about the holidays and really focus on those things, which for many families, is being together.”

Kiss said food is a large part of the holiday budget, including traditional meals such as turkey on Thanksgiving as well as serving food during parties or open houses, baking, and eating out.

Kiss added that holiday decorations -- such as plates, napkins and wrapping paper -- are important to include in the budget, but urges consumers to be cautious of the environmental impact of excessive paper products.

“I think we sometimes have unrealistic expectations of the holidays, and that can not only be stressful from a financial standpoint, but a mental standpoint as well,” Kiss said.

She adds: “The perfectionism and high standards that we place on ourselves, especially when it comes to food, can be draining. It is more about being together and less about all of the decorations and all of those things being perfect.”

Kiss said there is a need to keep a normal routine between celebrations, especially for children.

“This is a lot of stimulation for children, and they may be eating differently -- maybe more sweets than usual -- so keeping mealtimes at a regular time and keeping bedtime fairly regular is important,” Kiss said. “Also consider how much they can handle in terms of events and stimulation, what they're interested in doing or what they most enjoy.”

Board games and outdoor activities don’t cost a lot of money, she said.

Kiss also recommends making lists for all gifts and browsing before purchasing to be able to take advantage of good prices and not overspending or not following a plan.

“Research has reported that more than half of shoppers have already started gift shopping so they can recognize the deals, and so they spread expenses out a little bit in their budget,” Kiss said.

Kiss suggests paying more upfront and financing less to minimize debt in January; pay cash when available. Keeping receipts and minimizing credit card use can help shoppers stick to a budget.

“Make the holidays what you want the holidays to be and be comfortable with what you decide. Try and keep that stress level -- both mentally and financially -- as low as possible,” Kiss said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1763741004143.png" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictThe beginning of the winter holiday season has begun, filled with food, family, friends and fun. I’d like to share some thoughts from Kansas State University family resource management specialist Elizabeth Kiss. She says that as celebrations are planned, it is important to consider the mental and financial stresses of the holiday season.“One way to approach holidays is managing our time, energy and money,” Kiss said. “Things to think about are what's important to us as individuals and what is it that our family most enjoys about the holidays and really focus on those things, which for many families, is being together.”Kiss said food is a large part of the holiday budget, including traditional meals such as turkey on Thanksgiving as well as serving food during parties or open houses, baking, and eating out.Kiss added that holiday decorations -- such as plates, napkins and wrapping paper -- are important to include in the budget, but urges consumers to be cautious of the environmental impact of excessive paper products.“I think we sometimes have unrealistic expectations of the holidays, and that can not only be stressful from a financial standpoint, but a mental standpoint as well,” Kiss said.She adds: “The perfectionism and high standards that we place on ourselves, especially when it comes to food, can be draining. It is more about being together and less about all of the decorations and all of those things being perfect.”Kiss said there is a need to keep a normal routine between celebrations, especially for children.“This is a lot of stimulation for children, and they may be eating differently -- maybe more sweets than usual -- so keeping mealtimes at a regular time and keeping bedtime fairly regular is important,” Kiss said. “Also consider how much they can handle in terms of events and stimulation, what they're interested in doing or what they most enjoy.”Board games and outdoor activities don’t cost a lot of money, she said.Kiss also recommends making lists for all gifts and browsing before purchasing to be able to take advantage of good prices and not overspending or not following a plan.“Research has reported that more than half of shoppers have already started gift shopping so they can recognize the deals, and so they spread expenses out a little bit in their budget,” Kiss said.Kiss suggests paying more upfront and financing less to minimize debt in January; pay cash when available. Keeping receipts and minimizing credit card use can help shoppers stick to a budget.“Make the holidays what you want the holidays to be and be comfortable with what you decide. Try and keep that stress level -- both mentally and financially -- as low as possible,” Kiss said.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Managing holiday expectations

The Sorghum Connection Series, a collaboration between the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission (KGSC), K-State Extension and Plant Pathology, announces its second year of a comprehensive winter educational series focused on enhancing the profitability of sorghum producers across the state.

Following this year’s field day events, which welcomed over 120 growers, Sorghum Connection offers an additional series of multiple one-day events across central and western Kansas. The events are scheduled for:

· December 3 at the South Hutchinson Community Building in Hutchinson

· December 4 at the Buffalo Bill Cultural Center in Oakley

· December 5 at the Hy-Plains Feedyard in Montezuma

Each event will begin with registration at 9:30 a.m. and will conclude at 2:30 p.m.

Attendees will receive valuable data-driven information from industry leaders from K-State, the United Sorghum Checkoff Program, and many others on key topics for both grain and forage sorghum.

The program also looks to the future of the sorghum crop system, covering advancements such as the application of spray drones in precision agriculture and highlighting breakthroughs in farmer-directed crop improvement.

There is no cost to attend; however, an RSVP is required. To register or learn more about these events, visit <a href="https://ksgrainsorghum.org/">www.ksgrainsorghum.org</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1764085269786.png" alt="Sorghum. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Sorghum. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Cottonwood Extension DistrictThe Sorghum Connection Series, a collaboration between the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission (KGSC), K-State Extension and Plant Pathology, announces its second year of a comprehensive winter educational series focused on enhancing the profitability of sorghum producers across the state.Following this year’s field day events, which welcomed over 120 growers, Sorghum Connection offers an additional series of multiple one-day events across central and western Kansas. The events are scheduled for:· December 3 at the South Hutchinson Community Building in Hutchinson· December 4 at the Buffalo Bill Cultural Center in Oakley· December 5 at the Hy-Plains Feedyard in MontezumaEach event will begin with registration at 9:30 a.m. and will conclude at 2:30 p.m.Attendees will receive valuable data-driven information from industry leaders from K-State, the United Sorghum Checkoff Program, and many others on key topics for both grain and forage sorghum.The program also looks to the future of the sorghum crop system, covering advancements such as the application of spray drones in precision agriculture and highlighting breakthroughs in farmer-directed crop improvement.There is no cost to attend; however, an RSVP is required. To register or learn more about these events, visit <a href="https://ksgrainsorghum.org/">www.ksgrainsorghum.org</a>.

Sorghum Connection launches second year of winter educational series

By PAT MELGARES K-State Extension News Service

MANHATTAN — Teaching literacy skills to children in their earliest years does far more than prepare them to read — it helps build the very foundation of their brain development, say two Kansas State University Extension agents.

“We’re really laying the foundation from ages zero to 3 with all of the opportunities for kids to learn,” said Monique Koerner, family and consumer wellness agent for K-State Extension’s Cottonwood District. “We know that brain development is huge in those early years, and literacy is a piece of that puzzle.”

According to the K-State Extension fact sheet, Early Literacy: Building the Foundation for Lifelong Learning, brain growth is rapid in a child’s first three years, and language and literacy activities help form lasting neural connections.

From birth to 12 months, babies are already busy wiring their brains for communication. Lisa Newman, family and consumer wellness agent in the Central Kansas District, said that even newborns recognize familiar voices.

“You can take a newborn, and they already recognize Mom and Dad’s voices, even siblings,” Newman said. “You can see evidence of that when they turn their heads toward those voices shortly after birth.”

Newman added that talking to infants throughout the day — whether during diaper changes, in the car, or at bedtime — helps strengthen those language pathways.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/11/1763490496631.png" alt="K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By PAT MELGARES K-State Extension News ServiceMANHATTAN — Teaching literacy skills to children in their earliest years does far more than prepare them to read — it helps build the very foundation of their brain development, say two Kansas State University Extension agents.“We’re really laying the foundation from ages zero to 3 with all of the opportunities for kids to learn,” said Monique Koerner, family and consumer wellness agent for K-State Extension’s Cottonwood District. “We know that brain development is huge in those early years, and literacy is a piece of that puzzle.”According to the K-State Extension fact sheet, Early Literacy: Building the Foundation for Lifelong Learning, brain growth is rapid in a child’s first three years, and language and literacy activities help form lasting neural connections.From birth to 12 months, babies are already busy wiring their brains for communication. Lisa Newman, family and consumer wellness agent in the Central Kansas District, said that even newborns recognize familiar voices.“You can take a newborn, and they already recognize Mom and Dad’s voices, even siblings,” Newman said. “You can see evidence of that when they turn their heads toward those voices shortly after birth.”Newman added that talking to infants throughout the day — whether during diaper changes, in the car, or at bedtime — helps strengthen those language pathways.“Reading to your child every day, even from the get-go, is important because what’s really happening during that time is language development and making those brain connections even stronger,” she said.It’s also well known that babies are much more able to process and learn various languages than adults are able to do.“If you take a baby that’s born in Kansas, and take them somewhere to a foreign land, those connections can be strengthened by hearing the language that’s around them,” Newman said. “That’s why it’s easier to learn an additional language when you’re young — those brain connections are there and can be strengthened.”Koerner added that “the plasticity of the brain is greater when we’re younger,” making early exposure to multiple languages especially beneficial.Between 12 and 24 months, children begin to use expressive language. “By 18 months or so, children pretty much understand everything that’s being said to them,” Koerner said, “but they may not be able to speak it yet.”Words like ‘Mama,’ ‘Dada,’ and ‘ball’ often appear first, followed by simple two-word phrases around age 2.“Oftentimes you’ll see that language explosion around 18 months,” Newman said. “That expressive piece really starts to blossom during that time.”From ages 2 to 3, children’s vocabularies expand rapidly, fueled by everyday conversations and shared reading. “Books can expose children to new topics and new words that might not be part of their everyday experiences,” Koerner said.Koerner encourages parents to use “parallel talk” — describing what a child is doing — and “self-talk,” or narrating their own actions throughout the day. “Just really enriching their vocabulary by talking about what they’re doing,” she said.Repetition also helps build connections. “There may be a treasured book they want to read over and over again, and that’s perfectly normal,” Newman said. “Repetition is part of their literacy and language skill.”Exploring new places and experiences adds another layer of learning. “It’s so important for parents to get children out and explore new things,” Koerner said. “That will expose them to new opportunities, new vocabulary, and new experiences that help the brain develop.”Both agents emphasized that parents are their children’s first teachers. Trusted programs such as Parents as Teachers, Early Head Start, and Infant-Toddler Services can guide families who have questions about developmental milestones.Simple routines also matter. The American Academy of Pediatrics promotes the “Brush, Book, Bed” approach — brushing teeth, reading, and then going to bed. “It sets parents up for a good bedtime routine and supports brain health,” Koerner said.Newman noted that any reading time counts. “You see a lot of initiatives suggesting 15 minutes a day, but I believe any reading — whenever it fits into your day — is wonderful,” she said.Koerner added, “Every family is different, and every child is different. Do what works best for your family.”For more information, download Early Literacy: Building the Foundation for Lifelong Learning at <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/early-literacy-building-the-foundation-for-lifelong-learning-fact-sheet_MF3691">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/download/early-literacy-building-the-foundation-for-lifelong-learning-fact-sheet_MF3691</a>.More information also is available at local extension offices in Kansas.