By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

Last week I discussed grip strength as it relates to health and longevity. This week we will discuss emerging research that underscores the critical role of leg strength in overall health. From enhancing mobility to reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases, strong legs are foundational to maintain independence and vitality as we age.

Leg muscles, particularly quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes are vital for daily activities such as standing, walking and climbing stairs. Maintaining robust lower body strength is associated with:

Reduced risk of falls: strong legs enhance balance and coordination, decreasing the likelihood of falls, which can lead to serious injuries in older adults

Improved cardiovascular health: studies indicate that individuals with great leg strength have a lower risk of heart failure and better outcomes after heart attacks. For instance, research presented at the European Society of Cardiology’s Heart Failure 2023 congress found that strong quadriceps were linked to reduced risk of developing heart failure post-heart attack.

Enhanced metabolic function: leg strength contributes to better glucose metabolism, aiding in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.

Longevity: a study published in BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine revealed that older adults who engaged in heavy resistance training, maintained leg strength over a four-year period, suggesting long term benefits of strength training on mobility and independence.

Building and Maintaining Leg Strength

Incorporating leg strengthening exercises into your routine can yield significant health benefits. Effective exercises include:

Squats and Lunges: these compound movements target multiple leg muscles, enhancing strength and coordination

Leg Presses: utilizing gym equipment to perform leg presses can build quadriceps, hamstring and glute strength.

Calf Raises: Strengthening the calves supports balance and stability.

Resistance Training: Engaging in weightlifting or resistance band exercises can improve muscle mass and function.

Leg Strength as a Predictor of Health Outcomes

Leg strength serves as a reliable indicator of overall health and can predict various health outcomes:

Mortality Risk: research indicates that lower extremity strength is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, even among sedentary individuals.

Recovery from illness: individuals with stronger legs recover more quickly from surgeries and illnesses, highlighting the importance of maintaining leg strength for resilience.

Functional Independence: strong legs are essential for performing daily tasks independently, reducing the need for assistance or long-term care.

Prioritizing leg strength is crucial for maintaining health, independence, and quality of life, especially as we age. Regular leg strengthening exercises can lead to improved mobility, reduced risk of chronic disease, and enhanced longevity. Incorporating such exercises into your fitness routine is a proactive step toward healthier aging.

Source : García-Hermoso A, Cavero-Redondo I, Ramírez-Vélez R, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Lee DC, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Muscular Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Oct;99(10):2100-2113.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29425700.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictLast week I discussed grip strength as it relates to health and longevity. This week we will discuss emerging research that underscores the critical role of leg strength in overall health. From enhancing mobility to reducing the risk of falls and chronic diseases, strong legs are foundational to maintain independence and vitality as we age.Importance of Leg StrengthLeg muscles, particularly quadriceps, hamstrings and glutes are vital for daily activities such as standing, walking and climbing stairs. Maintaining robust lower body strength is associated with:Reduced risk of falls: strong legs enhance balance and coordination, decreasing the likelihood of falls, which can lead to serious injuries in older adultsImproved cardiovascular health: studies indicate that individuals with great leg strength have a lower risk of heart failure and better outcomes after heart attacks. For instance, research presented at the European Society of Cardiology’s Heart Failure 2023 congress found that strong quadriceps were linked to reduced risk of developing heart failure post-heart attack.Enhanced metabolic function: leg strength contributes to better glucose metabolism, aiding in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes.Longevity: a study published in BMJ Open Sport &amp; Exercise Medicine revealed that older adults who engaged in heavy resistance training, maintained leg strength over a four-year period, suggesting long term benefits of strength training on mobility and independence.Building and Maintaining Leg StrengthIncorporating leg strengthening exercises into your routine can yield significant health benefits. Effective exercises include:Squats and Lunges: these compound movements target multiple leg muscles, enhancing strength and coordinationLeg Presses: utilizing gym equipment to perform leg presses can build quadriceps, hamstring and glute strength.Calf Raises: Strengthening the calves supports balance and stability.Resistance Training: Engaging in weightlifting or resistance band exercises can improve muscle mass and function.Leg Strength as a Predictor of Health OutcomesLeg strength serves as a reliable indicator of overall health and can predict various health outcomes:Mortality Risk: research indicates that lower extremity strength is inversely associated with all-cause mortality, even among sedentary individuals.Recovery from illness: individuals with stronger legs recover more quickly from surgeries and illnesses, highlighting the importance of maintaining leg strength for resilience.Functional Independence: strong legs are essential for performing daily tasks independently, reducing the need for assistance or long-term care.Prioritizing leg strength is crucial for maintaining health, independence, and quality of life, especially as we age. Regular leg strengthening exercises can lead to improved mobility, reduced risk of chronic disease, and enhanced longevity. Incorporating such exercises into your fitness routine is a proactive step toward healthier aging.Source : García-Hermoso A, Cavero-Redondo I, Ramírez-Vélez R, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Lee DC, Martínez-Vizcaíno V. Muscular Strength as a Predictor of All-Cause Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Data From Approximately 2 Million Men and Women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018 Oct;99(10):2100-2113.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.01.008. Epub 2018 Feb 7. PMID: 29425700.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Leg strength in overall health

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Kansas State University and the Kansas Agribusiness Retailers Association (KARA) are hosting two 2-day Summer Field School sessions on July 8–9 and July 10–11, 2025, at the K-State Agronomy Education Center (2213 Agronomy Farm Road), located just north of the K-State football stadium in Manhattan. The field days are the same on the two different dates. This year’s program will spotlight soybean and cotton production, with comprehensive, hands-on sessions covering:

· Crop growth and soil fertility for soybeans and cotton production

· Herbicide symptomology and glufosinate optimization

· 2-day program: $220 (includes lunch both days)

· 1-day option: $135 (includes lunch for that day)

· Earn multiple Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) and 1A credits (exact credit total forthcoming)

The complete program overview and registration link are available at the KS. Agribusiness Retailers site: <a href="https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/">https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/</a>

Lodging options and additional information are listed on the registration page.

This field day is open to anyone who is interested. If you have any questions, contact Peter Tomlinson, K-State Environmental Quality Specialist at ptomlin@ksu.edu

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictKansas State University and the Kansas Agribusiness Retailers Association (KARA) are hosting two 2-day Summer Field School sessions on July 8–9 and July 10–11, 2025, at the K-State Agronomy Education Center (2213 Agronomy Farm Road), located just north of the K-State football stadium in Manhattan. The field days are the same on the two different dates. This year’s program will spotlight soybean and cotton production, with comprehensive, hands-on sessions covering:· Crop growth and soil fertility for soybeans and cotton production· Herbicide symptomology and glufosinate optimization· Weed identification· Precision agriculture· Soil health· Crop diseases and insect managementRegistration Information· 2-day program: $220 (includes lunch both days)· 1-day option: $135 (includes lunch for that day)· Earn multiple Certified Crop Advisor (CCA) and 1A credits (exact credit total forthcoming)The complete program overview and registration link are available at the KS. Agribusiness Retailers site: <a href="https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/">https://www.ksagretailers.org/events-training/ksu-field-days/</a>Lodging options and additional information are listed on the registration page.This field day is open to anyone who is interested. If you have any questions, contact Peter Tomlinson, K-State Environmental Quality Specialist at ptomlin@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Registration open for K-State/KARA Summer Field Day

&nbsp;BY ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

This year’s weather has delayed harvest and left many wheat growers with fields of low-test weight and sprouted grain. This damage causes large discounts at the elevator because the grain does not meet standards for milling or export. 

Wheat that does not meet market specs still have value as livestock feed either as part of supplements for grazing cattle or in mixed diets to growing and finishing cattle.

Feeding Value and Nutritional Considerations Despite its poor appearance,&nbsp;low test weight or sprouted wheat retains much of its energy and protein content as animal feed. In fact, the nutrient composition often compares well to regular wheat: ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Crude Protein: Often 12–14%, depending on variety and growing conditions. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): Generally, 80–85%, making it a high-energy feed. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sprouting Effect: Enzymatic changes during sprouting may actually increase starch digestibility, though spoilage is a concern if storage is poor. The main challenge is balancing the ration correctly. Wheat is&nbsp;high in starch and low in fiber, so overfeeding can lead to digestive upsets like&nbsp;acidosis&nbsp;or&nbsp;founder&nbsp;making feeding management a key consideration. Tips for Feeding Damaged Wheat Safely 1.&nbsp; Limit Inclusion: Start with low levels and increase gradually. Supplementing grazing cattle: limit feeding to 0.3 to 0.5% of bodyweight per feeding or as only ½ of less of a supplement fed at a higher rate. No more than 2 to 3 pounds per day for a growing calf or 4 to 6 pounds for a mature beef cow. Increase feeding frequency when feeding wheat, doubling the feeding rate and feeding every other day is not recommended. Growing and finishing cattle on mixed rations: wheat can replace part of the corn. We recommend no more than 1/3 of the total ration or ½ of the grain in the concentrate portion of the ration. Feeding management becomes more important when feeding highly digestible grains like wheat. 2.&nbsp; Process with Care: Processing increases digestibility of wheat by 20 to 30%. Coarsely rolling wheat improves digestibility but avoid fine grinding. When processing is too fine the starch in wheat is digested too fast in the rumen and increases the risk of ruminal acidosis. 3.&nbsp; Balance the Ration: Wheat should be fed with adequate&nbsp;roughage&nbsp;(hay, silage, or straw) to maintain rumen health. Avoid low-roughage low-fiber diets. 4.&nbsp; Monitor Intakes Closely: Watch for signs of overeating, scours, or bloating when feeding sprouted or damaged wheat.

Other Considerations Storage is Key: Keep wheat dry and cool. Sprouted grain with higher moisture is especially vulnerable to spoilage. Test for Mycotoxins or Mold: Sprouted wheat may be more prone to spoilage. If stored improperly, mold and toxins can develop. Always test suspect lots before feeding. Feeding downgraded wheat can be a benefit for cattle producers to gain access to a high-energy feed at a discount — provided it’s done safely and with proper nutrition support. Before incorporating low-quality wheat into your feeding program, consult with a&nbsp;livestock nutritionist&nbsp;or&nbsp;Extension specialist&nbsp;to balance the ration and ensure safety with careful management.

Used with permission from Paul Beck, Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Beef Cattle Nutrition Specialist

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

&nbsp;BY ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictThis year’s weather has delayed harvest and left many wheat growers with fields of low-test weight and sprouted grain. This damage causes large discounts at the elevator because the grain does not meet standards for milling or export. Wheat that does not meet market specs still have value as livestock feed either as part of supplements for grazing cattle or in mixed diets to growing and finishing cattle.Feeding Value and Nutritional Considerations Despite its poor appearance,&nbsp;low test weight or sprouted wheat retains much of its energy and protein content as animal feed. In fact, the nutrient composition often compares well to regular wheat: ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Crude Protein: Often 12–14%, depending on variety and growing conditions. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): Generally, 80–85%, making it a high-energy feed. ·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sprouting Effect: Enzymatic changes during sprouting may actually increase starch digestibility, though spoilage is a concern if storage is poor. The main challenge is balancing the ration correctly. Wheat is&nbsp;high in starch and low in fiber, so overfeeding can lead to digestive upsets like&nbsp;acidosis&nbsp;or&nbsp;founder&nbsp;making feeding management a key consideration. Tips for Feeding Damaged Wheat Safely 1.&nbsp; Limit Inclusion: Start with low levels and increase gradually. Supplementing grazing cattle: limit feeding to 0.3 to 0.5% of bodyweight per feeding or as only ½ of less of a supplement fed at a higher rate. No more than 2 to 3 pounds per day for a growing calf or 4 to 6 pounds for a mature beef cow. Increase feeding frequency when feeding wheat, doubling the feeding rate and feeding every other day is not recommended. Growing and finishing cattle on mixed rations: wheat can replace part of the corn. We recommend no more than 1/3 of the total ration or ½ of the grain in the concentrate portion of the ration. Feeding management becomes more important when feeding highly digestible grains like wheat. 2.&nbsp; Process with Care: Processing increases digestibility of wheat by 20 to 30%. Coarsely rolling wheat improves digestibility but avoid fine grinding. When processing is too fine the starch in wheat is digested too fast in the rumen and increases the risk of ruminal acidosis. 3.&nbsp; Balance the Ration: Wheat should be fed with adequate&nbsp;roughage&nbsp;(hay, silage, or straw) to maintain rumen health. Avoid low-roughage low-fiber diets. 4.&nbsp; Monitor Intakes Closely: Watch for signs of overeating, scours, or bloating when feeding sprouted or damaged wheat.Other Considerations Storage is Key: Keep wheat dry and cool. Sprouted grain with higher moisture is especially vulnerable to spoilage. Test for Mycotoxins or Mold: Sprouted wheat may be more prone to spoilage. If stored improperly, mold and toxins can develop. Always test suspect lots before feeding. Feeding downgraded wheat can be a benefit for cattle producers to gain access to a high-energy feed at a discount — provided it’s done safely and with proper nutrition support. Before incorporating low-quality wheat into your feeding program, consult with a&nbsp;livestock nutritionist&nbsp;or&nbsp;Extension specialist&nbsp;to balance the ration and ensure safety with careful management.Used with permission from Paul Beck, Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension Beef Cattle Nutrition SpecialistAlicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: Making the most of damaged wheat by feeding to beef cattle

Ellis County wheat growers, don’t miss out on entering your best wheat into the Ellis County Fair – Open Class Market Wheat Show. 

Entries are fast and easy. Fill up a provided bag of your best wheat while unloading at any elevator in Ellis County, or at your bins at home and return the crop data card after harvest to either the elevator or Cottonwood Extension District Office, 601 Main Street, Hays. 

Cash and ribbons will be awarded to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners.

Your entries and ribbons can be picked up at the conclusion of the fair on Sunday, July 20 between 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. at the Schenk building or after the fair at the Cottonwood Extension Office.

If you have any questions call us at 785-628-9430, or email Theresa tam3@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749561950525.jpeg" alt="Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Cottonwood Extension DistrictEllis County wheat growers, don’t miss out on entering your best wheat into the Ellis County Fair – Open Class Market Wheat Show. Entries are fast and easy. Fill up a provided bag of your best wheat while unloading at any elevator in Ellis County, or at your bins at home and return the crop data card after harvest to either the elevator or Cottonwood Extension District Office, 601 Main Street, Hays. Entry deadline is July 7.Cash and ribbons will be awarded to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners.Your entries and ribbons can be picked up at the conclusion of the fair on Sunday, July 20 between 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. at the Schenk building or after the fair at the Cottonwood Extension Office.If you have any questions call us at 785-628-9430, or email Theresa tam3@ksu.edu

Farmers can enter their wheat for prizes, cash at the Ellis County Fair

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

It’s county fair season in Kansas, and while local events are a great way to enjoy the sun and time with friends, heat can be an invisible fun bandit for livestock.&nbsp;

Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said it’s important for youth showing livestock to watch animals closely and know the symptoms of heat stress.&nbsp;All animals – as well as people -- can experience heat stress, which occurs when the body cannot get rid of excessive heat, either through sweating or other means.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Tarpoff said cattle handle heat differently than other animals. In particular, they struggle with the ability to sweat, which makes them reliant on getting rid of heat through their respiratory system, such as breathing the heat out. Cattle will accumulate heat during the day, then dissipate the heat load during the night when it's cooler.

“It takes 4-6 hours to return cattle to regular temperature,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;&nbsp;He added that one way to tell if a show steer or heifer is affected by heat stress is to look for unusual behavior from that animal. Symptoms may include reduced feed intake, increased time standing and crowding around water. In the show barn, animals may also display an increase in breathing rate.&nbsp;&nbsp;

One way to keep animals cool is to make sure barns get plenty of ventilation. Tarpoff said that heat stress mitigation strategies should be planned with cattle comfort in mind, and each strategy will be unique to the housing situation. Other factors to consider include whether the animal has its winter or summer hair coat, hair color, and past health issues.&nbsp;

Tarpoff said youth should consider reducing animal handling during heat intervals, and having those handling events completed by 10 a.m.&nbsp;“Weighing, processing, sampling and shipping cattle are all necessary tasks but they should be strategically conducted during the very early morning hours to ensure cattle comfort,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;

Another way to avoid heat stress is to provide plenty of water to cattle. Tarpoff said the amount of water cattle need doubles as the heat increases from 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.

Tarpoff also encourages youth to consider moisture levels from the washing areas. Some locations can artificially increase the humidity and cause unneeded stress on livestock. “Monitoring conditions and preparing for heat stress is a must when caring for your animals,” he said.

The&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Kansas Mesonet</a>, a network of Kansas weather stations which has offices on the K-State campus in Manhattan, provides an&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Animal Comfort Index</a>&nbsp;to help producers and youth monitor care for livestock. The online service is free to the public.&nbsp;

The Barton County Fair starts June 25th&nbsp;and runs through the 29th. Come out and support the youth of our communities and see what projects they have on display. It’s a fun-filled five days of the children showing off all of their hard work, and an enjoyable time for the entire family. 

For a schedule of events, you can go to <a href="https://www.bartoncountyfair.com/">bartoncountyfair.com</a>.&nbsp; We hope to see you all there!

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District It’s county fair season in Kansas, and while local events are a great way to enjoy the sun and time with friends, heat can be an invisible fun bandit for livestock.&nbsp;Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said it’s important for youth showing livestock to watch animals closely and know the symptoms of heat stress.&nbsp;All animals – as well as people -- can experience heat stress, which occurs when the body cannot get rid of excessive heat, either through sweating or other means.&nbsp;&nbsp;Tarpoff said cattle handle heat differently than other animals. In particular, they struggle with the ability to sweat, which makes them reliant on getting rid of heat through their respiratory system, such as breathing the heat out. Cattle will accumulate heat during the day, then dissipate the heat load during the night when it's cooler.“It takes 4-6 hours to return cattle to regular temperature,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;&nbsp;He added that one way to tell if a show steer or heifer is affected by heat stress is to look for unusual behavior from that animal. Symptoms may include reduced feed intake, increased time standing and crowding around water. In the show barn, animals may also display an increase in breathing rate.&nbsp;&nbsp;One way to keep animals cool is to make sure barns get plenty of ventilation. Tarpoff said that heat stress mitigation strategies should be planned with cattle comfort in mind, and each strategy will be unique to the housing situation. Other factors to consider include whether the animal has its winter or summer hair coat, hair color, and past health issues.&nbsp;Tarpoff said youth should consider reducing animal handling during heat intervals, and having those handling events completed by 10 a.m.&nbsp;“Weighing, processing, sampling and shipping cattle are all necessary tasks but they should be strategically conducted during the very early morning hours to ensure cattle comfort,” Tarpoff said.&nbsp;Another way to avoid heat stress is to provide plenty of water to cattle. Tarpoff said the amount of water cattle need doubles as the heat increases from 70 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit.Tarpoff also encourages youth to consider moisture levels from the washing areas. Some locations can artificially increase the humidity and cause unneeded stress on livestock. “Monitoring conditions and preparing for heat stress is a must when caring for your animals,” he said.The&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Kansas Mesonet</a>, a network of Kansas weather stations which has offices on the K-State campus in Manhattan, provides an&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/forecast">Animal Comfort Index</a>&nbsp;to help producers and youth monitor care for livestock. The online service is free to the public.&nbsp;The Barton County Fair starts June 25th&nbsp;and runs through the 29th. Come out and support the youth of our communities and see what projects they have on display. It’s a fun-filled five days of the children showing off all of their hard work, and an enjoyable time for the entire family. For a schedule of events, you can go to <a href="https://www.bartoncountyfair.com/">bartoncountyfair.com</a>.&nbsp; We hope to see you all there!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Heat and 4-H show livestock

With the 2025 wheat harvest in full swing it is time to think about weed control in wheat stubble. When soil moisture conditions are favorable, weeds that have been suppressed by the canopy will grow rapidly once crop competition is removed. In addition, weeds that have emerged through the wheat canopy will be damaged during harvest and will quickly begin regrowth. 

Delaying control can result in lost soil moisture that could be used for crop production, as well as weed seed production, which will cause difficulties in the future.

When thinking about weed control in wheat stubble, there are two priorities – controlling already emerged weeds and preventing later flushes. Making applications before weeds exceed 4 to 6 inches is necessary for good control of already emerged weeds. Residual herbicides are necessary to reduce the number of herbicide applications required to control multiple flushes of weeds.

Despite a growing number of herbicide-resistant weeds, glyphosate plus 2,4-D LVE and/or dicamba continue to be important for weed control in wheat stubble. However, these herbicides alone are not likely to provide adequate control of pigweeds or kochia, especially when applied in the hot, dry conditions that are common after wheat harvest. 

Some herbicide options commonly used to control weeds after wheat harvest are listed below.

Paraquat (Gramoxone, others) is a Group 22 herbicide that can work well in place of glyphosate for nonselective control of emerged pigweed and kochia. 

If planning to plant corn or sorghum next spring, a tank mix of paraquat with atrazine (Group 5) will enhance the control of emerged weeds and provide some residual weed control. Atrazine labels have recently changed such that the only noncrop uses of atrazine permitted are for wheat stubble in wheat-fallow-wheat, wheat-corn-fallow, and wheat-sorghum-fallow rotations.

Metribuzin is another Group 5 herbicide that can be used instead of atrazine to enhance control and provide some residual activity.

One final note regarding paraquat. Limited research out of Australia suggests applying paraquat 2 weeks after a glyphosate application will increase weed control. This is called a ‘double knock’ strategy. This information is included here not as a recommendation per se, but to encourage careful thought about when you want to utilize contact herbicides in your fallow weed management system. 

If paraquat were sprayed with or before glyphosate, the rapid damage to leaf tissue with prevent uptake and translocation of glyphosate. However, if a glyphosate application partially controls weeds, there will be sufficient leaf area 2 weeks after application for paraquat to be effective.

Saflufenacil (Sharpen), a Group 14 herbicide applied at one to two fluid ounces per acre, is an option to provide postemergence and short-term residual control of Palmer amaranth, kochia, and other broadleaf weeds.

Tiafenacil (Reviton) is a Group 14 very similar to Sharpen in terms of weed control and adjuvant use.

Flumioxazin (Valor, others) is a Group 14 herbicide that can be added to burndown treatments at rates of one to four fluid ounces per acre for activity on emerged broadleaf weeds and some residual activity on broadleaf and grass weeds in wheat stubble. Flumioxazin can be mixed with glyphosate or clethodim (Select Max) for enhanced grass control. It can also be mixed with 2,4-D, atrazine, metribuzin, or paraquat.

Another group 14 herbicide that can be considered is sulfentrazone (Spartan, others). Sulfentrazone can be applied to stubble and will control Palmer amaranth and kochia as well as other broadleaf weeds and some grasses. Of the Group 14 herbicides discussed, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone provide the greatest residual activity; however, saflufenacil provides greater postemergence kochia control than flumioxazin.

 Research to evaluate Palmer amaranth control in wheat stubble was conducted in Hays during 2019 and 2020. Herbicides were applied approximately 3 weeks after harvest to Palmer amaranth that was 2 to 3 feet tall. Palmer amaranth control 4 weeks after application in general, treatments that included paraquat (Gramoxone) resulted in the greatest Palmer amaranth control.

Information provided by K-State weed control specialists.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension." />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictWith the 2025 wheat harvest in full swing it is time to think about weed control in wheat stubble. When soil moisture conditions are favorable, weeds that have been suppressed by the canopy will grow rapidly once crop competition is removed. In addition, weeds that have emerged through the wheat canopy will be damaged during harvest and will quickly begin regrowth. Delaying control can result in lost soil moisture that could be used for crop production, as well as weed seed production, which will cause difficulties in the future.When thinking about weed control in wheat stubble, there are two priorities – controlling already emerged weeds and preventing later flushes. Making applications before weeds exceed 4 to 6 inches is necessary for good control of already emerged weeds. Residual herbicides are necessary to reduce the number of herbicide applications required to control multiple flushes of weeds.Despite a growing number of herbicide-resistant weeds, glyphosate plus 2,4-D LVE and/or dicamba continue to be important for weed control in wheat stubble. However, these herbicides alone are not likely to provide adequate control of pigweeds or kochia, especially when applied in the hot, dry conditions that are common after wheat harvest. Some herbicide options commonly used to control weeds after wheat harvest are listed below.Paraquat (Gramoxone, others) is a Group 22 herbicide that can work well in place of glyphosate for nonselective control of emerged pigweed and kochia. If planning to plant corn or sorghum next spring, a tank mix of paraquat with atrazine (Group 5) will enhance the control of emerged weeds and provide some residual weed control. Atrazine labels have recently changed such that the only noncrop uses of atrazine permitted are for wheat stubble in wheat-fallow-wheat, wheat-corn-fallow, and wheat-sorghum-fallow rotations.Metribuzin is another Group 5 herbicide that can be used instead of atrazine to enhance control and provide some residual activity.One final note regarding paraquat. Limited research out of Australia suggests applying paraquat 2 weeks after a glyphosate application will increase weed control. This is called a ‘double knock’ strategy. This information is included here not as a recommendation per se, but to encourage careful thought about when you want to utilize contact herbicides in your fallow weed management system. If paraquat were sprayed with or before glyphosate, the rapid damage to leaf tissue with prevent uptake and translocation of glyphosate. However, if a glyphosate application partially controls weeds, there will be sufficient leaf area 2 weeks after application for paraquat to be effective.Saflufenacil (Sharpen), a Group 14 herbicide applied at one to two fluid ounces per acre, is an option to provide postemergence and short-term residual control of Palmer amaranth, kochia, and other broadleaf weeds.Tiafenacil (Reviton) is a Group 14 very similar to Sharpen in terms of weed control and adjuvant use.Flumioxazin (Valor, others) is a Group 14 herbicide that can be added to burndown treatments at rates of one to four fluid ounces per acre for activity on emerged broadleaf weeds and some residual activity on broadleaf and grass weeds in wheat stubble. Flumioxazin can be mixed with glyphosate or clethodim (Select Max) for enhanced grass control. It can also be mixed with 2,4-D, atrazine, metribuzin, or paraquat.Another group 14 herbicide that can be considered is sulfentrazone (Spartan, others). Sulfentrazone can be applied to stubble and will control Palmer amaranth and kochia as well as other broadleaf weeds and some grasses. Of the Group 14 herbicides discussed, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone provide the greatest residual activity; however, saflufenacil provides greater postemergence kochia control than flumioxazin. Research to evaluate Palmer amaranth control in wheat stubble was conducted in Hays during 2019 and 2020. Herbicides were applied approximately 3 weeks after harvest to Palmer amaranth that was 2 to 3 feet tall. Palmer amaranth control 4 weeks after application in general, treatments that included paraquat (Gramoxone) resulted in the greatest Palmer amaranth control.Information provided by K-State weed control specialists.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Post-harvest weed control strategies for wheat stubble

Recent studies continue to confirm what physiologists and geriatricians have been saying for years: your handshake could be a window into your well-being.

Grip strength is measured using a dynamometer, a simple device that calculates the force exerted by your hand. While traditionally associated with athletes or manual laborers, researchers now recognize its broader implications. A 2024 review in The Lancet Healthy Longevity reaffirmed that lower grip strength is correlated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and even premature death.

Why does this matter? Because strength tends to decline with age, and grip strength often drops first. But if your hands are strong, you can do more, lift more and stay independent!

Unlike more complex diagnostics, grip strength is easy to test anywhere. For older adults, weak grip strength has been linked to decreased mobility, greater risk of falls, and longer hospital stays.

But this isn’t just about the elderly. In younger populations, poor grip strength can point to sedentary lifestyles, poor nutrition, or early signs of chronic conditions. One 2023 study from McMaster University found that teenagers with below average grip strength were more likely to develop metabolic disorders in early adulthood.

We can also look at grip strength in children. Children with lower grip strength are more likely to have higher body fat percentages, lower levels of physical activity, and an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular problems later in life. In 2023, a large-scale study published in Pediatrics examined over 4,000 children age 6 to 17 and found a strong correlation between grip strength and markers of cardiometabolic health such as blood pressure and insulin sensitivity.

Several studies have documented a decline in grip strength among children over the past few decades, likely due to more sedentary lifestyles and increased screen time. One British study comparing grip strength in 10-year-olds in 1998 and 2014 found a 20% decline over that period. Poor grip strength in children can also affect fine motor skills like writing, using scissors, tying shoelaces—skills critical to academic success and independence.

The good news? Grip strength is highly trainable. Simple resistance exercises such as squeezing a stress ball, carrying groceries without assistance, or doing deadlifts and pull-ups can all help improve hand strength. What does this look like in children? Activities like climbing, monkey bars, tug of war, and even modeling clay can boost hand strength.

Building strength is valuable at every age, and even basic routines lay the foundation for lifelong health. Grip strength may not make headlines often, but paying attention to it now could be the key to preventing larger health challenges later.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictRecent studies continue to confirm what physiologists and geriatricians have been saying for years: your handshake could be a window into your well-being.Grip strength is measured using a dynamometer, a simple device that calculates the force exerted by your hand. While traditionally associated with athletes or manual laborers, researchers now recognize its broader implications. A 2024 review in The Lancet Healthy Longevity reaffirmed that lower grip strength is correlated with higher risks of cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and even premature death.Why does this matter? Because strength tends to decline with age, and grip strength often drops first. But if your hands are strong, you can do more, lift more and stay independent!Unlike more complex diagnostics, grip strength is easy to test anywhere. For older adults, weak grip strength has been linked to decreased mobility, greater risk of falls, and longer hospital stays.But this isn’t just about the elderly. In younger populations, poor grip strength can point to sedentary lifestyles, poor nutrition, or early signs of chronic conditions. One 2023 study from McMaster University found that teenagers with below average grip strength were more likely to develop metabolic disorders in early adulthood.We can also look at grip strength in children. Children with lower grip strength are more likely to have higher body fat percentages, lower levels of physical activity, and an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular problems later in life. In 2023, a large-scale study published in Pediatrics examined over 4,000 children age 6 to 17 and found a strong correlation between grip strength and markers of cardiometabolic health such as blood pressure and insulin sensitivity.Several studies have documented a decline in grip strength among children over the past few decades, likely due to more sedentary lifestyles and increased screen time. One British study comparing grip strength in 10-year-olds in 1998 and 2014 found a 20% decline over that period. Poor grip strength in children can also affect fine motor skills like writing, using scissors, tying shoelaces—skills critical to academic success and independence.The good news? Grip strength is highly trainable. Simple resistance exercises such as squeezing a stress ball, carrying groceries without assistance, or doing deadlifts and pull-ups can all help improve hand strength. What does this look like in children? Activities like climbing, monkey bars, tug of war, and even modeling clay can boost hand strength.Building strength is valuable at every age, and even basic routines lay the foundation for lifelong health. Grip strength may not make headlines often, but paying attention to it now could be the key to preventing larger health challenges later.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Grip strength: What your hands say about your health

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks about the 2025 area wheat crop and harvest with Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Local wheat harvest update" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=3b6dc-18e6fb2-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks about the 2025 area wheat crop and harvest with Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District agriculture agent.&nbsp;&nbsp;

🎙 Post Podcast: Local wheat harvest update

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Recent warming temperatures and wet weather patterns have created ideal conditions for mosquitoes, said Kansas State University entomologist Raymond Cloyd.

“There are a lot of situations (near the home) where standing water is around,” he said. “We need to be aware of mosquitoes.”

Cloyd suggests clearing out the breeding environments used by mosquitoes to help mitigate their numbers near homes.

“The way we approach mosquito management is source reduction, that is, remove all stagnant water from bird baths, old tires, wheelbarrows, or anything that holds water for an extended period of time,” he said.

Other ways to get rid of mosquito breeding grounds, according to the K-State Research and Extension publication, Pests That Affect Human Health: Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus:

· Eliminate artificial water-holding containers. If that is not possible, empty buckets, cans, bottles, used tires and other containers at least once a week. 

· Fill or drain tree holes, stumps and puddles. 

· Irrigate gardens and lawns carefully to prevent water standing for more than a few days. 

· Check for water trapped in plastic covers on boats and swimming pools. 

· Make sure rain gutters are clean and do not hold water. 

People can also use a wide variety of repellents to lessen the presence of female mosquitoes during the times they’re most active, according to Cloyd. 

“If you're going to be out at dusk and dawn, spray your body with a repellent such as DEET, Picaridin or IR3535,” he said. 

Permethrin acts as another form of female mosquito control that affects them directly, but it must be applied properly to ensure human safety.

“Permethrin is an insecticide, but you don't spray it on your skin,” Cloyd said. “You spray it just on your clothing. When you come back inside take a shower (after application).”

Mosquito management can also occur during the early phases of the insect’s life cycle using a larvicide in the form of mosquito dunks or bits.

“You can put mosquito dunks and bits in water to kill mosquitos in the larval stage,” Cloyd said. They're completely harmless to pets and fish; all they kill is mosquito larva. So if you have a pond that's not agitated or a bird bath you don't want to change, you can throw in these mosquito dunks or bits. They'll eat it then they’ll die.”

He added: “Dunks and bits are stomach poisons that contain the active ingredient, Bacillus thuringienesis (subspecies kurstaki, or Btk). Btk is a soil-borne bacterium that only kills mosquito larvae. It will manage mosquito larval populations for one to four weeks after application.”

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1750773181868.png" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictRecent warming temperatures and wet weather patterns have created ideal conditions for mosquitoes, said Kansas State University entomologist Raymond Cloyd.“There are a lot of situations (near the home) where standing water is around,” he said. “We need to be aware of mosquitoes.”Cloyd suggests clearing out the breeding environments used by mosquitoes to help mitigate their numbers near homes.“The way we approach mosquito management is source reduction, that is, remove all stagnant water from bird baths, old tires, wheelbarrows, or anything that holds water for an extended period of time,” he said.Other ways to get rid of mosquito breeding grounds, according to the K-State Research and Extension publication, Pests That Affect Human Health: Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus:· Eliminate artificial water-holding containers. If that is not possible, empty buckets, cans, bottles, used tires and other containers at least once a week. · Fill or drain tree holes, stumps and puddles. · Irrigate gardens and lawns carefully to prevent water standing for more than a few days. · Check for water trapped in plastic covers on boats and swimming pools. · Make sure rain gutters are clean and do not hold water. People can also use a wide variety of repellents to lessen the presence of female mosquitoes during the times they’re most active, according to Cloyd. “If you're going to be out at dusk and dawn, spray your body with a repellent such as DEET, Picaridin or IR3535,” he said. Permethrin acts as another form of female mosquito control that affects them directly, but it must be applied properly to ensure human safety.“Permethrin is an insecticide, but you don't spray it on your skin,” Cloyd said. “You spray it just on your clothing. When you come back inside take a shower (after application).”Mosquito management can also occur during the early phases of the insect’s life cycle using a larvicide in the form of mosquito dunks or bits.“You can put mosquito dunks and bits in water to kill mosquitos in the larval stage,” Cloyd said. They're completely harmless to pets and fish; all they kill is mosquito larva. So if you have a pond that's not agitated or a bird bath you don't want to change, you can throw in these mosquito dunks or bits. They'll eat it then they’ll die.”He added: “Dunks and bits are stomach poisons that contain the active ingredient, Bacillus thuringienesis (subspecies kurstaki, or Btk). Btk is a soil-borne bacterium that only kills mosquito larvae. It will manage mosquito larval populations for one to four weeks after application.”Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Warm, wet weather perfect for mosquitos 

There is a good deal of interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones for the application of pesticides. In this context, a drone is a small, remotely controlled fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. 

A drone application might be appealing to individuals wanting to spray where it is not practical or desirable to use a traditional spray, or perhaps, for spot spraying. Applications are limited by the size of the payload the unmanned aircraft system is able to carry, and compliance and logistics for such applications can be challenging. 

If you are someone who is considering using a drone for applications, here is some basic information regarding licenses that you need to know before you apply any pesticides. 

You should comply with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) requirements, and pesticide label directions to operate a drone for pesticide spraying.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations All drone-based chemical applications must adhere to FAA regulations, most of which are described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 14 CFR Part 137, which governs the use of aircraft – including drones – to apply agricultural chemicals. In order to obtain a Part 137 UAS certification, an individual should apply for the necessary exemptions, submit necessary documentation, including drone registration information and the pilot’s agricultural aircraft operator certificate.

Drone registration costs $5 and is valid for three years. In addition, a drone operator must have a Remote Pilot Certification, which requires passing an exam and paying a fee. The certification must be renewed every 24 months by training and testing, which is available online at no cost. The testing and training include information about regulations, airspace, weather, and night operations.

Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) Requirements State level regulations require that proof of drone registration with the FAA be submitted to the KDA, evidence of certification, such as a Remote Pilot Certificate, and additional information. Moreover, the operator must be certified as a commercial pesticide applicator in the appropriate category, such as Agricultural Pest Control, through KDA.

The applicator needs to provide the KDA with the make, model, serial number (if applicable), and any other requested information related to the drone and submit a completed and signed application to apply pesticide products. 

If a drone-based pesticide spray is operated as a business, a Pesticide Business License from KDA is required. This license verifies that the business complies with state regulations regarding pesticide application. Moreover, such a business should complete an application to receive approval before completing such pesticide applications. 

More information about KDA policies and different applications can be found on the KDA website: <a href="https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems">https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems </a>

Information provided by Frannie Miller, Pesticide Safety and IPM Coordinator, fmiller@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749552852985.jpeg" alt="Spray drone. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Spray drone. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThere is a good deal of interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones for the application of pesticides. In this context, a drone is a small, remotely controlled fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. A drone application might be appealing to individuals wanting to spray where it is not practical or desirable to use a traditional spray, or perhaps, for spot spraying. Applications are limited by the size of the payload the unmanned aircraft system is able to carry, and compliance and logistics for such applications can be challenging. If you are someone who is considering using a drone for applications, here is some basic information regarding licenses that you need to know before you apply any pesticides. You should comply with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) requirements, and pesticide label directions to operate a drone for pesticide spraying.Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations All drone-based chemical applications must adhere to FAA regulations, most of which are described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 14 CFR Part 137, which governs the use of aircraft – including drones – to apply agricultural chemicals. In order to obtain a Part 137 UAS certification, an individual should apply for the necessary exemptions, submit necessary documentation, including drone registration information and the pilot’s agricultural aircraft operator certificate. Drone registration costs $5 and is valid for three years. In addition, a drone operator must have a Remote Pilot Certification, which requires passing an exam and paying a fee. The certification must be renewed every 24 months by training and testing, which is available online at no cost. The testing and training include information about regulations, airspace, weather, and night operations.Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) Requirements State level regulations require that proof of drone registration with the FAA be submitted to the KDA, evidence of certification, such as a Remote Pilot Certificate, and additional information. Moreover, the operator must be certified as a commercial pesticide applicator in the appropriate category, such as Agricultural Pest Control, through KDA. The applicator needs to provide the KDA with the make, model, serial number (if applicable), and any other requested information related to the drone and submit a completed and signed application to apply pesticide products. If a drone-based pesticide spray is operated as a business, a Pesticide Business License from KDA is required. This license verifies that the business complies with state regulations regarding pesticide application. Moreover, such a business should complete an application to receive approval before completing such pesticide applications. More information about KDA policies and different applications can be found on the KDA website: <a href="https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems">https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems </a>Information provided by Frannie Miller, Pesticide Safety and IPM Coordinator, fmiller@ksu.edu.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Unmanned aerial vehicle pesticide applications 

It might seem like a simple everyday movement, but the ability to get up and down off the floor is one of the strongest indicators of overall health, mobility, and longevity. As people age or become less active, this basic movement often becomes harder—but maintaining it can have powerful health benefits that extend far beyond convenience.

Getting on and off the floor requires a combination of strength, coordination, flexibility, and balance. It engages major muscle groups—especially in the legs, core and hips—while also testing joint mobility and motor control. Regularly performing this movement acts as a functional fitness test, revealing how well your body works as a unit.

According to a study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, researchers found that people who could sit and rise from the floor without using their hands had significantly lower risks of mortality. 

This movement is essentially a snapshot of physical capability and resilience. The easier and more confidently you can do it, the more likely your musculoskeletal system is functioning optimally.

One of the major health risks for older adults is falling. In fact, falls are a leading cause of injury-related death in people over 65. The ability to get up from the floor doesn’t just mean avoiding injury; it also means recovering quickly if a fall does occur. Being able to stand up without assistance reduces the fear and consequences of falling, promoting confidence and independence.

Incorporating floor-based movements into regular workouts can improve proprioception (the body’s ability to sense its position in space), which helps prevent instability and accidents. Simple exercises like Turkish gets-ups, deep squats, or even sitting cross-legged the floor and standing back up can improve this vital skill over time.

When you move from the floor to standing, your body uses a range of joints—ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, and the spine. Keeping these joints mobile and strong helps prevent stiffness, improves posture, and supports better functional movement patterns. Motion is lotion!

Additionally, core engagement is critical during the transition. Strengthening the core isn’t just about aesthetics—it plays a vital role in stabilizing the spine and supportin daily activities. Getting off the floor naturally trains these muscles in a way that mimics real-world needs.

Modern lifestyles often involve prolonged sitting in chairs, leading to poor posture and reduced mobility. Getting on the floor to play with kids, stretch, or simply read can reintroduce natural movement patterns that are often mission from daily routines. Even just sitting cross-legged or in a squat position periodically helps to maintain hip mobility and spine alignment.

Though it may seem basic, the act of getting gup and down off the floor is a full-body movement that offers significant health insights and benefits. It supports longevity, mobility, independence, and injury prevention. 

Making this movement a regular part of your life—either through exercise or everyday activities—can help you stay active, capable, and confident as you age.

Stay tuned, next week we will discuss another marker of health and longevity!

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictIt might seem like a simple everyday movement, but the ability to get up and down off the floor is one of the strongest indicators of overall health, mobility, and longevity. As people age or become less active, this basic movement often becomes harder—but maintaining it can have powerful health benefits that extend far beyond convenience.Getting on and off the floor requires a combination of strength, coordination, flexibility, and balance. It engages major muscle groups—especially in the legs, core and hips—while also testing joint mobility and motor control. Regularly performing this movement acts as a functional fitness test, revealing how well your body works as a unit.According to a study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, researchers found that people who could sit and rise from the floor without using their hands had significantly lower risks of mortality. This movement is essentially a snapshot of physical capability and resilience. The easier and more confidently you can do it, the more likely your musculoskeletal system is functioning optimally.One of the major health risks for older adults is falling. In fact, falls are a leading cause of injury-related death in people over 65. The ability to get up from the floor doesn’t just mean avoiding injury; it also means recovering quickly if a fall does occur. Being able to stand up without assistance reduces the fear and consequences of falling, promoting confidence and independence.Incorporating floor-based movements into regular workouts can improve proprioception (the body’s ability to sense its position in space), which helps prevent instability and accidents. Simple exercises like Turkish gets-ups, deep squats, or even sitting cross-legged the floor and standing back up can improve this vital skill over time.When you move from the floor to standing, your body uses a range of joints—ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, and the spine. Keeping these joints mobile and strong helps prevent stiffness, improves posture, and supports better functional movement patterns. Motion is lotion!Additionally, core engagement is critical during the transition. Strengthening the core isn’t just about aesthetics—it plays a vital role in stabilizing the spine and supportin daily activities. Getting off the floor naturally trains these muscles in a way that mimics real-world needs.Modern lifestyles often involve prolonged sitting in chairs, leading to poor posture and reduced mobility. Getting on the floor to play with kids, stretch, or simply read can reintroduce natural movement patterns that are often mission from daily routines. Even just sitting cross-legged or in a squat position periodically helps to maintain hip mobility and spine alignment.Though it may seem basic, the act of getting gup and down off the floor is a full-body movement that offers significant health insights and benefits. It supports longevity, mobility, independence, and injury prevention. Making this movement a regular part of your life—either through exercise or everyday activities—can help you stay active, capable, and confident as you age.Stay tuned, next week we will discuss another marker of health and longevity!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

KOERNER: Getting up, down off the floor indicator of overall health

Through the year’s agriculture, conservation and overall land management has gone through phases with each phase having its buzzwords, promoters, detractors, research objectives - well, you get the point. Some promoters will always feel like they’ve just unleashed the silver bullet to cure all the planet’s woes. Spoiler alert, none of them have! 

For the most part each phase has brought some improvements and certainly more tools for farmers, ranchers and land managers to consider and use. But no single one is the cure all panacea that will work for everyone.

Soil health has certainly risen to a prominent buzzword in our society. Soil health is a broad category for many different things that are actually quite important. In searching for a good definition of soil health, and there are many out there, I found some that were way out there. Others were restrictive and may work for certain soils in certain ecosystems; some were very vague. Many definitions were tailored for a very specific form of agriculture, i.e. no-till, organic, natural, etc.

One of the top choices came from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) at USDA. Quoting from their web site, “Soil health, also referred to as soil quality, is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans.” They go on to point out that soil isn’t just some sterile rooting medium but is rather a living functioning ecosystem of its’ own.

Many people don’t realize how alive soil is! There is so much life in the soil, much of it invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and many other organisms make up a valuable part of the soil mass and we often only see hints of it.

Defining soil health is fairly easy. Measuring it is another story however. There are many soil organisms that have not been discovered yet, that are important, or we know they are there but we don’t know what they do. We truly have so much we&nbsp;need to learn. 

Perhaps the best measure of soil health is by how well plants grow, by how productive the soil is, or by how sustainable the practices. Soil health is likely something we measure indirectly.

Soil health can, and does, change over time. How we farm, how we garden, how we tend our lawn, can all impact that soil health. We can compact soil with heavy equipment. We can tear it up and turn it over with construction or recreation. The plants we grow on it, the nutrients we add to it, the organic matter we allow to develop in it, even the rainfall or irrigation it receives, are all things that can improve or hurt soil health. 

If you haven’t yet heard about soil health, you eventually will. I doubt that we’ll come up with a simple way of measuring soil health in my life time. But we need to remember that soil health isn’t an end goal but an ongoing journey.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThrough the year’s agriculture, conservation and overall land management has gone through phases with each phase having its buzzwords, promoters, detractors, research objectives - well, you get the point. Some promoters will always feel like they’ve just unleashed the silver bullet to cure all the planet’s woes. Spoiler alert, none of them have! For the most part each phase has brought some improvements and certainly more tools for farmers, ranchers and land managers to consider and use. But no single one is the cure all panacea that will work for everyone.Soil health has certainly risen to a prominent buzzword in our society. Soil health is a broad category for many different things that are actually quite important. In searching for a good definition of soil health, and there are many out there, I found some that were way out there. Others were restrictive and may work for certain soils in certain ecosystems; some were very vague. Many definitions were tailored for a very specific form of agriculture, i.e. no-till, organic, natural, etc.One of the top choices came from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) at USDA. Quoting from their web site, “Soil health, also referred to as soil quality, is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans.” They go on to point out that soil isn’t just some sterile rooting medium but is rather a living functioning ecosystem of its’ own.Many people don’t realize how alive soil is! There is so much life in the soil, much of it invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and many other organisms make up a valuable part of the soil mass and we often only see hints of it.Defining soil health is fairly easy. Measuring it is another story however. There are many soil organisms that have not been discovered yet, that are important, or we know they are there but we don’t know what they do. We truly have so much we&nbsp;need to learn. Perhaps the best measure of soil health is by how well plants grow, by how productive the soil is, or by how sustainable the practices. Soil health is likely something we measure indirectly.Soil health can, and does, change over time. How we farm, how we garden, how we tend our lawn, can all impact that soil health. We can compact soil with heavy equipment. We can tear it up and turn it over with construction or recreation. The plants we grow on it, the nutrients we add to it, the organic matter we allow to develop in it, even the rainfall or irrigation it receives, are all things that can improve or hurt soil health. If you haven’t yet heard about soil health, you eventually will. I doubt that we’ll come up with a simple way of measuring soil health in my life time. But we need to remember that soil health isn’t an end goal but an ongoing journey.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Soil health

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks with Karissa Frasier about her new position as Community Health Worker with the K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District in Ellis County.

<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Meet the new Community Health Worker for the Cottonwood Extension District" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=c24cx-18d3283-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks with Karissa Frasier about her new position as Community Health Worker with the K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District in Ellis County.

🎙 Post Podcast: Meet new Community Health Worker for Cottonwood Extension District

By:&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/mchilson/">Morgan Chilson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/sherman-smith/">Sherman Smith</a>&nbsp; <a href="https://kansasreflector.com/2025/02/24/gov-laura-kelly-skeptical-kansas-houses-anti-tenure-legislation-will-reach-her-desk/">Kansas Reflector</a>

TOPEKA — Fifth-generation Kansan Christy Davis announced Saturday she is exploring a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, who she said is spending his time flattering the “tyrant in the White House” instead of standing up for Kansans.

Davis, a Democrat, made the announcement to the hundreds of people gathered for the No Kings rally at the state Capitol. She served as White House appointee for U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development during the Biden administration and previously lost in the Democratic primary in 2020 when she ran for the U.S. House in the 1st District against Kali Barnett. Republican Tracey Mann won that seat.

Davis and her family live in Cottonwood Falls.

“Unfortunately, the rights Kansans have fought for are being threatened by a tyrant and a Congress that is scared to hold him to account,” Davis said. “This isn’t the America that is the land of the free and the home of the brave. Nothing about this is our values. We didn’t vote for this. We need to stand together, regardless of political parties, and remember who we are — not just Americans, but we’re Kansans, and we deserve better.”

Davis criticized Marshall for failing to protect Kansas and its economy.

“The administration is clawing back funding for our public schools and dismantling the entire farm economy,” she said. “And what is Senator Marshall doing in response? He doesn’t even live here. Not what the Constitution says he’s supposed to. Instead of representing us and checking the power of the tyrant in the White House, he’s trying to flatter him.”

Davis’ words drew chants of “vote him out” from the crowd, which was gathered to protest the Trump administration.

On Saturday, Newsmax posted an interview with Marshall honoring the 250th birthday of the Army. He also sent birthday wishes to Trump.

“It’s been just the honor of a lifetime to work beside him to make America great again,” Marshall said.

In 2016, Marshall, who is a obstetrician and gynecologist, entered politics with a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Rep. Tim Huelskamp, defeating him in the primary and later winning the 1st District seat.&nbsp; In 2019, he announced he would run for the seat that U.S. Sen. Pat Roberts was vacating. He won the primary and eventually the seat, beating out Democrat Barbara Bollier.

Devon Welcher, of Topeka, also revealed her intent to run for office, telling the crowd she plans to run for governor as an independent candidate.

In an interview, Welcher said she is running because “Kansas is in trouble,” and that voters should know, “I’m the real deal.”

“I have enthusiasm, and grace, and I am charismatic,” Welcher said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1750078200149.png" alt=" Christy Davis addresses the No Kings rally on June 14, 2025, from the south steps of the Statehouse in Topeka, where she announced she will explore a U.S. Senate run as a Democrat against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall. (Sherman Smith/Kansas Reflector)" />
 <figcaption> Christy Davis addresses the No Kings rally on June 14, 2025, from the south steps of the Statehouse in Topeka, where she announced she will explore a U.S. Senate run as a Democrat against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall. (Sherman Smith/Kansas Reflector)</figcaption>
 </figure>By:&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/mchilson/">Morgan Chilson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/sherman-smith/">Sherman Smith</a>&nbsp; <a href="https://kansasreflector.com/2025/02/24/gov-laura-kelly-skeptical-kansas-houses-anti-tenure-legislation-will-reach-her-desk/">Kansas Reflector</a>TOPEKA — Fifth-generation Kansan Christy Davis announced Saturday she is exploring a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, who she said is spending his time flattering the “tyrant in the White House” instead of standing up for Kansans.Davis, a Democrat, made the announcement to the hundreds of people gathered for the No Kings rally at the state Capitol. She served as White House appointee for U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development during the Biden administration and previously lost in the Democratic primary in 2020 when she ran for the U.S. House in the 1st District against Kali Barnett. Republican Tracey Mann won that seat.Davis and her family live in Cottonwood Falls.“Unfortunately, the rights Kansans have fought for are being threatened by a tyrant and a Congress that is scared to hold him to account,” Davis said. “This isn’t the America that is the land of the free and the home of the brave. Nothing about this is our values. We didn’t vote for this. We need to stand together, regardless of political parties, and remember who we are — not just Americans, but we’re Kansans, and we deserve better.”Davis criticized Marshall for failing to protect Kansas and its economy.“The administration is clawing back funding for our public schools and dismantling the entire farm economy,” she said. “And what is Senator Marshall doing in response? He doesn’t even live here. Not what the Constitution says he’s supposed to. Instead of representing us and checking the power of the tyrant in the White House, he’s trying to flatter him.”Davis’ words drew chants of “vote him out” from the crowd, which was gathered to protest the Trump administration.On Saturday, Newsmax posted an interview with Marshall honoring the 250th birthday of the Army. He also sent birthday wishes to Trump.“It’s been just the honor of a lifetime to work beside him to make America great again,” Marshall said.In 2016, Marshall, who is a obstetrician and gynecologist, entered politics with a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Rep. Tim Huelskamp, defeating him in the primary and later winning the 1st District seat.&nbsp; In 2019, he announced he would run for the seat that U.S. Sen. Pat Roberts was vacating. He won the primary and eventually the seat, beating out Democrat Barbara Bollier.Devon Welcher, of Topeka, also revealed her intent to run for office, telling the crowd she plans to run for governor as an independent candidate.In an interview, Welcher said she is running because “Kansas is in trouble,” and that voters should know, “I’m the real deal.”“I have enthusiasm, and grace, and I am charismatic,” Welcher said.

Kansas Democrat exploring run against U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, accuses him of ‘flattering’ Trump

There is nothing like the taste of fresh vegetables that come straight to the table from the garden, and often when there is a produce surplus folks turn to processing options such as freezing or canning to make it last throughout the year.

In anticipation of that summer season, I would like to offer tips on how to have a successful canning experience. Preparing now can help prevent problems in the middle of canning later on this summer.

First, make sure everything is working properly. 

Canning jars and rings should be free from cracks and no rust on the rings. Hand washing the lids and rings is recommended to keep them from rusting prematurely. Lids, however, cannot be used more than once. Now is a good time to go buy them. 

Next, make sure your canner is in good working order. Dial gauge canners need their valves and gauge checked. Your local extension office can test the gauge for Presto, National, Maid of Honor and Magic Seal canners. Check the seal between the pot and lid, looking for cracks or dried rubber. If the seal isn’t good then the canner will not get to the proper pressure. The rubber plug can also wear out and sometimes need replaced.

As far as preparing the food, it is recommended to remove the peels to prevent unintended bacteria growth.

After the jars have been processed, they should be placed on a towel on the counter in an isolated place, with no drafts and allowed to cool down naturally.

Finally, write the date the food was canned on the lid before putting them in storage. It is recommended that jars be used within one year and rotate them out for next year’s supply.

And just a reminder about canning recipes. 

Information about food comes at us from many directions. We might scroll through Facebook, Pinterest or another social media platform and be attracted by a new recipe. Most of the time, recipes for main courses or desserts will not pose food safety risks. Maybe a friend told you about a new canning method. Food preservation recipes that have not been tested for safety could be harmful, or even deadly if the canned food contains the toxin that causes botulism. 

These are some questions to ask yourself:

• Who is the author of the research or publication?

The U.S. Department of Agriculture and universities have conducted reputable food preservation research.

• Is the food preservation information based on current scientific research or opinion?

Outdated canning recipes should be retired. An exception: if ingredient amounts and processing times are exactly the same as current food preservation recipes, they could be used.

• Where did you find the information?

Examine the URL on the website. Does it end with “.edu” (indicating a university or other educational organization) or “.gov” (indicating a government site)? Universities and government sources are credible sources of food preservation information.

Please make sure your canning recipes are from credible sources before trying them. While home canning can be a safe and convenient way to store food, it must be done safely.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749557725355.png" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictThere is nothing like the taste of fresh vegetables that come straight to the table from the garden, and often when there is a produce surplus folks turn to processing options such as freezing or canning to make it last throughout the year.In anticipation of that summer season, I would like to offer tips on how to have a successful canning experience. Preparing now can help prevent problems in the middle of canning later on this summer.First, make sure everything is working properly. Canning jars and rings should be free from cracks and no rust on the rings. Hand washing the lids and rings is recommended to keep them from rusting prematurely. Lids, however, cannot be used more than once. Now is a good time to go buy them. Next, make sure your canner is in good working order. Dial gauge canners need their valves and gauge checked. Your local extension office can test the gauge for Presto, National, Maid of Honor and Magic Seal canners. Check the seal between the pot and lid, looking for cracks or dried rubber. If the seal isn’t good then the canner will not get to the proper pressure. The rubber plug can also wear out and sometimes need replaced.As far as preparing the food, it is recommended to remove the peels to prevent unintended bacteria growth.After the jars have been processed, they should be placed on a towel on the counter in an isolated place, with no drafts and allowed to cool down naturally.Finally, write the date the food was canned on the lid before putting them in storage. It is recommended that jars be used within one year and rotate them out for next year’s supply.And just a reminder about canning recipes. Information about food comes at us from many directions. We might scroll through Facebook, Pinterest or another social media platform and be attracted by a new recipe. Most of the time, recipes for main courses or desserts will not pose food safety risks. Maybe a friend told you about a new canning method. Food preservation recipes that have not been tested for safety could be harmful, or even deadly if the canned food contains the toxin that causes botulism. These are some questions to ask yourself:• Who is the author of the research or publication? The U.S. Department of Agriculture and universities have conducted reputable food preservation research.• Is the food preservation information based on current scientific research or opinion? Outdated canning recipes should be retired. An exception: if ingredient amounts and processing times are exactly the same as current food preservation recipes, they could be used.• Where did you find the information? Examine the URL on the website. Does it end with “.edu” (indicating a university or other educational organization) or “.gov” (indicating a government site)? Universities and government sources are credible sources of food preservation information.Please make sure your canning recipes are from credible sources before trying them. While home canning can be a safe and convenient way to store food, it must be done safely.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Tips for safe food canning

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

A clean stock tank with high-quality water promotes healthy livestock. 

Nursing calves have a nine percent higher weight gain when drinking water from a trough rather than from a pond. Poor tasting water can influence forage intake. Drinking more water can mean more efficient forage consumption. 

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictA clean stock tank with high-quality water promotes healthy livestock. Nursing calves have a nine percent higher weight gain when drinking water from a trough rather than from a pond. Poor tasting water can influence forage intake. Drinking more water can mean more efficient forage consumption. Viruses, parasites, and bacteria thrive in tanks that are not properly cleaned.&nbsp;Keeping your stock tank clean can be a challenge in the summer. Warm summer temperatures, abundant sunlight, and nutrients mix together to create ideal conditions for algae growth. Nutrients from slobber, excrement, leaves, or other debris can stimulate harmful algae growth. Algae changes the taste of water, and some types are even toxic, like blue-green algae, which is toxic to livestock. Using fencing or other barriers to limit livestock access to ponds can mitigate nutrient introduction. Barriers should be low enough that critters won’t slip underneath.Most tanks should be drained and cleaned once or twice a year. Add one part of household chlorine bleach for 32 parts of water. Let the water sit for 15 minutes. Drain and scrub the tank well. Keep livestock away from the tank for at least 30 minutes after cleaning. Getting the tank empty can be difficult unless the tank has a built-in drain. In the case of no drain, turn the water off and let the livestock drink the water down to a point where it can be managed.Once the tank is cleaned, there are a few ways to keep it clean. First, keep debris (leaves, dead plants) out of the tank. Two ounces of household chlorine bleach to fifty gallons of water weekly will help regulate algae growth. Or, use copper sulfate, an eighth of a teaspoon per hundred gallons.Goldfish are also an option for algae control. Add four to six goldfish per 100 gallons of tank capacity. Goldfish survive best when the temperature is at least sixty degrees. They need bricks, rocks, or some structure to hide from predators like birds or raccoons. Fish kills are a concern if the water level gets too low and there is not enough oxygen or in the winter when it’s too cold.&nbsp;Keeping the troughs out of direct sunlight can also help minimize algae growth. Freeze-proof troughs, such as floating ball top waterers, work well in cold weather and work to keep water cool in the summer.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.