By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Starter fertilizer is typically applied at a low rate of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) near the seed at planting time. This fertilizer is intended to "jump start" growth in the spring, and it is not unusual for a producer to see an early-season growth response to starter fertilizer application. However, some producers might also consider using this opportunity to apply higher fertilizer rates to meet most of the corn crop's N and P needs.

Producers should be very cautious about applying starter fertilizer that includes high rates of N (and/or K). 

It is best to have some soil separation between the starter fertilizer and the seed. The safest placement methods for starter fertilizer are either as a deep-band application 2 to 3 inches to the side and 2 to 3 inches below the soil surface (2x2) or as a surface-band application to the side of the seed row at planting time (2x0), especially in conventional tillage or where farmers are using row cleaners or trash movers in no-till. 

What are the risks with “pop-up” placement? If producers apply starter fertilizer with the corn seed (“pop-up” in-furrow), they run an increased risk of seed injury when applying more than 6 to 8 pounds per acre of N and K2O combined in direct seed contact on a 30-inch row spacing 

Nitrogen fertilizer can result in salt injury. Urea-containing fertilizers can also result in ammonia toxicity. Urea converts to ammonia, which is very toxic to seedlings and can significantly reduce final stands.

“Salts” are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and base. Most fertilizers are soluble salts (e.g., KCl from K+ and Cl- ions). Salt injury can occur when fertilizer addition increases the osmotic pressure in the soil solution (due to an increase in salt concentration) around the germinating seed and roots. This can cause plasmolysis, which is when water moves out of the plant cell, shrinking cell membranes and collapsing the cell. Symptoms of salt damage are short, discolored roots and a reduced corn population.

N rates with 2x2 placement or “surface dribble”

Starter fertilizer placements, such as 2x2 or surface dribble (2x0), provide enough soil between the fertilizer and the seed and are considered safe alternatives for higher rates of N application. 

Recent studies in Kansas suggest that the full rate of N can be applied safely using these placement options. One concern from some producers is related to the additional time demands for the application of high rates of fertilizer during planting. However, from an agronomic perspective, this can be an excellent time for N application, minimizing potential N “tie-up” and providing available N to the corn, particularly under no-till systems with heavy residue.

Producers can apply most of the corn needs at planting as long as the fertilizer placement provides enough soil separation between the fertilizer and the seed. The best options are the 2x2 placement or surface-dribble (to the side of the seed row at planting time), with similar results in terms of crop response.

Nitrogen applications with these starter fertilizer options can provide an excellent alternative for producers who might not have the opportunity for anhydrous ammonia applications this spring or are planning to apply additional N as a side-dress application.

Information provided by Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Specialist.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension Agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension Agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District Starter fertilizer is typically applied at a low rate of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) near the seed at planting time. This fertilizer is intended to "jump start" growth in the spring, and it is not unusual for a producer to see an early-season growth response to starter fertilizer application. However, some producers might also consider using this opportunity to apply higher fertilizer rates to meet most of the corn crop's N and P needs.Producers should be very cautious about applying starter fertilizer that includes high rates of N (and/or K). It is best to have some soil separation between the starter fertilizer and the seed. The safest placement methods for starter fertilizer are either as a deep-band application 2 to 3 inches to the side and 2 to 3 inches below the soil surface (2x2) or as a surface-band application to the side of the seed row at planting time (2x0), especially in conventional tillage or where farmers are using row cleaners or trash movers in no-till. What are the risks with “pop-up” placement? If producers apply starter fertilizer with the corn seed (“pop-up” in-furrow), they run an increased risk of seed injury when applying more than 6 to 8 pounds per acre of N and K2O combined in direct seed contact on a 30-inch row spacing Nitrogen fertilizer can result in salt injury. Urea-containing fertilizers can also result in ammonia toxicity. Urea converts to ammonia, which is very toxic to seedlings and can significantly reduce final stands.What is a “salt”? “Salts” are ionic compounds that result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and base. Most fertilizers are soluble salts (e.g., KCl from K+ and Cl- ions). Salt injury can occur when fertilizer addition increases the osmotic pressure in the soil solution (due to an increase in salt concentration) around the germinating seed and roots. This can cause plasmolysis, which is when water moves out of the plant cell, shrinking cell membranes and collapsing the cell. Symptoms of salt damage are short, discolored roots and a reduced corn population.N rates with 2x2 placement or “surface dribble” Starter fertilizer placements, such as 2x2 or surface dribble (2x0), provide enough soil between the fertilizer and the seed and are considered safe alternatives for higher rates of N application. Recent studies in Kansas suggest that the full rate of N can be applied safely using these placement options. One concern from some producers is related to the additional time demands for the application of high rates of fertilizer during planting. However, from an agronomic perspective, this can be an excellent time for N application, minimizing potential N “tie-up” and providing available N to the corn, particularly under no-till systems with heavy residue.Take-home messageProducers can apply most of the corn needs at planting as long as the fertilizer placement provides enough soil separation between the fertilizer and the seed. The best options are the 2x2 placement or surface-dribble (to the side of the seed row at planting time), with similar results in terms of crop response. Nitrogen applications with these starter fertilizer options can provide an excellent alternative for producers who might not have the opportunity for anhydrous ammonia applications this spring or are planning to apply additional N as a side-dress application.Information provided by Dorivar Ruiz Diaz, Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Specialist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPELL: Starter fertilizer for corn: Nitrogen placement and rate

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Choosing the right plant for the right place is crucial to introducing new plants in the garden this spring.

“Know the water needs of the plant and the water availability of your landscape,” Kansas State University horticulture expert Matt McKernan said.

Understanding the growth characteristics of the plant -- such as height and spread at maturity, rate of growth and thorns or fruiting habit -- helps set the plant up for success, McKernan added.

“Determine if those qualities will fit with the space you have available,” McKernan said. “A small, young tree may look nice planted in front of your home, but as it grows, will it block your view out the window? Will this still be a desirable location?”

In addition to size, McKernan stressed the importance of determining the plant’s disease resistance, cold hardiness, and light requirements.

“If we can pick a plant that is well adapted to the amount of sunlight, winter conditions and possible insects or diseases our garden may experience, then we pick a plant that will be lower maintenance and often more successful,” he said.

He notes that gardeners should consider what that plant will look like throughout the year.

 Look for plants that will bring multiple seasons of interest, such as spring or summer flowers, fall color, winter interest or repeat blooms.

“The more we intentionally select plants with multiple seasons of interest, the more dynamic our landscape becomes,” McKernan suggested. “We can also look for plants that benefit pollinators, birds and other wildlife, which may bring additional interest into our landscape.&nbsp;

“Also reach out to your local extension office for recommended plant lists specific to your area. They will have lots of publications and plant recommendations that will be well adapted to the growing conditions of your local community.”

As you select new plants for the landscape, making informed decisions early in the landscaping process will save time and money.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682229509.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor&nbsp;is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictChoosing the right plant for the right place is crucial to introducing new plants in the garden this spring.“Know the water needs of the plant and the water availability of your landscape,” Kansas State University horticulture expert Matt McKernan said.Understanding the growth characteristics of the plant -- such as height and spread at maturity, rate of growth and thorns or fruiting habit -- helps set the plant up for success, McKernan added.“Determine if those qualities will fit with the space you have available,” McKernan said. “A small, young tree may look nice planted in front of your home, but as it grows, will it block your view out the window? Will this still be a desirable location?”In addition to size, McKernan stressed the importance of determining the plant’s disease resistance, cold hardiness, and light requirements.“If we can pick a plant that is well adapted to the amount of sunlight, winter conditions and possible insects or diseases our garden may experience, then we pick a plant that will be lower maintenance and often more successful,” he said.He notes that gardeners should consider what that plant will look like throughout the year. Look for plants that will bring multiple seasons of interest, such as spring or summer flowers, fall color, winter interest or repeat blooms.“The more we intentionally select plants with multiple seasons of interest, the more dynamic our landscape becomes,” McKernan suggested. “We can also look for plants that benefit pollinators, birds and other wildlife, which may bring additional interest into our landscape.&nbsp;“Also reach out to your local extension office for recommended plant lists specific to your area. They will have lots of publications and plant recommendations that will be well adapted to the growing conditions of your local community.”As you select new plants for the landscape, making informed decisions early in the landscaping process will save time and money.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Choosing the right plant for the right place

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

April is Financial Literacy Month. While it also includes the deadline for filing income tax, it can be a great time to plan for financial success.

In an article from Elizabeth Kiss, Kansas State University family resource specialist, she notes that this time also gives each of us an opportunity to think about money differently and to consider actions to use it wisely.

Kiss includes the following five principles for Americans to consider as they make day-to-day decisions about money. These are from the U.S. Government’s Financial Education and Literacy Commission. The U.S. Government’s Financial Education and Literacy Commission promotes <a href="https://www.mymoney.gov/mymoneyfive">five principles</a>:

1) Earn Make the most of what you earn by understanding your pay and benefits. For example, Kiss said, “we can talk about vacation pay or personal days off. If you’re not using those, that’s a benefit you’re leaving on the table and you’re not getting the rest and leisure that you’re eligible for.”

2) Save and Invest “It’s never too early to start saving for future goals,” whether they are short, medium or long term, Kiss said. She noted that those with retirement accounts should also routinely review their accounts to make sure they are on track to meet their goals.

3) Protect This includes making sure you have emergency savings, and that insurance plans provide adequate coverage for home, car and other property.

4) Spend Be sure you are getting good value for your purchases. Shop around and compare, especially on big purchases. “And we might make choices on some things we’re going to splurge on, and some things we’re going to be more frugal on, and that’s totally alright,” Kiss said. “It’s about balance.”

5) Borrow “Most of us have to borrow money to buy a house or other large purchase at some point,” Kiss said. Borrowing money and paying back loans helps to build credit. However, remember that borrowing money comes at price — paying interest. When you borrow, you repay the debt and pay interest.

Everyone manages their finances differently and these principles are a place to start. Sometimes, just having a frank conversation within your household about financial priorities and goals can be a tough, but necessary, part of the process. Additionally, the publication <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/how-are-you-doing-a-financial-checkup_MF2721.pdf">"How Are You Doing? A Financial Checkup"</a> is available from the K-State Extension bookstore. Let me know if you need more information about this or other financial planning tools.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/4/1775665516127.png" alt="U.S. Department of the Treasury" />
 <figcaption>U.S. Department of the Treasury</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictApril is Financial Literacy Month. While it also includes the deadline for filing income tax, it can be a great time to plan for financial success.In an article from Elizabeth Kiss, Kansas State University family resource specialist, she notes that this time also gives each of us an opportunity to think about money differently and to consider actions to use it wisely.Kiss includes the following five principles for Americans to consider as they make day-to-day decisions about money. These are from the U.S. Government’s Financial Education and Literacy Commission. The U.S. Government’s Financial Education and Literacy Commission promotes <a href="https://www.mymoney.gov/mymoneyfive">five principles</a>:1) Earn Make the most of what you earn by understanding your pay and benefits. For example, Kiss said, “we can talk about vacation pay or personal days off. If you’re not using those, that’s a benefit you’re leaving on the table and you’re not getting the rest and leisure that you’re eligible for.”2) Save and Invest “It’s never too early to start saving for future goals,” whether they are short, medium or long term, Kiss said. She noted that those with retirement accounts should also routinely review their accounts to make sure they are on track to meet their goals.3) Protect This includes making sure you have emergency savings, and that insurance plans provide adequate coverage for home, car and other property.4) Spend Be sure you are getting good value for your purchases. Shop around and compare, especially on big purchases. “And we might make choices on some things we’re going to splurge on, and some things we’re going to be more frugal on, and that’s totally alright,” Kiss said. “It’s about balance.”5) Borrow “Most of us have to borrow money to buy a house or other large purchase at some point,” Kiss said. Borrowing money and paying back loans helps to build credit. However, remember that borrowing money comes at price — paying interest. When you borrow, you repay the debt and pay interest.Everyone manages their finances differently and these principles are a place to start. Sometimes, just having a frank conversation within your household about financial priorities and goals can be a tough, but necessary, part of the process. Additionally, the publication <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/how-are-you-doing-a-financial-checkup_MF2721.pdf">"How Are You Doing? A Financial Checkup"</a> is available from the K-State Extension bookstore. Let me know if you need more information about this or other financial planning tools.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: April is month for taxes, financial literacy

The Week of the Young Child is April 11-17 and Ellis County is celebrating with special programs through the K-State Cottonwood Extension District. On this episode of the Post Podcast, Becky Kiser, news reporter, talks with Monique Koerner, Family and Community Wellness Agent, along with Susan Boles, speech language pathologist for KidsLINK and Developmental Services of Northwest Kansas.&nbsp;

Upcoming events include Music Monday on April 13, Tasty Tuesday on April 14 and the Ellis County Community Baby Shower on Saturday, April 18.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/4/1650389030295.jpeg" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure><div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Kids and parent programs during Week of the Young Child" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=nyk4a-1a9310b-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>The Week of the Young Child is April 11-17 and Ellis County is celebrating with special programs through the K-State Cottonwood Extension District. On this episode of the Post Podcast, Becky Kiser, news reporter, talks with Monique Koerner, Family and Community Wellness Agent, along with Susan Boles, speech language pathologist for KidsLINK and Developmental Services of Northwest Kansas.&nbsp;Upcoming events include Music Monday on April 13, Tasty Tuesday on April 14 and the Ellis County Community Baby Shower on Saturday, April 18.

🎙 Post Podcast: Kids and parent programs during Week of the Young Child 

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer has risen dramatically this spring.&nbsp;Here are some key strategies to reduce costs.

1. Credit All N Sources - Be sure to account for:

· Residual soil nitrate through proper soil testing procedures (0 to 24-inch soil samples). This is especially important in areas where soil nitrate is not prone to leaching and in low-yielding or drought-stressed fields from the previous growing season. Grain sorghum is particularly efficient at using residual soil N in the profile. A profile soil nitrate test is a low-cost ($12-15) way to make the biggest impact on reducing N application.

· Manure applications: on average across manure types, 50% of the N is available the first year, 30% the second, and the final 20% the third year after application.

Detailed information on how to adjust N rate rec’s is available in the K-State Extension publication “Soil Test Interpretations and Fertilizer Recommendations in Kansas”: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/soil-test-interpretations-and-fertilizer-recommendations_MF2586.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/soil-test-interpretations-and-fertilizer-recommendations_MF2586.pdf</a>

For more information about soil sampling guidelines and sample submission to K-State’s Soil Testing Laboratory: <a href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/">https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/</a>

N fertilizer recommendations should be based on realistic yield expectations, given the weather outlook, current soil water status, crop rotation, soil productivity, and management history. N recommendations based on a “yield goal” that reflects the very upper end of probability will most likely result in overapplication of N and thus excess costs for the producer.

The K-State Fertilizer Rec’s Excel Workbook is a good resource that lets you enter your soil test information and different yield goals to better understand differences in fertilizer rates based on those goals. This Excel spreadsheet can be downloaded from the lab’s web site.

3. Fertilizer Application Practices

Split N applications. Using delayed or split nitrogen applications on irrigated fields, particularly on sandy soils, often improves N use efficiency by reducing the potential for loss. Use remote sensing to support in-season N decisions, particularly for corn. Applying closer to when the plant needs it helps with the use efficiency – i.e., corn in the V6 to R2 stages. Fertigation of N is a very efficient way to “spoon-feed” N requirements in season and also allows for adjustment if yield potential changes in either direction.

Fertilizer placement in high-residue systems, such as no-till, placing fertilizer N below the residue or dribbling N solution in concentrated bands on the soil surface can improve N use efficiency by reducing N loss.

For grain sorghum, a recent K-State study in Hays found that subsurface application of 60 lb/acre urea produced yields comparable to broadcast applications of about 85 lb N/acre, resulting in a 25 lb N/acre savings when N loss was minimized with placement below the surface.

Nitrogen stabilizers. These products don’t increase N supply, but they can reduce the amount of applied N that is lost before crop uptake. Think of these products as an N-loss insurance policy in situations where the risk of loss could be high.

· Urease inhibitors mitigate the conversion of urea to ammonia, leading to a loss of available N through ammonia volatilization. These are most effective when urea or UAN is surface-applied without incorporation, on fields with high residue levels (no-till or reduced-till), when temperatures are warm soon after application, and if there is no subsequent rainfall event to move the fertilizer into the soil following application.

· Nitrification inhibitors slow the conversion of ammonium to nitrate, helping reduce N loss through denitrification. These are most helpful in areas prone to denitrification, such as fine-textured soils and poorly drained areas. Eastern Kansas is typically at greater risk of denitrification than western Kansas.

Variable rate nitrogen. Fields with significant variability in soil texture, organic matter, or yield history are often good candidates for variable rate N applications.

Fertilizer Price Outlook for 2026 - a recent article by K-State Ag Economist Gregg Ibendahl provides more information on the fertilizer price outlook as spring planting has begun in Kansas: <a href="https://agmanager.info/production-economics/prices-and-price-forecasts/fertilizer-price-outlook-2026">https://agmanager.info/production-economics/prices-and-price-forecasts/fertilizer-price-outlook-2026</a>. Visit the <a href="https://agmanager.info/">AgManager.info</a> website for related articles as well.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/4/1775576240165.jpeg" alt="Fall nitrogen application for corn. Photo by Nebraska Extension" />
 <figcaption>Fall nitrogen application for corn. Photo by Nebraska Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictNitrogen (N) fertilizer has risen dramatically this spring.&nbsp;Here are some key strategies to reduce costs.1. Credit All N Sources - Be sure to account for:· Residual soil nitrate through proper soil testing procedures (0 to 24-inch soil samples). This is especially important in areas where soil nitrate is not prone to leaching and in low-yielding or drought-stressed fields from the previous growing season. Grain sorghum is particularly efficient at using residual soil N in the profile. A profile soil nitrate test is a low-cost ($12-15) way to make the biggest impact on reducing N application.· Previous legume crops· Soil organic matter content· Manure applications: on average across manure types, 50% of the N is available the first year, 30% the second, and the final 20% the third year after application.· Irrigation waterDetailed information on how to adjust N rate rec’s is available in the K-State Extension publication “Soil Test Interpretations and Fertilizer Recommendations in Kansas”: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/soil-test-interpretations-and-fertilizer-recommendations_MF2586.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/soil-test-interpretations-and-fertilizer-recommendations_MF2586.pdf</a>For more information about soil sampling guidelines and sample submission to K-State’s Soil Testing Laboratory: <a href="https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/">https://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/outreach-and-services/soil-testing-lab/</a>2. Review and Refine Yield Goals:N fertilizer recommendations should be based on realistic yield expectations, given the weather outlook, current soil water status, crop rotation, soil productivity, and management history. N recommendations based on a “yield goal” that reflects the very upper end of probability will most likely result in overapplication of N and thus excess costs for the producer.The K-State Fertilizer Rec’s Excel Workbook is a good resource that lets you enter your soil test information and different yield goals to better understand differences in fertilizer rates based on those goals. This Excel spreadsheet can be downloaded from the lab’s web site.3. Fertilizer Application Practices Split N applications. Using delayed or split nitrogen applications on irrigated fields, particularly on sandy soils, often improves N use efficiency by reducing the potential for loss. Use remote sensing to support in-season N decisions, particularly for corn. Applying closer to when the plant needs it helps with the use efficiency – i.e., corn in the V6 to R2 stages. Fertigation of N is a very efficient way to “spoon-feed” N requirements in season and also allows for adjustment if yield potential changes in either direction.Fertilizer placement in high-residue systems, such as no-till, placing fertilizer N below the residue or dribbling N solution in concentrated bands on the soil surface can improve N use efficiency by reducing N loss.For grain sorghum, a recent K-State study in Hays found that subsurface application of 60 lb/acre urea produced yields comparable to broadcast applications of about 85 lb N/acre, resulting in a 25 lb N/acre savings when N loss was minimized with placement below the surface.Nitrogen stabilizers. These products don’t increase N supply, but they can reduce the amount of applied N that is lost before crop uptake. Think of these products as an N-loss insurance policy in situations where the risk of loss could be high.· Urease inhibitors mitigate the conversion of urea to ammonia, leading to a loss of available N through ammonia volatilization. These are most effective when urea or UAN is surface-applied without incorporation, on fields with high residue levels (no-till or reduced-till), when temperatures are warm soon after application, and if there is no subsequent rainfall event to move the fertilizer into the soil following application.· Nitrification inhibitors slow the conversion of ammonium to nitrate, helping reduce N loss through denitrification. These are most helpful in areas prone to denitrification, such as fine-textured soils and poorly drained areas. Eastern Kansas is typically at greater risk of denitrification than western Kansas.Variable rate nitrogen. Fields with significant variability in soil texture, organic matter, or yield history are often good candidates for variable rate N applications.Fertilizer Price Outlook for 2026 - a recent article by K-State Ag Economist Gregg Ibendahl provides more information on the fertilizer price outlook as spring planting has begun in Kansas: <a href="https://agmanager.info/production-economics/prices-and-price-forecasts/fertilizer-price-outlook-2026">https://agmanager.info/production-economics/prices-and-price-forecasts/fertilizer-price-outlook-2026</a>. Visit the <a href="https://agmanager.info/">AgManager.info</a> website for related articles as well.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Rising nitrogen fertilizer prices: Management options for corn, sorghum

Have you gotten outside for some fresh air? Taken a walk with friends or family? Better yet, have you signed up for Walk Kansas?

While Walk Kansas kicked off on Sunday, March 22, there is still time to register your team and see how far you can walk between now and May 16!

Walk Kansas is an 8-week K-State Extension (KSE) health initiative that promotes personal health and well-being by helping participants adopt healthful lifestyle habits. While primarily a team-based program, you can also go solo! Walk Kansas will help you:

· Be more active with support from friends and family

· Make healthier nutrition and beverage choices

· Learn helpful techniques to reduce stress, sleep well, and improve overall well-being

This marks the 26th Walk Kansas program. Each year brings a renewed focus on helping participants meet the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and increasing the amount of fruits and vegetables they eat.

If you follow us on social media, we’ll be posting a weekly newsletter which includes a recipe and I’m looking forward to trying the Mediterranean Chicken Bake that will be available this week. Our Cottonwood Extension District team would love to see you share pictures of your team on our posts!

I am definitely not a runner but my family would tell you that I regularly “power walk” everywhere. However, many other activities count toward our weekly minutes, including gardening, team sports, and strengthening exercises. The Walk Kansas Activity Guide (<a href="https://walkkansas.org/doc/participant/WK.Activity.Guide.26.pdf">walkkansas.org/doc/participant/WK.Activity.Guide.26.pdf</a>) is a great resource for other ways to increase your activity.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/2/1770662147461.png" alt="Walk Kansas: This statewide program encourages team-based movement and provides accountability and encouragement to help you meet national Physical Activity Guidelines and improve your well-being." />
 <figcaption>Walk Kansas: This statewide program encourages team-based movement and provides accountability and encouragement to help you meet national Physical Activity Guidelines and improve your well-being.</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictHave you gotten outside for some fresh air? Taken a walk with friends or family? Better yet, have you signed up for Walk Kansas?While Walk Kansas kicked off on Sunday, March 22, there is still time to register your team and see how far you can walk between now and May 16!Walk Kansas is an 8-week K-State Extension (KSE) health initiative that promotes personal health and well-being by helping participants adopt healthful lifestyle habits. While primarily a team-based program, you can also go solo! Walk Kansas will help you:· Be more active with support from friends and family· Make healthier nutrition and beverage choices· Learn helpful techniques to reduce stress, sleep well, and improve overall well-beingThis marks the 26th Walk Kansas program. Each year brings a renewed focus on helping participants meet the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and increasing the amount of fruits and vegetables they eat.If you follow us on social media, we’ll be posting a weekly newsletter which includes a recipe and I’m looking forward to trying the Mediterranean Chicken Bake that will be available this week. Our Cottonwood Extension District team would love to see you share pictures of your team on our posts!I am definitely not a runner but my family would tell you that I regularly “power walk” everywhere. However, many other activities count toward our weekly minutes, including gardening, team sports, and strengthening exercises. The Walk Kansas Activity Guide (<a href="https://walkkansas.org/doc/participant/WK.Activity.Guide.26.pdf">walkkansas.org/doc/participant/WK.Activity.Guide.26.pdf</a>) is a great resource for other ways to increase your activity.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Keep on walking; Walk Kansas 2

Several K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.

These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations using the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are revised annually and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the publication date.

Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, with links provided below. 

Alfalfa Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/alfalfa-insect-pest-management-2026_MF809.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF809.pdf</a>

Corn Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/corn-insect-pest-management-2026_MF810.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF810.pdf</a>

Cotton Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/cotton-insect-pest-management-2026_MF2674.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2674.pdf</a>

Sorghum Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/sorghum-insect-pest-management-2026_MF742.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF742.pdf</a>

Soybean Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/soybean-insect-pest-management-2026_MF743.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF743.pdf</a>

Sunflower Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/sunflower-insect-pest-management-2026_MF814.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF814.pdf</a>

Wheat Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/wheat-insect-pest-management-2026_MF745.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF745.pdf</a>

Just doing an internet search in your browser, i.e. – wheat insect guides, KSU should also work to pull these up.

The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary significantly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. 

Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action.

The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read the label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember that illegal contamination of the treated crop or commodity can occur if pesticides are misused. 

K-State entomologists assume no responsibility for product performance, personal injury, property damage, or other types of loss resulting from the purchase, handling, or use of the pesticides listed.

More information on pests covered in these publications is available at: <a href="https://entomology.k-state.edu/extension/crop-protection/">www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/</a>

K-State Extension has many publications and information on insect control for homeowners, lawns, gardens, trees, etc. Feel free to give us a call or email anytime if needing assistance.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/3/1774977699337.png" alt="K-State Research and Extension" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research and Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictSeveral K-State Research and Extension publications related to insect management in Kansas were recently updated and are available to the public.These publications were prepared to help producers manage insect populations using the best available methods proven practical under Kansas conditions. They are revised annually and intended for use during the current calendar year. The user should know that pesticide label directions and restrictions are subject to change, and some may have changed since the publication date.Full versions of each fact sheet are available online, with links provided below. Alfalfa Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/alfalfa-insect-pest-management-2026_MF809.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF809.pdf</a>Corn Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/corn-insect-pest-management-2026_MF810.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF810.pdf</a>Cotton Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/cotton-insect-pest-management-2026_MF2674.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF2674.pdf</a>Sorghum Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/sorghum-insect-pest-management-2026_MF742.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF742.pdf</a>Soybean Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/soybean-insect-pest-management-2026_MF743.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF743.pdf</a>Sunflower Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/sunflower-insect-pest-management-2026_MF814.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF814.pdf</a>Wheat Insect Pest Management - <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/wheat-insect-pest-management-2026_MF745.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF745.pdf</a>Just doing an internet search in your browser, i.e. – wheat insect guides, KSU should also work to pull these up.The economics of control should be considered in any pest management decision. Because costs vary significantly over time and are influenced by factors beyond the scope of this publication, product cost is not a consideration for including or omitting specific insecticide products in these recommendations. Growers should compare product price, safety, and availability when making treatment decisions. Growers also need to consider the impacts of insecticides on non-target organisms like pollinators and natural enemies. Rotating insecticide groups can help combat insecticide resistance issues by leveraging different modes of action.The user bears ultimate responsibility for correct pesticide use. For proper use, always read the label directions carefully before applying pesticides. Remember that illegal contamination of the treated crop or commodity can occur if pesticides are misused. K-State entomologists assume no responsibility for product performance, personal injury, property damage, or other types of loss resulting from the purchase, handling, or use of the pesticides listed.More information on pests covered in these publications is available at: <a href="https://entomology.k-state.edu/extension/crop-protection/">www.entomology.k-state.edu/extension/insect-information/crop-pests/</a>K-State Extension has many publications and information on insect control for homeowners, lawns, gardens, trees, etc. Feel free to give us a call or email anytime if needing assistance.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Updated K-State insect pest management guides now available

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

The good news is that overall, the infant deathrate  in Kansas has declined significantly from 2002 to 2021.

 Furthermore, the 2022 Kansas State Child Death Review Board reported that 58% of all Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID) were found sleeping in an adult bed and 98% of the SIDS deaths had one or more factors contributing to an unsafe sleep environment.

Christy Schunn, executive director of Kansas Infant Death and SIDS (KIDS) Network says, "While we have made progress over the last ten years, the KIDS Network remains committed to working with partners across Kansas to continue intervention efforts to decrease infant mortality and protect the lives of our state’s youngest and most vulnerable population."

Together with Cottonwood Extension District and Infant Toddler Services- Kid Link, the KIDS Network will host a Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower, Saturday, April 18 from 11 a.m. - 1 p.m. at the Hilton Garden Inn, 221 W. 43rd Hays.

 Community Baby Showers are an interactive and educational event for expectant parents or new parents (under six months) and their support people to learn the ABCs of Safe Sleep—all babies should sleep Alone, on their Backs, and in Clutter-free Crib. 

The pregnant women who attend the shower and receive the safe sleep training will receive a free portable crib and a wearable blanket, based on availability. Breastfeeding, tobacco awareness, and mental health resources will be available in addition to many other vendors who will have giveaways and door prizes. Refreshments will be served. 

Do you know someone who could benefit? Encourage them to attend the Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower in either Barton or Ellis County.

 Pre-and-post surveys will be required to receive crib and wearable blanket. 

To sign up for the Ellis County Community Baby Shower visit&nbsp;<a href="https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_bmh7m2JxEfWqgbY">https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_bmh7m2JxEfWqgbY</a>

Barton County Health Department and Kansas Children’s Services League Healthy Families will be co-hosting the Barton County Community Baby Shower on Thursday April 30 from 4 to 6:30 pm. at the Hoisington Activity Center.&nbsp;

Over 20 different organizations will be providing information for attendees. Door prize drawings will be held during the event. Safe sleep demonstrations will be presented throughout the event. 

Pregnant women or those with infants 6 months of age and under who complete the safe sleep pre- and post-test as well as the safe sleep demonstration will receive a portable crib and sleep sack until supplies run out.

Even if you don’t need a crib or sleep sack you are welcome to come check out the local resources for new families!

The KIDS Network is a nonprofit agency serving individuals who have been touched by the tragedy of infant death or SIDS in Kansas and those individuals or organizations who strive to reduce the risk of infant deaths by providing supportive services, community education, professional training and supporting associated research.

If you have questions about either event, please feel free to contact the Extension office.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or MONIQUEK@KSU.EDU.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/3/1774454491704.png" alt="Photo by Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictThe good news is that overall, the infant deathrate in Kansas has declined significantly from 2002 to 2021. Furthermore, the 2022 Kansas State Child Death Review Board reported that 58% of all Sudden Unexpected Infant Deaths (SUID) were found sleeping in an adult bed and 98% of the SIDS deaths had one or more factors contributing to an unsafe sleep environment.Christy Schunn, executive director of Kansas Infant Death and SIDS (KIDS) Network says, "While we have made progress over the last ten years, the KIDS Network remains committed to working with partners across Kansas to continue intervention efforts to decrease infant mortality and protect the lives of our state’s youngest and most vulnerable population."Together with Cottonwood Extension District and Infant Toddler Services- Kid Link, the KIDS Network will host a Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower, Saturday, April 18 from 11 a.m. - 1 p.m. at the Hilton Garden Inn, 221 W. 43rd Hays. Community Baby Showers are an interactive and educational event for expectant parents or new parents (under six months) and their support people to learn the ABCs of Safe Sleep—all babies should sleep Alone, on their Backs, and in Clutter-free Crib. The pregnant women who attend the shower and receive the safe sleep training will receive a free portable crib and a wearable blanket, based on availability. Breastfeeding, tobacco awareness, and mental health resources will be available in addition to many other vendors who will have giveaways and door prizes. Refreshments will be served. Do you know someone who could benefit? Encourage them to attend the Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower in either Barton or Ellis County. Pre-and-post surveys will be required to receive crib and wearable blanket. To sign up for the Ellis County Community Baby Shower visit&nbsp;<a href="https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_bmh7m2JxEfWqgbY">https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_bmh7m2JxEfWqgbY</a>Or scan the QR code below<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/3/1774453830284.png" alt=" " />
 <figcaption> </figcaption>
 </figure>Barton County Health Department and Kansas Children’s Services League Healthy Families will be co-hosting the Barton County Community Baby Shower on Thursday April 30 from 4 to 6:30 pm. at the Hoisington Activity Center.&nbsp;Over 20 different organizations will be providing information for attendees. Door prize drawings will be held during the event. Safe sleep demonstrations will be presented throughout the event. Pregnant women or those with infants 6 months of age and under who complete the safe sleep pre- and post-test as well as the safe sleep demonstration will receive a portable crib and sleep sack until supplies run out.Even if you don’t need a crib or sleep sack you are welcome to come check out the local resources for new families!The KIDS Network is a nonprofit agency serving individuals who have been touched by the tragedy of infant death or SIDS in Kansas and those individuals or organizations who strive to reduce the risk of infant deaths by providing supportive services, community education, professional training and supporting associated research.If you have questions about either event, please feel free to contact the Extension office.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or MONIQUEK@KSU.EDU.

KOERNER: Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers in Hays, Great Bend during April

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

· be more active with support from friends and family · make healthier nutrition and beverage choices · learn helpful techniques to reduce stress, sleep well, and improve overall well-being

This marks the 26th Walk Kansas program! Each year brings a renewed focus on helping participants meet the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and increasing the amount of fruits and vegetables they eat.

I am definitely not a runner but my family would tell you that I regularly “power walk” everywhere. However, many other activities count toward our weekly minutes, including gardening, team sports, and strengthening exercises. The Walk Kansas Activity Guide (<a href="https://walkkansas.org/doc/participant/WK.Activity.Guide.26.pdf">walkkansas.org/doc/participant/WK.Activity.Guide.26.pdf</a>) is a great resource for other ways to increase your activity!

All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran&nbsp;s a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran&nbsp;s a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictHave you gotten outside for some fresh air? Taken a walk with friends or family? Better yet, have you signed up for Walk Kansas?While Walk Kansas kicked off on Sunday, March 22, there is still time to register your team and see how far you can walk between now and May 16!Walk Kansas is an 8-week K-State Extension (KSE) health initiative that promotes personal health and well-being by helping participants adopt healthful lifestyle habits. While primarily a team-based program, you can also go solo! Walk Kansas will help you: · be more active with support from friends and family · make healthier nutrition and beverage choices · learn helpful techniques to reduce stress, sleep well, and improve overall well-beingThis marks the 26th Walk Kansas program! Each year brings a renewed focus on helping participants meet the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and increasing the amount of fruits and vegetables they eat.If you follow us on social media, we’ll be posting a weekly newsletter which includes a recipe and I’m looking forward to trying the Mediterranean Chicken Bake that will be available this week. Our Cottonwood Extension District team would love to see you share pictures of your team on our posts!I am definitely not a runner but my family would tell you that I regularly “power walk” everywhere. However, many other activities count toward our weekly minutes, including gardening, team sports, and strengthening exercises. The Walk Kansas Activity Guide (<a href="https://walkkansas.org/doc/participant/WK.Activity.Guide.26.pdf">walkkansas.org/doc/participant/WK.Activity.Guide.26.pdf</a>) is a great resource for other ways to increase your activity!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.All Kansas Extension education programs and materials are available to all individuals without discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability.

BERAN: Walk Kansas

The recent cold temperatures experienced on March 15-16 were enough to potentially cause freeze damage to winter wheat in parts of Kansas. 

The actual freeze damage will be region-specific, depending on crop growth stage and minimum temperatures. While there is nothing we can do immediately, growers can prioritize the fields they sample for freeze-damage symptoms based on conditions more likely to result in freeze damage.

According to Kansas Mesonet Weather Data for Barton County, hours below 12 degrees were 3 and for Ellis County it was 4 hours of below 12 degrees. 

According to the K-State Spring Freeze Injury to Kansas Wheat publication, the approximate injurious temperatures for tillering and jointing wheat are two hours at 12 and 24°F, respectively. These are not hard numbers, as many factors influence freeze injury.

There are several factors that can affect the potential for freeze damage to wheat in the spring. 

Density of the stand and condition of the plants. If the stand is thick, that will tend to reduce the extent of freeze damage as the warmth of the soil will radiate up into the canopy. On the other hand, well-fertilized succulent wheat has often sustained more freeze injury than wheat that is not as well fertilized. Thin stands are at greater risk of injury because air can penetrate them more easily. If the plants were wet before the freeze, a coating of ice may form, protecting the growing point to some extent. However, if temperatures drop too low, the cold will penetrate the ice.

No-till fields can often sustain more freeze damage because the residue acts as a blanket, preventing the soil's heat from radiating up into the plant canopy.

There is often less freeze injury at a given temperature when soils are wet than when they are dry. Wetter soils tend to radiate a little more warmth than dry soils. On the other hand, drought-stressed plants tend to be more tolerant of cold injury, and their lower leaf water content tends to reduce the severity of freeze injury.

Windy conditions during the nighttime hours, when temperatures are at their lowest, will reduce the amount of heat radiating from the soil and increase the risk of injury.

Low spots in the field are almost always the first to have freeze injury. The coldest air tends to settle in the low areas, especially under calm wind conditions.

Although the sensitivity to freezing temperatures at a given growth stage is very similar across all varieties, Kansas wheat varieties can differ in their release from winter dormancy by up to three weeks. Because of differences in winter-dormancy release, late-release varieties may escape freeze injury due to delayed development.

Injury symptoms to look for in the coming days

There are many possible scenarios after a freeze, and producers should not make any immediate decisions. Ten to 14 days of warm temperatures are needed to allow the wheat to resume growth and to properly assess freeze damage, which will depend strongly on the crop stage.

 Wheat that hasn’t started to joint yet will likely show damage to the existing foliage. This wheat will have damage that causes the leaves to appear dark green to blackish, and it will turn brown and crispy. Splitting the wheat stem to identify the growing point (tiny wheat head) and determine whether it is above or below the soil surface can help assess the risk of freeze injury.

This information has been summarized and taken from the K-State Agronomy eUpdate weekly newsletter. To read the full version search in your browser for KSU Agronomy  eUpdate; also you can subscribe, too.

More information on freeze damage to wheat is available in Spring Freeze Injury to Kansas Wheat, K-State Extension publication C646, available at: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/spring-freeze-injury-to-kansas-wheat_C646.pdf">http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/C646.pdf</a>.

If you need any assistance or have any questions, please give me a call at 785-628-9430 or email me scampbel@ksu.edu

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension Agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell, Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThe recent cold temperatures experienced on March 15-16 were enough to potentially cause freeze damage to winter wheat in parts of Kansas. The actual freeze damage will be region-specific, depending on crop growth stage and minimum temperatures. While there is nothing we can do immediately, growers can prioritize the fields they sample for freeze-damage symptoms based on conditions more likely to result in freeze damage.According to Kansas Mesonet Weather Data for Barton County, hours below 12 degrees were 3 and for Ellis County it was 4 hours of below 12 degrees. According to the K-State Spring Freeze Injury to Kansas Wheat publication, the approximate injurious temperatures for tillering and jointing wheat are two hours at 12 and 24°F, respectively. These are not hard numbers, as many factors influence freeze injury.There are several factors that can affect the potential for freeze damage to wheat in the spring. Density of the stand and condition of the plants. If the stand is thick, that will tend to reduce the extent of freeze damage as the warmth of the soil will radiate up into the canopy. On the other hand, well-fertilized succulent wheat has often sustained more freeze injury than wheat that is not as well fertilized. Thin stands are at greater risk of injury because air can penetrate them more easily. If the plants were wet before the freeze, a coating of ice may form, protecting the growing point to some extent. However, if temperatures drop too low, the cold will penetrate the ice.No-till fields can often sustain more freeze damage because the residue acts as a blanket, preventing the soil's heat from radiating up into the plant canopy.There is often less freeze injury at a given temperature when soils are wet than when they are dry. Wetter soils tend to radiate a little more warmth than dry soils. On the other hand, drought-stressed plants tend to be more tolerant of cold injury, and their lower leaf water content tends to reduce the severity of freeze injury.Windy conditions during the nighttime hours, when temperatures are at their lowest, will reduce the amount of heat radiating from the soil and increase the risk of injury.Low spots in the field are almost always the first to have freeze injury. The coldest air tends to settle in the low areas, especially under calm wind conditions.Although the sensitivity to freezing temperatures at a given growth stage is very similar across all varieties, Kansas wheat varieties can differ in their release from winter dormancy by up to three weeks. Because of differences in winter-dormancy release, late-release varieties may escape freeze injury due to delayed development.Injury symptoms to look for in the coming daysThere are many possible scenarios after a freeze, and producers should not make any immediate decisions. Ten to 14 days of warm temperatures are needed to allow the wheat to resume growth and to properly assess freeze damage, which will depend strongly on the crop stage.Greenup Wheat that hasn’t started to joint yet will likely show damage to the existing foliage. This wheat will have damage that causes the leaves to appear dark green to blackish, and it will turn brown and crispy. Splitting the wheat stem to identify the growing point (tiny wheat head) and determine whether it is above or below the soil surface can help assess the risk of freeze injury.This information has been summarized and taken from the K-State Agronomy eUpdate weekly newsletter. To read the full version search in your browser for KSU Agronomy eUpdate; also you can subscribe, too.More information on freeze damage to wheat is available in Spring Freeze Injury to Kansas Wheat, K-State Extension publication C646, available at: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/spring-freeze-injury-to-kansas-wheat_C646.pdf">http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/C646.pdf</a>.If you need any assistance or have any questions, please give me a call at 785-628-9430 or email me scampbel@ksu.eduStacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension Agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Recent cold temperatures and potential freeze damage to wheat

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines community as a unified body of individuals with common interests living in a particular area or a group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society.

We often think of our community as the people who live in proximity to us and that is certainly a valid definition. In this definition, we have common interests but may not all agree about how to accomplish tasks and ideals.

Community can also be defined as an agriculture community across differing productions and practices. Or an education community or any number of other areas that bring people together with similar ideas. However, it still doesn’t mean that we will all agree on how to accomplish goals and ideals. 

Actually, I would challenge that we need to have differing viewpoints to make our community stronger. At the same time, we have to address those differences with respect and a willingness to truly understand another’s point of view.

I am blessed to be a part of a nationwide community related to our family’s cattle breed. It doesn’t mean that I am dismissive of other breeds but enjoy the people and activities in the particular one we support. I have wonderful friendships from coast to coast because of my willingness to be involved.

I am also a part of a state-wide community of extension agents with varying experiences, education, and goals. Working together across our program areas provides better research and information for the communities in which we live.

I am involved with a couple of church organizations that are part of my very local community. Having an investment in helping these organizations to make decisions and provide support for one another is an incredible blessing.

In all of my own communities, we don’t always agree! But I appreciate when we can step back from our personal focus and look at a bigger picture. What is best for this particular community? How does a decision that I or this group makes impact other related decisions? Is it easy – absolutely not! Is it necessary – you bet!

My challenge for you is to consider the communities of which you are a part. This might be the physical town or neighborhood that you live in or it may be a part of an organization or even your place of employment. How can your involvement make that community stronger? Is your involvement simply critical comment without solutions or a willingness to help?

I know that I am grateful for the many “communities” that I am involved in but each of these wouldn’t really matter if I wasn’t willing to listen, learn, and share ideas.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran&nbsp;s a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran&nbsp;s a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictHow do you define community?The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines community as a unified body of individuals with common interests living in a particular area or a group of people with a common characteristic or interest living together within a larger society.We often think of our community as the people who live in proximity to us and that is certainly a valid definition. In this definition, we have common interests but may not all agree about how to accomplish tasks and ideals.Community can also be defined as an agriculture community across differing productions and practices. Or an education community or any number of other areas that bring people together with similar ideas. However, it still doesn’t mean that we will all agree on how to accomplish goals and ideals. Actually, I would challenge that we need to have differing viewpoints to make our community stronger. At the same time, we have to address those differences with respect and a willingness to truly understand another’s point of view.I am blessed to be a part of a nationwide community related to our family’s cattle breed. It doesn’t mean that I am dismissive of other breeds but enjoy the people and activities in the particular one we support. I have wonderful friendships from coast to coast because of my willingness to be involved.I am also a part of a state-wide community of extension agents with varying experiences, education, and goals. Working together across our program areas provides better research and information for the communities in which we live.I am involved with a couple of church organizations that are part of my very local community. Having an investment in helping these organizations to make decisions and provide support for one another is an incredible blessing.In all of my own communities, we don’t always agree! But I appreciate when we can step back from our personal focus and look at a bigger picture. What is best for this particular community? How does a decision that I or this group makes impact other related decisions? Is it easy – absolutely not! Is it necessary – you bet!My challenge for you is to consider the communities of which you are a part. This might be the physical town or neighborhood that you live in or it may be a part of an organization or even your place of employment. How can your involvement make that community stronger? Is your involvement simply critical comment without solutions or a willingness to help?I know that I am grateful for the many “communities” that I am involved in but each of these wouldn’t really matter if I wasn’t willing to listen, learn, and share ideas.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is a Family and Community Wellness Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other K-State Extension resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Building community

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

As lawns begin to turn green, controlling weeds and applying fertilizer is important.

Cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass or tall fescue are among the most common grasses needing attention, said Kansas State University horticulture expert Matt McKernan, who shares the following maintenance calendar:

Spot treat broadleaf weeds, if necessary. Treat on a day that is 50 degrees or warmer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness.

Apply crabgrass preventer when redbud trees are in full bloom, usually in April. The preventer needs to be watered in before it will start to work. One-quarter inch of water will be enough to water in any of the products commonly available.

Fertilize the lawn with a slow-release fertilizer if you water your lawn or if you normally receive enough rainfall that your turf doesn’t go drought-dormant during the summer.

If there are broadleaf weeds, spot treat with a spray or use a fertilizer that includes a weed killer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness of the weed killer, but the fertilizer needs to be watered in. If you are using a product that has both fertilizer and weed killer, wait 24 hours after application before watering in.

If grubs have been a problem in the past, apply a product containing imidacloprid or chlorantraniliprole during May or anytime from May through June for imidacloprid. These products work to prevent grub damage. If rainfall does not occur within 24 hours, irrigate with ¼ inch of water.

Apply second round of crabgrass preventer by June 15 – unless you have used Dimension (dithiopyr) or Barricade (prodiamine) for the April application.

If you see grub damage, apply a grub killer that contains Dylox. Imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole are effective against young grubs but may not be effective on late instar grubs. The grub killer containing Dylox must be watered in within 24 hours or effectiveness drops.

Fertilize around Labor Day. This is the most important fertilization of the year. Water in the fertilizer if rainfall does not occur.

Fertilize. This fertilizer is taken up by the roots but is not used until the following spring. Water in fertilizer.

Spray for broadleaf weeds even if they are small. Broadleaf weeds are much easier to control in the fall than in the spring. Try to spray on a day that is at least 50 degrees. Use label rates for all products.

McKernan reminds homeowners that using best practices for turf management is the most effective way to manage their lawn.

“This includes watering only when needed and only applying as much as needed. Deep, infrequent watering is more efficient than frequent, shallow watering. Excessive fertilizer does not equal a healthier lawn and follow recommendations for lawn height when mowing.

She also recommends getting the soil tested to determine nutrient levels. The best start to a healthy lawn is healthy soil.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/10/1761658791150.jpg" alt="Photo by Pixabay" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Pixabay</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District As lawns begin to turn green, controlling weeds and applying fertilizer is important.Cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass or tall fescue are among the most common grasses needing attention, said Kansas State University horticulture expert Matt McKernan, who shares the following maintenance calendar:MarchSpot treat broadleaf weeds, if necessary. Treat on a day that is 50 degrees or warmer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness.AprilApply crabgrass preventer when redbud trees are in full bloom, usually in April. The preventer needs to be watered in before it will start to work. One-quarter inch of water will be enough to water in any of the products commonly available.MayFertilize the lawn with a slow-release fertilizer if you water your lawn or if you normally receive enough rainfall that your turf doesn’t go drought-dormant during the summer.If there are broadleaf weeds, spot treat with a spray or use a fertilizer that includes a weed killer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness of the weed killer, but the fertilizer needs to be watered in. If you are using a product that has both fertilizer and weed killer, wait 24 hours after application before watering in.If grubs have been a problem in the past, apply a product containing imidacloprid or chlorantraniliprole during May or anytime from May through June for imidacloprid. These products work to prevent grub damage. If rainfall does not occur within 24 hours, irrigate with ¼ inch of water.June through mid-JulyApply second round of crabgrass preventer by June 15 – unless you have used Dimension (dithiopyr) or Barricade (prodiamine) for the April application.Late July through AugustIf you see grub damage, apply a grub killer that contains Dylox. Imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole are effective against young grubs but may not be effective on late instar grubs. The grub killer containing Dylox must be watered in within 24 hours or effectiveness drops.SeptemberFertilize around Labor Day. This is the most important fertilization of the year. Water in the fertilizer if rainfall does not occur.NovemberFertilize. This fertilizer is taken up by the roots but is not used until the following spring. Water in fertilizer.Spray for broadleaf weeds even if they are small. Broadleaf weeds are much easier to control in the fall than in the spring. Try to spray on a day that is at least 50 degrees. Use label rates for all products.McKernan reminds homeowners that using best practices for turf management is the most effective way to manage their lawn.“This includes watering only when needed and only applying as much as needed. Deep, infrequent watering is more efficient than frequent, shallow watering. Excessive fertilizer does not equal a healthier lawn and follow recommendations for lawn height when mowing.She also recommends getting the soil tested to determine nutrient levels. The best start to a healthy lawn is healthy soil.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Lawn maintenance starts in March 

Each March, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics celebrates National Nutrition Month, an annual campaign designed to promote informed food choices and healthy eating habits. This nationwide observance encourages individuals and families to focus on making small, realistic changes that support lifelong health.

Nutrition plays a powerful role in overall well-being. The foods we choose each day affect our energy levels, immune function, heart health, brain health, and even mood. During National Nutrition Month, communities across the country highlight the importance of balancing nutritious foods with regular physical activity to support a healthy lifestyle at every age.

A key message of National Nutrition Month is that healthy eating does not have to be complicated. 

Building balanced meals can be as simple as including a variety of food groups: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy or fortified alternatives. Aim to fill half your plate with colorful fruits and vegetables, choose whole grains such as brown rice or quinoa, and include lean protein sources like beans, poultry, fish, eggs, or nuts. Small adjustments—like swapping sugary drinks for water or choosing baked instead of fried foods—can make a meaningful difference over time.

Another focus of National Nutrition Month is mindful eating.

 In today’s busy world, meals are often eaten on the go or in front of screens. Taking time to sit down, savor food, and pay attention to hunger and fullness cues can improve digestion and prevent overeating. Planning meals and snacks ahead of time can also reduce stress and make it easier to stick to healthy choices.

Budget-friendly nutrition is an important part of the conversation as well. Healthy eating does not require expensive specialty foods. Frozen and canned fruits and vegetables (with no added salt or sugar) are nutritious, affordable options. Buying in-season produce, comparing unit prices at the store, and cooking more meals at home can stretch food dollars while improving nutritional quality.

National Nutrition Month also emphasizes the value of learning food skills. Cooking at home allows individuals to control ingredients such as sodium, added sugars, and saturated fats. Trying new recipes, experimenting with herbs and spices instead of excess salt, and involving children in meal preparation can build confidence and encourage healthier habits for the entire family.

Physical activity complements good nutrition. Adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity each week, while children and teens benefit from daily movement. Walking, dancing, gardening, or playing outside are simple ways to stay active without special equipment.

Most importantly, National Nutrition Month reminds us that progress matters more than perfection. Healthy living is a journey, and every positive choice contributes to long-term wellness. Whether it is adding one extra vegetable to dinner, drinking more water, or preparing one additional home-cooked meal each week, small steps add up.

This March, take time to reflect on your eating habits and consider one or two changes that support your health goals. By making thoughtful food choices and staying active, you can fuel your body, nourish your future, and celebrate National Nutrition Month in a meaningful way.

K-State Extension is here to support you with research based and meaningful information to help you and your family. Please visit our website to learn more about the nutrition and activity programs we offer in the Cottonwood Extension District at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/">https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/</a>

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/3/1773756163615.png" alt="Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictEach March, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics celebrates National Nutrition Month, an annual campaign designed to promote informed food choices and healthy eating habits. This nationwide observance encourages individuals and families to focus on making small, realistic changes that support lifelong health.Nutrition plays a powerful role in overall well-being. The foods we choose each day affect our energy levels, immune function, heart health, brain health, and even mood. During National Nutrition Month, communities across the country highlight the importance of balancing nutritious foods with regular physical activity to support a healthy lifestyle at every age.A key message of National Nutrition Month is that healthy eating does not have to be complicated. Building balanced meals can be as simple as including a variety of food groups: fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy or fortified alternatives. Aim to fill half your plate with colorful fruits and vegetables, choose whole grains such as brown rice or quinoa, and include lean protein sources like beans, poultry, fish, eggs, or nuts. Small adjustments—like swapping sugary drinks for water or choosing baked instead of fried foods—can make a meaningful difference over time.Another focus of National Nutrition Month is mindful eating. In today’s busy world, meals are often eaten on the go or in front of screens. Taking time to sit down, savor food, and pay attention to hunger and fullness cues can improve digestion and prevent overeating. Planning meals and snacks ahead of time can also reduce stress and make it easier to stick to healthy choices.Budget-friendly nutrition is an important part of the conversation as well. Healthy eating does not require expensive specialty foods. Frozen and canned fruits and vegetables (with no added salt or sugar) are nutritious, affordable options. Buying in-season produce, comparing unit prices at the store, and cooking more meals at home can stretch food dollars while improving nutritional quality.National Nutrition Month also emphasizes the value of learning food skills. Cooking at home allows individuals to control ingredients such as sodium, added sugars, and saturated fats. Trying new recipes, experimenting with herbs and spices instead of excess salt, and involving children in meal preparation can build confidence and encourage healthier habits for the entire family.Physical activity complements good nutrition. Adults should aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity each week, while children and teens benefit from daily movement. Walking, dancing, gardening, or playing outside are simple ways to stay active without special equipment.Most importantly, National Nutrition Month reminds us that progress matters more than perfection. Healthy living is a journey, and every positive choice contributes to long-term wellness. Whether it is adding one extra vegetable to dinner, drinking more water, or preparing one additional home-cooked meal each week, small steps add up.This March, take time to reflect on your eating habits and consider one or two changes that support your health goals. By making thoughtful food choices and staying active, you can fuel your body, nourish your future, and celebrate National Nutrition Month in a meaningful way.K-State Extension is here to support you with research based and meaningful information to help you and your family. Please visit our website to learn more about the nutrition and activity programs we offer in the Cottonwood Extension District at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/">https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/</a>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Fueling your body, nourishing your future

Crabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;

Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil. Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. 

If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.

For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about eight weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;

Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). 

Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally, a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. 

Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2026/3/1773159237371.jpeg" alt="Crabgrass. Photo by Betty Marose" />
 <figcaption>Crabgrass. Photo by Betty Marose</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictCrabgrass preventers are another name for preemergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed.&nbsp; Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates.&nbsp; Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence.&nbsp;Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil. Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products.For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts.&nbsp; Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about eight weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade.&nbsp;Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in late fall for crabgrass control the next season.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that preemergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally, a preemergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.