You can’t see it, taste it, or smell it. You don’t even know that it’s there, but it has the potential to do serious harm. Radon! – a radioactive soil gas which moves from the ground under and around a home through cracks and crevices in the foundation to collect inside.&nbsp;

	Why all the concern about radon?&nbsp; Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in America, after cigarette smoking. Nearly one out of every 4 homes in Kansas may have elevated radon levels, but levels can vary even from home to home in the same neighborhood.

	As health concerns about radon increase, the Kansas Radon Program at Kansas State University can help to shed some light on this elusive danger. Brian Hanson, Radon Program Coordinator, will be in Hays on March 10th to present two programs about radon. A free three-hour continuing education course for real estate professionals will be held from 1- 4 pm at the Extension Office, 601 Main in Hays. The registration brochure for real estate professionals is available from the Hays Board of Realtors. To receive credit for the “Radon for Real Estate Professionals” course realtors must provide their Realtor License number.

	A one-hour public information program will be held at 601 Main in Hays on March 10th at 5:15 pm. Pre-registration for either radon class is requested by March 5th.&nbsp; The program for the general public will provide basic information about radon, its health effects, how to test and what to do about a test that comes back with a high radon rating.&nbsp;

	The first 25 participants to register for the 5:15 pm public meeting will receive a free radon test kit (limit of one per household). Please call 628-9430 to register for the March 10th public meeting by March 5th.&nbsp;

	The only way to know if there is radon in a home is to test. Winter is the best time for testing when homes are closed up from outside air. Radon screening kits can be purchased at the Extension Office for $6.50.&nbsp; The self-mailer kit includes full instructions for completing the test and returning it to a lab for analysis.&nbsp;

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/12/1576703253818.png" alt="Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>You can’t see it, taste it, or smell it. You don’t even know that it’s there, but it has the potential to do serious harm. Radon! – a radioactive soil gas which moves from the ground under and around a home through cracks and crevices in the foundation to collect inside.&nbsp;	Why all the concern about radon?&nbsp; Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in America, after cigarette smoking. Nearly one out of every 4 homes in Kansas may have elevated radon levels, but levels can vary even from home to home in the same neighborhood.	As health concerns about radon increase, the Kansas Radon Program at Kansas State University can help to shed some light on this elusive danger. Brian Hanson, Radon Program Coordinator, will be in Hays on March 10th to present two programs about radon. A free three-hour continuing education course for real estate professionals will be held from 1- 4 pm at the Extension Office, 601 Main in Hays. The registration brochure for real estate professionals is available from the Hays Board of Realtors. To receive credit for the “Radon for Real Estate Professionals” course realtors must provide their Realtor License number.	A one-hour public information program will be held at 601 Main in Hays on March 10th at 5:15 pm. Pre-registration for either radon class is requested by March 5th.&nbsp; The program for the general public will provide basic information about radon, its health effects, how to test and what to do about a test that comes back with a high radon rating.&nbsp;	The first 25 participants to register for the 5:15 pm public meeting will receive a free radon test kit (limit of one per household). Please call 628-9430 to register for the March 10th public meeting by March 5th.&nbsp;	The only way to know if there is radon in a home is to test. Winter is the best time for testing when homes are closed up from outside air. Radon screening kits can be purchased at the Extension Office for $6.50.&nbsp; The self-mailer kit includes full instructions for completing the test and returning it to a lab for analysis.&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Learn about radon at upcoming seminar

Planning for the future is vital, and families must take steps to ensure assets for the next generation. The Kansas State University’s K-State Research and Extension and the Fort Hays State University-Small Business Development Center are here to help.&nbsp;

An educational program, “Thriving Across Generations: Succession Planning in Rural Kansas,” will be from 5:30 to 9 p.m. on Wednesday, March 11, in Fort Hays State’s Memorial Union.&nbsp;

The featured speaker is Rick Feltenberger, regional director at the of the FHSU-KSBDC. Participants will also be able to choose one of three breakout sessions.&nbsp;

Farm succession planning will be led by Roger McEowen, the Kansas Farm Bureau Professor of Agricultural Law and Taxation in the Washburn University School of Law.&nbsp;

Tom Byler with both Emporia State University and Washburn University SBDCs, will discuss small business succession. FHSU’s Dr. Tony Gabel will speak about estate plans for families.&nbsp;

The $20 registration fee per person will include a meal and an estate planning notebook.&nbsp;

Online registration is available at&nbsp;

<a href="x-webdoc://4E2722EC-1E71-4E72-9D95-283F8C9EF56C/www.northwest.k-state.edu/events/thriving_across_generations/index.html">www.northwest.k-state.edu/events/thriving_across_generations/index.html</a>

To register by mail, send a check, payable to Kansas State University, to&nbsp;NW Area Office, Care of: Sara Juenemann, PO Box 786, Colby, KS 67701.

Early registration ends March 9. Registration of $30 will be accepted at the door but does not include a guarantee of a meal and notebook. &nbsp;&nbsp;

For questions, call the Cottonwood District Extension Office at 785-628-9430.&nbsp;

FHSU University RelationsPlanning for the future is vital, and families must take steps to ensure assets for the next generation. The Kansas State University’s K-State Research and Extension and the Fort Hays State University-Small Business Development Center are here to help.&nbsp;An educational program, “Thriving Across Generations: Succession Planning in Rural Kansas,” will be from 5:30 to 9 p.m. on Wednesday, March 11, in Fort Hays State’s Memorial Union.&nbsp;Registration begins at 5 p.m.&nbsp;The featured speaker is Rick Feltenberger, regional director at the of the FHSU-KSBDC. Participants will also be able to choose one of three breakout sessions.&nbsp;Farm succession planning will be led by Roger McEowen, the Kansas Farm Bureau Professor of Agricultural Law and Taxation in the Washburn University School of Law.&nbsp;Tom Byler with both Emporia State University and Washburn University SBDCs, will discuss small business succession. FHSU’s Dr. Tony Gabel will speak about estate plans for families.&nbsp;The $20 registration fee per person will include a meal and an estate planning notebook.&nbsp;Online registration is available at&nbsp;<a href="x-webdoc://4E2722EC-1E71-4E72-9D95-283F8C9EF56C/www.northwest.k-state.edu/events/thriving_across_generations/index.html">www.northwest.k-state.edu/events/thriving_across_generations/index.html</a>To register by mail, send a check, payable to Kansas State University, to&nbsp;NW Area Office, Care of: Sara Juenemann, PO Box 786, Colby, KS 67701.Early registration ends March 9. Registration of $30 will be accepted at the door but does not include a guarantee of a meal and notebook. &nbsp;&nbsp;For questions, call the Cottonwood District Extension Office at 785-628-9430.&nbsp;

Program on estate planning will be March 11 at FHSU

	Our office is buzzing with people who are pulling their Walk KS teams together and that is great news. This signature program of K-State Research &amp; Extension is set to begin March 15th and runs through May 9th. Registration for this program that emphasizes healthy living can be completed online. 

For a $10 registration fee, participants will receive timely newsletters and other program materials, incentives and a celebration luncheon set for Tuesday, May 12th in Great Bend. An optional t-shirt may be ordered for an additional charge.

	With the Walk KS program kicking off in a couple of weeks, it is the perfect time to remind you to find a physical activity you enjoy and then make time in your schedule to do it! For me, that means getting back on the bike. Even a few days off from the routine of bike commuting to and from work makes me feel sluggish. The forty-eight minutes of riding to and from my office in the morning at lunch time and at the end of the day is broken into twelve-minute increments so that it hardly feels like exercise but it is.&nbsp;

	So now is the time to visit with friends, family or co-workers and form your team of six. Select a fun name that describes your team and when March 15th rolls around start logging minutes exercised. Each team will choose a challenge to work toward depending on the goals of the team. Besides reporting minutes exercised each week, participants have an opportunity to log the number of cups of fruits and vegetables they eat each week. &nbsp;

People are always anxious to learn what colors the t-shirts are. This years’ t-shirt colors are a pretty sea green and charcoal gray. Both are attractive with the Walk KS logo complete with sunflower and purple lettering.&nbsp;

	A Walk Kansas Celebration complete with a free lunch for Walk Kansas team members is set for Tuesday, May 12th, at the Great Bend Activity Center. I’ll have more information about this fun and educational event as the date draws near.

You can go to <a href="http://www.walkkansasonline.org">www.walkkansasonline.org</a> and follow the steps to sign up for Walk KS. Call or stop by our office if you have questions. So now, let’s hope for some warmer weather so we can get back into the swing of things with Walk KS!

Donna Krug is the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp; You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574802720194.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. " />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. </figcaption>
 </figure>	Our office is buzzing with people who are pulling their Walk KS teams together and that is great news. This signature program of K-State Research &amp; Extension is set to begin March 15th and runs through May 9th. Registration for this program that emphasizes healthy living can be completed online. For a $10 registration fee, participants will receive timely newsletters and other program materials, incentives and a celebration luncheon set for Tuesday, May 12th in Great Bend. An optional t-shirt may be ordered for an additional charge.	With the Walk KS program kicking off in a couple of weeks, it is the perfect time to remind you to find a physical activity you enjoy and then make time in your schedule to do it! For me, that means getting back on the bike. Even a few days off from the routine of bike commuting to and from work makes me feel sluggish. The forty-eight minutes of riding to and from my office in the morning at lunch time and at the end of the day is broken into twelve-minute increments so that it hardly feels like exercise but it is.&nbsp;	So now is the time to visit with friends, family or co-workers and form your team of six. Select a fun name that describes your team and when March 15th rolls around start logging minutes exercised. Each team will choose a challenge to work toward depending on the goals of the team. Besides reporting minutes exercised each week, participants have an opportunity to log the number of cups of fruits and vegetables they eat each week. &nbsp;People are always anxious to learn what colors the t-shirts are. This years’ t-shirt colors are a pretty sea green and charcoal gray. Both are attractive with the Walk KS logo complete with sunflower and purple lettering.&nbsp;	A Walk Kansas Celebration complete with a free lunch for Walk Kansas team members is set for Tuesday, May 12th, at the Great Bend Activity Center. I’ll have more information about this fun and educational event as the date draws near.	You can go to <a href="http://www.walkkansasonline.org">www.walkkansasonline.org</a> and follow the steps to sign up for Walk KS. Call or stop by our office if you have questions. So now, let’s hope for some warmer weather so we can get back into the swing of things with Walk KS!Donna Krug is the Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp; You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1581625303222.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>

KRUG: Walk KS registration is in full swing

Though soil tests are useful for identifying nutrient deficiencies&nbsp;as well as soil pH, they do not tell the whole story. We often receive soils from gardeners that are having a difficult time growing crops even&nbsp;though the soil test shows the pH is fine and nutrients are not&nbsp;deficient. Here are some factors that can affect plant growth that are&nbsp;not due to nutrient deficiencies or pH.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Not enough sun: Plants need a certain minimum amount of sun before&nbsp;they will grow well. As a general rule, flowering (and fruiting) plants need at least 6 to 8 hours of full sun per day. There are, of course,&nbsp;exceptions such as impatiens that bloom well in shade. Move sun-loving&nbsp;plants into more sun or use plants that are better adapted to shady conditions.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Poor soil physical characteristics: Roots need oxygen as much as&nbsp;they need water. A tight clay soil or excessive water can restrict soil oxygen levels as well as make root penetration of the soil difficult.&nbsp;

Increasing the organic matter content of clay soils can help rebuild&nbsp;good structure.&nbsp; Add a 2-inch layer of organic matter and till it in.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Walnut trees: Walnuts give off a natural herbicide that interferes&nbsp;with the growth of some plants such as tomatoes. Vegetable gardens&nbsp;should be at least 50 feet away from walnut trees if possible. For a&nbsp;listing of plants that are susceptible to walnut, go to:&nbsp;http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_walnut_toxicity.htm

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Tree roots: Trees not only compete with other plants for sun but&nbsp;also for water and nutrients. Extra water and nutrients may be needed.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Shallow soils: When new homes are built, the topsoil is often&nbsp;stripped off before the soils are brought to grade. Though the topsoil should be replaced, it sometimes is not or is not replaced to the same&nbsp;depth as it was originally. You are left with a subsoil that usually&nbsp;does not allow plants to grow well due to a lack of soil structure.

Adding topsoil to a depth of 8 to 12 inches would be best but this often&nbsp;is not practical. In such cases, try to rebuild structure by adding&nbsp;organic matter and working it into the soil.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; In other cases, a thin layer of soil may be spread over rock or construction debris.&nbsp; Plantings in shallow soils will wilt and die more&nbsp;quickly than other plants that are on a deeper soil. Use a soil probe to&nbsp;find such obstructions.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Too much phosphorus: Most Kansas soils are naturally low in&nbsp;phosphorus. However, soils that have been fertilized for a number of years may have phosphorus levels that are quite high. As a matter of fact, the majority of soil tests we receive show phosphorus levels in the "high" category. Extremely high phosphorus levels can interfere with the uptake of some micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc.

High phosphorus soils should only be fertilized with fertilizers that&nbsp;have relatively low amounts of phosphorus.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Improper watering: Roots develop where conditions are best for&nbsp;growth. Shallow, frequent watering leads to roots developing primarily&nbsp;near the surface of the soil where the soil is moist. Such shallow root&nbsp;systems are easily damaged by heat and any interruption in the watering&nbsp;schedule. It is better to water less frequently and to a greater depth to encourage a deeper root system that is less sensitive to heat and&nbsp;water stress.

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Watering during the evening can also be detrimental to plants if&nbsp;the irrigation wets the foliage. Many diseases are encouraged by free water on the leaves. Watering late in the day often will keep the&nbsp;foliage wet until dew forms. Dew will keep the foliage wet until it&nbsp;evaporates the next morning. It is better to water early in the morning&nbsp;so leaves do not stay wet as long. If you must water late in the day,&nbsp;use drip irrigation if practical (such as in a vegetable garden).

&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Overwatering: Roots need to breathe. In other words, they must have&nbsp; oxygen in order to survive. Be careful to not water so heavily that the&nbsp;soil remains saturated. Water deeply but allow soil to dry somewhat&nbsp;between waterings.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Though soil tests are useful for identifying nutrient deficiencies&nbsp;as well as soil pH, they do not tell the whole story. We often receive soils from gardeners that are having a difficult time growing crops even&nbsp;though the soil test shows the pH is fine and nutrients are not&nbsp;deficient. Here are some factors that can affect plant growth that are&nbsp;not due to nutrient deficiencies or pH.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Not enough sun: Plants need a certain minimum amount of sun before&nbsp;they will grow well. As a general rule, flowering (and fruiting) plants need at least 6 to 8 hours of full sun per day. There are, of course,&nbsp;exceptions such as impatiens that bloom well in shade. Move sun-loving&nbsp;plants into more sun or use plants that are better adapted to shady conditions.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Poor soil physical characteristics: Roots need oxygen as much as&nbsp;they need water. A tight clay soil or excessive water can restrict soil oxygen levels as well as make root penetration of the soil difficult.&nbsp;Increasing the organic matter content of clay soils can help rebuild&nbsp;good structure.&nbsp; Add a 2-inch layer of organic matter and till it in.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Walnut trees: Walnuts give off a natural herbicide that interferes&nbsp;with the growth of some plants such as tomatoes. Vegetable gardens&nbsp;should be at least 50 feet away from walnut trees if possible. For a&nbsp;listing of plants that are susceptible to walnut, go to:&nbsp;http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/info_walnut_toxicity.htm&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Tree roots: Trees not only compete with other plants for sun but&nbsp;also for water and nutrients. Extra water and nutrients may be needed.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Shallow soils: When new homes are built, the topsoil is often&nbsp;stripped off before the soils are brought to grade. Though the topsoil should be replaced, it sometimes is not or is not replaced to the same&nbsp;depth as it was originally. You are left with a subsoil that usually&nbsp;does not allow plants to grow well due to a lack of soil structure.Adding topsoil to a depth of 8 to 12 inches would be best but this often&nbsp;is not practical. In such cases, try to rebuild structure by adding&nbsp;organic matter and working it into the soil.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; In other cases, a thin layer of soil may be spread over rock or construction debris.&nbsp; Plantings in shallow soils will wilt and die more&nbsp;quickly than other plants that are on a deeper soil. Use a soil probe to&nbsp;find such obstructions.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Too much phosphorus: Most Kansas soils are naturally low in&nbsp;phosphorus. However, soils that have been fertilized for a number of years may have phosphorus levels that are quite high. As a matter of fact, the majority of soil tests we receive show phosphorus levels in the "high" category. Extremely high phosphorus levels can interfere with the uptake of some micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc.High phosphorus soils should only be fertilized with fertilizers that&nbsp;have relatively low amounts of phosphorus.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Improper watering: Roots develop where conditions are best for&nbsp;growth. Shallow, frequent watering leads to roots developing primarily&nbsp;near the surface of the soil where the soil is moist. Such shallow root&nbsp;systems are easily damaged by heat and any interruption in the watering&nbsp;schedule. It is better to water less frequently and to a greater depth to encourage a deeper root system that is less sensitive to heat and&nbsp;water stress.&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Watering during the evening can also be detrimental to plants if&nbsp;the irrigation wets the foliage. Many diseases are encouraged by free water on the leaves. Watering late in the day often will keep the&nbsp;foliage wet until dew forms. Dew will keep the foliage wet until it&nbsp;evaporates the next morning. It is better to water early in the morning&nbsp;so leaves do not stay wet as long. If you must water late in the day,&nbsp;use drip irrigation if practical (such as in a vegetable garden).&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; Overwatering: Roots need to breathe. In other words, they must have&nbsp; oxygen in order to survive. Be careful to not water so heavily that the&nbsp;soil remains saturated. Water deeply but allow soil to dry somewhat&nbsp;between waterings.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

BOOR: Diagnosing troublesome soil issues

Most gardeners think that soil tests are done only to find out what nutrients are deficient. However, it is&nbsp;just as important to know if you have adequate levels of nutrients so you don't add unneeded fertilizer.

The most basic soil test checks pH and the levels of phosphorus and potassium. Most of the lawn and&nbsp;garden soil tests that come out of our soil-testing lab show more than adequate levels of both&nbsp;phosphorus and potassium. If those nutrients are not needed, applying them is a waste of money and can be a source of pollution. In extreme cases, excess phosphorus can interfere with the&nbsp;uptake of micronutrients. So, if you haven't taken a soil test in several years, take one this spring.

Begin by taking a representative sample from a number of locations in the garden or lawn.&nbsp; Each sample&nbsp;is composed of about 8 sub-samples that go from the surface to 6 to 8 inches deep. Mix the sub-samplestogether in a clean container and select about 1 pint of soil.&nbsp;

Take the soil to your local K-State Research and Extension office to have tests done at the K-State soil-testing laboratory for a fee. A soil test determines fertility problems, not other conditions that mayexist such as poor drainage, poor soil structure, soil borne diseases or insects, chemical contaminants or&nbsp;damage, or shade with root competition from other plants. All of these conditions may reduce plant&nbsp;performance but cannot be evaluated by a soil test. If you are in need of a soil probe, the Extension&nbsp;Offices in both Ellis and Barton Co. have probes that can be checked out to the public.&nbsp;

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood District. She can be contacted by e-mail at <a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp; or by phone at 785-628-9430. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood District. " />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Most gardeners think that soil tests are done only to find out what nutrients are deficient. However, it is&nbsp;just as important to know if you have adequate levels of nutrients so you don't add unneeded fertilizer.The most basic soil test checks pH and the levels of phosphorus and potassium. Most of the lawn and&nbsp;garden soil tests that come out of our soil-testing lab show more than adequate levels of both&nbsp;phosphorus and potassium. If those nutrients are not needed, applying them is a waste of money and can be a source of pollution. In extreme cases, excess phosphorus can interfere with the&nbsp;uptake of micronutrients. So, if you haven't taken a soil test in several years, take one this spring.Begin by taking a representative sample from a number of locations in the garden or lawn.&nbsp; Each sample&nbsp;is composed of about 8 sub-samples that go from the surface to 6 to 8 inches deep. Mix the sub-samplestogether in a clean container and select about 1 pint of soil.&nbsp;Take the soil to your local K-State Research and Extension office to have tests done at the K-State soil-testing laboratory for a fee. A soil test determines fertility problems, not other conditions that mayexist such as poor drainage, poor soil structure, soil borne diseases or insects, chemical contaminants or&nbsp;damage, or shade with root competition from other plants. All of these conditions may reduce plant&nbsp;performance but cannot be evaluated by a soil test. If you are in need of a soil probe, the Extension&nbsp;Offices in both Ellis and Barton Co. have probes that can be checked out to the public.&nbsp;Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood District. She can be contacted by e-mail at <a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp; or by phone at 785-628-9430. Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

FICK: Soil testing will save time, money

Cattle producers who have not yet started the spring calving season still have time to plan ahead, and a Kansas State University veterinarian notes that could make a big difference in having a successful year.

“This is the time for a pre-emptive strike,” said A.J. Tarpoff, a beef veterinarian with K-State Research and Extension. “If you haven’t started calving yet on your operation, now is the time to start thinking about what you can do to be ready.”

Tarpoff noted that producers need to make sure they have the necessary supplies on hand, which may require buying or repairing items and facilities. Then, he adds, set in motion a plan to manage the birth of the new calves.

“Calving books are a phenomenal tool,” Tarpoff said. “It could be just a little pocketbook where you write down who calved, when they calved, if there was difficulty, and whether it was a male or female coming out. There is a lot of information that we can capture about the birthing process so that we’re able to make better decisions within our herd in the future.”

One of the newer management techniques that can lead to successful calving is to feed cows at dusk. “There have been several research studies that show reliable results that a higher percentage of animals are born during daylight hours when we feed the cow in the late evening hours,” Tarpoff said.

Feeding late in the evening, he said, will help decrease midnight or early morning births, which are hard on workers and can make the birth more complicated if there are difficulties.

Tarpoff hosted a series of calving schools across Kansas over the last several weeks to help the state’s producers be adequately prepared to bring in as many healthy animals as possible. The final session for this season was video-streamed on Facebook Live. A recording of that session can be seen on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KStateRE/videos/746744109146536/?t=0">K-State Research and Extension Facebook page</a>.

One of his recommendations is that producers use a cooler to store tools and equipment: “On cold days and nights, the cooler will help equipment to stay nice and warm. We can close it up and know that our equipment is not going to freeze,” he said.

Tarpoff said producers should check calving chains or obstetric straps for rust, sharp spots or fraying. He also suggests having multiple sets on hand in case there are multiple births at once. The straps should be cleaned, disinfected and hung to dry after each use.

“Once those straps are dried, put them in a closed container so that you don’t re-contaminate them by accident,” he said. “Then, throw them back into your cooler kit.”

Producers should have a meeting with their local veterinarian to discuss situations that may occur, and what medicine or other supplies may be needed to handle those. “They can prescribe the products you’ll need and set you up to be a little more prepared,” Tarpoff said.

Producers can also contact their local extension agent or visit&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ksubeef.org/">KSUBeef.org</a>&nbsp;for more information on getting prepared for spring calving.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension.</figcaption>
 </figure>Cattle producers who have not yet started the spring calving season still have time to plan ahead, and a Kansas State University veterinarian notes that could make a big difference in having a successful year.“This is the time for a pre-emptive strike,” said A.J. Tarpoff, a beef veterinarian with K-State Research and Extension. “If you haven’t started calving yet on your operation, now is the time to start thinking about what you can do to be ready.”Tarpoff noted that producers need to make sure they have the necessary supplies on hand, which may require buying or repairing items and facilities. Then, he adds, set in motion a plan to manage the birth of the new calves.“Calving books are a phenomenal tool,” Tarpoff said. “It could be just a little pocketbook where you write down who calved, when they calved, if there was difficulty, and whether it was a male or female coming out. There is a lot of information that we can capture about the birthing process so that we’re able to make better decisions within our herd in the future.”One of the newer management techniques that can lead to successful calving is to feed cows at dusk. “There have been several research studies that show reliable results that a higher percentage of animals are born during daylight hours when we feed the cow in the late evening hours,” Tarpoff said.Feeding late in the evening, he said, will help decrease midnight or early morning births, which are hard on workers and can make the birth more complicated if there are difficulties.Tarpoff hosted a series of calving schools across Kansas over the last several weeks to help the state’s producers be adequately prepared to bring in as many healthy animals as possible. The final session for this season was video-streamed on Facebook Live. A recording of that session can be seen on the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/KStateRE/videos/746744109146536/?t=0">K-State Research and Extension Facebook page</a>.One of his recommendations is that producers use a cooler to store tools and equipment: “On cold days and nights, the cooler will help equipment to stay nice and warm. We can close it up and know that our equipment is not going to freeze,” he said.Tarpoff said producers should check calving chains or obstetric straps for rust, sharp spots or fraying. He also suggests having multiple sets on hand in case there are multiple births at once. The straps should be cleaned, disinfected and hung to dry after each use.“Once those straps are dried, put them in a closed container so that you don’t re-contaminate them by accident,” he said. “Then, throw them back into your cooler kit.”Producers should have a meeting with their local veterinarian to discuss situations that may occur, and what medicine or other supplies may be needed to handle those. “They can prescribe the products you’ll need and set you up to be a little more prepared,” Tarpoff said.Producers can also contact their local extension agent or visit&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ksubeef.org/">KSUBeef.org</a>&nbsp;for more information on getting prepared for spring calving.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Time to start prepping for calving season is now

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

Kansas State University's Animal Sciences and Industry Department will host Cattlemen's Day 2020 on Friday, March 6 at Weber Hall in Manhattan. Lorna Marshall, Select Sires vice president of beef programs, will kick off the event by highlighting genetic and reproductive trends in the global beef industry.

"We're excited to host the 107th KSU Cattlemen's Day," says Ken Odde, K-State professor and Cattlemen's Day co-chairman. "Our annual program strives to address key issues and to provide current information that keeps our industry efficient and relevant. This year's main program speakers, Lorna Marshall and Dr. Derrell Peel, will challenge attendees to think outside the box as they address global protein supplies, trade, reproductive and genetic technologies and their effects on the U.S. beef industry."

The day starts at 8 a.m. with refreshments, educational exhibits and a commercial trade show. Odde adds, "This year more we have more than 75 participants signed up for our allied industry trade show. Hosted on the Weber Arena floor, the trade show provides a forum for the attendees to observe what's new in the beef industry and network with key industry leaders."

The program begins at 10 a.m. Following Marshall's presentation, Derrell Peel, Oklahoma State University extension livestock marketing specialist, will discuss opportunities for the beef industry in global meat markets.

Lunch featuring smoked brisket and Cajun-spiced catfish will be sponsored by U.S. Premium Beef and commercial exhibitors. The afternoon sessions will feature K-State faculty and industry presentations in Weber Hall, the Purebred Beef Unit and the Beef Stocker Unit discussing an array of topics.

• Factors Influencing Sale Price of Calves — Ken Odde, KSU ASI professor, Karol Fike, KSU ASI teaching assoc. professor, and Esther McCabe, KSU ASI PhD student, will discuss recently investigated regional effects on the value of calf health programs, age and source verification, trucking distance, and "natural" beef programs.

• Update on Insemination Timing with Sexed Semen, Split-Time AI and Embryonic Loss — Sandy Johnson, KSU ASI extension beef specialist, and David Grieger, KSU ASI professor, will give an overview of timed AI protocols for conventional and sexed semen; including an update on split-time AI protocols with costs and benefits for cows and heifers.

• Current Changes in the Mexican Meat Industry and the Impact of Mexico's New Beef Quality Grading System — Francisco Najar-Villarreal, KSU ASI meat science PhD candidate, will discuss the implementation of a new Mexican beef quality grading program, passed in 2017, and how this system may potentially change some of the market channels used during the last decade in Mexico. The potential impact of these changes on the United States will also be discussed.

• Calving School: Tools, Time Frames, Intervention Tips — A.J. Tarpoff, KSU ASI extension beef veterinarian, will outline overall calving management, including stages of the normal calving process and tips to handle difficult calving situations.

• Where Ruminant Digestion Begins — K-State Veterinary Health Center staff will utilize cannulated cows to discuss educational components regarding transfaunation fluid, calf scours and Hardware disease.

• Forage Sampling and Analysis 101 — Justin Waggoner, KSU ASI extension beef specialist, will provide a hands-on session covering how to sample different types of forage and understand the basic components of a forage analysis.

• Beef Stocker Unit Tour — Explore the Beef Stocker Unit, a facility devoted to management research with receiving, backgrounding and grazing cattle.

The cost to attend Cattlemen's Day 2020 is $25 if paid by February 28 at noon or $35 at the door. There is no charge for students, if they pre-register. For more information and online registration, visit KSUBeef.org or contact Lois Schreiner at 785-532-1267 or <a href="mailto:lschrein@ksu.edu">lschrein@ksu.edu</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1581343467166.jpeg" alt="Photo by Jonas Nordberg on Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Jonas Nordberg on Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictKansas State University's Animal Sciences and Industry Department will host Cattlemen's Day 2020 on Friday, March 6 at Weber Hall in Manhattan. Lorna Marshall, Select Sires vice president of beef programs, will kick off the event by highlighting genetic and reproductive trends in the global beef industry."We're excited to host the 107th KSU Cattlemen's Day," says Ken Odde, K-State professor and Cattlemen's Day co-chairman. "Our annual program strives to address key issues and to provide current information that keeps our industry efficient and relevant. This year's main program speakers, Lorna Marshall and Dr. Derrell Peel, will challenge attendees to think outside the box as they address global protein supplies, trade, reproductive and genetic technologies and their effects on the U.S. beef industry."The day starts at 8 a.m. with refreshments, educational exhibits and a commercial trade show. Odde adds, "This year more we have more than 75 participants signed up for our allied industry trade show. Hosted on the Weber Arena floor, the trade show provides a forum for the attendees to observe what's new in the beef industry and network with key industry leaders."The program begins at 10 a.m. Following Marshall's presentation, Derrell Peel, Oklahoma State University extension livestock marketing specialist, will discuss opportunities for the beef industry in global meat markets.Lunch featuring smoked brisket and Cajun-spiced catfish will be sponsored by U.S. Premium Beef and commercial exhibitors. The afternoon sessions will feature K-State faculty and industry presentations in Weber Hall, the Purebred Beef Unit and the Beef Stocker Unit discussing an array of topics.• Factors Influencing Sale Price of Calves — Ken Odde, KSU ASI professor, Karol Fike, KSU ASI teaching assoc. professor, and Esther McCabe, KSU ASI PhD student, will discuss recently investigated regional effects on the value of calf health programs, age and source verification, trucking distance, and "natural" beef programs.• Update on Insemination Timing with Sexed Semen, Split-Time AI and Embryonic Loss — Sandy Johnson, KSU ASI extension beef specialist, and David Grieger, KSU ASI professor, will give an overview of timed AI protocols for conventional and sexed semen; including an update on split-time AI protocols with costs and benefits for cows and heifers.• Current Changes in the Mexican Meat Industry and the Impact of Mexico's New Beef Quality Grading System — Francisco Najar-Villarreal, KSU ASI meat science PhD candidate, will discuss the implementation of a new Mexican beef quality grading program, passed in 2017, and how this system may potentially change some of the market channels used during the last decade in Mexico. The potential impact of these changes on the United States will also be discussed.• Calving School: Tools, Time Frames, Intervention Tips — A.J. Tarpoff, KSU ASI extension beef veterinarian, will outline overall calving management, including stages of the normal calving process and tips to handle difficult calving situations.• Where Ruminant Digestion Begins — K-State Veterinary Health Center staff will utilize cannulated cows to discuss educational components regarding transfaunation fluid, calf scours and Hardware disease.• Forage Sampling and Analysis 101 — Justin Waggoner, KSU ASI extension beef specialist, will provide a hands-on session covering how to sample different types of forage and understand the basic components of a forage analysis.• Beef Stocker Unit Tour — Explore the Beef Stocker Unit, a facility devoted to management research with receiving, backgrounding and grazing cattle.The cost to attend Cattlemen's Day 2020 is $25 if paid by February 28 at noon or $35 at the door. There is no charge for students, if they pre-register. For more information and online registration, visit KSUBeef.org or contact Lois Schreiner at 785-532-1267 or <a href="mailto:lschrein@ksu.edu">lschrein@ksu.edu</a>.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

K-State's 107th annual Cattlemen's Day set for March 6

Kochia, also known as fireweed or tumbleweed, is native to Europe and Asia and was introduced from Europe as an ornamental in the mid- to late- 1800s. It is well adapted to the Great Plains. Kochia is related to common lambsquarters and Russian thistle and is similar to them in some ways.

Kochia has alternate, lance-shaped leaves with 3-5 prominent veins and hairs on the margins and lower surface. Small green flowers are formed at the base of leaves in late summer and early fall. Kochia is a round or pyramid-shaped plant with many branches that can grow up to 6 feet tall.

In Kansas, kochia generally emerges in March, but can emerge as early as late January. Kochia can produce more than 50,000 seeds per plant, which are spread when the matured plant breaks off at the soil surface and tumbles in the wind. Kochia seeds are viable in the soil seedbank for only 1 to 2 years.

Kochia can be grazed when it is young and is credited with helping ranchers survive droughts of the early 20th century. However, it can accumulate harmful levels of nitrates and has been linked to photosensitivity in livestock.

If uncontrolled, kochia can reduce soybean yield by 30%, corn and sorghum yield by about 40%, and wheat yield by 58%. Kochia populations in Kansas have confirmed resistance to: chlorsulforon (Group 2, dicamba and fluroxypyr (Group 4, atrazine (Group 5, and glyphosate (Group 9). &nbsp;

Resistance to key post-emergence herbicides coupled with early emergence makes herbicide timing critical for kochia management. Pre-emergence herbicides are highly recommended for more effective control of kochia vs. post emerge applications only. Even with an effective pre-emerge application a post application may have to follow on any of the remaining small kochia weeds. Pre-emerge applications should be applied in fall or very early spring. Products below are listed as examples. Always read and follow label directions.

C=corn, GS = grain sorghum, SB=soybean, W = wheat, F = fallow, BD = burndown
1Tolerant varieties only; 2Resistant varieties only

For those wanting more information on weed control we will be offering an “Integrated Weed Control Management of Herbicide Resistant Weeds” program on Wednesday, February 19th at American Ag Credit, Great Bend. Registration will begin at 8:30 a.m. the program starts at 9 and concludes at 11:30 a.m. followed by a complimentary lunch. RSVP for the meal count by Monday, Feb. 17th by calling Cottonwood Extension District Office in Great Bend at 620-793-1910. Topics of discussion will be – the role of integrated weed management in combating difficult weeds, managing multiple herbicide-resistant palmer amaranth weeds in central KS., update on herbicides and herbicide tolerant traits for 2020, and as always there will be time for Q &amp; A.&nbsp;

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070143255.png" alt="Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Kochia, also known as fireweed or tumbleweed, is native to Europe and Asia and was introduced from Europe as an ornamental in the mid- to late- 1800s. It is well adapted to the Great Plains. Kochia is related to common lambsquarters and Russian thistle and is similar to them in some ways.Kochia has alternate, lance-shaped leaves with 3-5 prominent veins and hairs on the margins and lower surface. Small green flowers are formed at the base of leaves in late summer and early fall. Kochia is a round or pyramid-shaped plant with many branches that can grow up to 6 feet tall.In Kansas, kochia generally emerges in March, but can emerge as early as late January. Kochia can produce more than 50,000 seeds per plant, which are spread when the matured plant breaks off at the soil surface and tumbles in the wind. Kochia seeds are viable in the soil seedbank for only 1 to 2 years.Kochia can be grazed when it is young and is credited with helping ranchers survive droughts of the early 20th century. However, it can accumulate harmful levels of nitrates and has been linked to photosensitivity in livestock.<h2>&nbsp;Management</h2>If uncontrolled, kochia can reduce soybean yield by 30%, corn and sorghum yield by about 40%, and wheat yield by 58%. Kochia populations in Kansas have confirmed resistance to: chlorsulforon (Group 2, dicamba and fluroxypyr (Group 4, atrazine (Group 5, and glyphosate (Group 9). &nbsp;Resistance to key post-emergence herbicides coupled with early emergence makes herbicide timing critical for kochia management. Pre-emergence herbicides are highly recommended for more effective control of kochia vs. post emerge applications only. Even with an effective pre-emerge application a post application may have to follow on any of the remaining small kochia weeds. Pre-emerge applications should be applied in fall or very early spring. Products below are listed as examples. Always read and follow label directions.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580825087309.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580825104296.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>C=corn, GS = grain sorghum, SB=soybean, W = wheat, F = fallow, BD = burndown
1Tolerant varieties only; 2Resistant varieties onlyFor those wanting more information on weed control we will be offering an “Integrated Weed Control Management of Herbicide Resistant Weeds” program on Wednesday, February 19th at American Ag Credit, Great Bend. Registration will begin at 8:30 a.m. the program starts at 9 and concludes at 11:30 a.m. followed by a complimentary lunch. RSVP for the meal count by Monday, Feb. 17th by calling Cottonwood Extension District Office in Great Bend at 620-793-1910. Topics of discussion will be – the role of integrated weed management in combating difficult weeds, managing multiple herbicide-resistant palmer amaranth weeds in central KS., update on herbicides and herbicide tolerant traits for 2020, and as always there will be time for Q &amp; A.&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Kochia, aka fireweed, tumbleweed

Severe winter weather is not only hard on people but can be a life and death struggle for birds. Though birds also require water and shelter, food is often the resource most lacking during cold weather. 

Many different bird food mixes are available because various species often prefer different grains. 

However, there is one seed that has more universal appeal than any other: black oil sunflower. If you are new to the bird-feeding game, make sure there is a high percentage of this seed in your mix. White proso millet is second in popularity and is the favorite of dark-eyed juncos and other sparrows as well as the red-winged blackbird.

As you become more interested in bird feeding, you may want to use more than one feeder to attract specific species of birds. Following is a list of bird species with the grains they prefer:

- Cardinal, evening grosbeak and most finch species – sunflower seeds, all types.

- Rufous-sided towhee – white proso millet.

- Dark-eyed junco – white and red proso millet, canary seed, fine cracked corn.

- Many sparrow species – white and red proso millet.

- Bluejay – peanut kernels and sunflower seeds of all types.

- Chickadee and tufted titmouse – peanut kernels, oil (black) and black-striped sunflower seeds.

- Red-breasted nuthatch – oil (black) and black-striped sunflower seeds.

- Brown thrasher – hulled and black-striped sunflower seeds.

- Red-winged blackbird – white and red proso millet plus German (golden) millet

- Mourning dove – oil (black) sunflower seeds, white and red proso plus German (golden)millet.

Extended cold periods can also make water unavailable. 

A heated birdbath can be a tremendous draw for birds during times when all other water is frozen. Energy use is usually less than what most people expect IF the heater has a built-in thermostat.

If you would like more information, Chuck Otte, Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension Agent for Geary County has a series of backyard birding guides at <a href="http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm">http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm</a>.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750515658.png" alt="An American Goldfinch in a winter storm. (Flickr photo by itsgreg)" />
 <figcaption>An American Goldfinch in a winter storm. (Flickr photo by itsgreg)</figcaption>
 </figure>Severe winter weather is not only hard on people but can be a life and death struggle for birds. Though birds also require water and shelter, food is often the resource most lacking during cold weather. Many different bird food mixes are available because various species often prefer different grains. However, there is one seed that has more universal appeal than any other: black oil sunflower. If you are new to the bird-feeding game, make sure there is a high percentage of this seed in your mix. White proso millet is second in popularity and is the favorite of dark-eyed juncos and other sparrows as well as the red-winged blackbird.As you become more interested in bird feeding, you may want to use more than one feeder to attract specific species of birds. Following is a list of bird species with the grains they prefer:- Cardinal, evening grosbeak and most finch species – sunflower seeds, all types.- Rufous-sided towhee – white proso millet.- Dark-eyed junco – white and red proso millet, canary seed, fine cracked corn.- Many sparrow species – white and red proso millet.- Bluejay – peanut kernels and sunflower seeds of all types.- Chickadee and tufted titmouse – peanut kernels, oil (black) and black-striped sunflower seeds.- Red-breasted nuthatch – oil (black) and black-striped sunflower seeds.- Brown thrasher – hulled and black-striped sunflower seeds.- Red-winged blackbird – white and red proso millet plus German (golden) millet- Mourning dove – oil (black) sunflower seeds, white and red proso plus German (golden)millet.Extended cold periods can also make water unavailable. A heated birdbath can be a tremendous draw for birds during times when all other water is frozen. Energy use is usually less than what most people expect IF the heater has a built-in thermostat. If you would like more information, Chuck Otte, Agriculture and Natural Resources Extension Agent for Geary County has a series of backyard birding guides at <a href="http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm">http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm</a>.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750047144.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the&nbsp;Cottonwood District Horticulture Agent in Hays. You may reach her at&nbsp;lfick@k-state.edu or&nbsp;785-628-9430.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the&nbsp;Cottonwood District Horticulture Agent in Hays. You may reach her at&nbsp;lfick@k-state.edu or&nbsp;785-628-9430.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>&nbsp;

FICK: Bird feeding in winter months

	The past couple of weeks have created a new normal at my house. Early on the morning of January 14th, my husband, John, was riding his bike to the prayer breakfast at our church. 

The streets were not slick but as he approached the church and hopped up on the sidewalk his bike hit black ice and he landed hard on his left side. He realized immediately that he was not able to pull himself up or crawl to a door, so he started shaking a sign to try to get someones’ attention. 

Finally, nearly 40 minutes after he had left home, a good Samaritan, Jake and his wife, came to John’s rescue. They called 911, covered him with a blanket and gave me a call.&nbsp;

An ambulance ride to the hospital and X-rays taken in the ER confirmed what John already knew; he had fractured his left hip. Surgery was set for that evening and thankfully everything went well. I had around 48 hours to round up the items that we would need to make our house somewhat handicap accessible before bringing John home. We are not big fans of recliners; after all, we would rather be out riding on the back of our tandem bike. But for the next few weeks John is resting pretty well in his new lift chair. Other items that make our bathroom handicap accessible include a transfer bench for the shower and handrails added to the stool. A wheel chair and ramp will also make visits to the doctor possible.

A few years ago, Extension specialists wrote a fact sheet titled, Fashion an Easier Lifestyle with Assistive Technology. Whether you are dealing with a sudden and temporary need for assistive devices or a chronic condition which contributes to a disability, assistive technology may help you with your daily activities. Assistive technology can help a person be more independent and able to live in their home safely. It can also make caregiving tasks easier.&nbsp;

Another fact sheet titled, Age Sense: The Caregiving Journey, really spoke to me as our normal routine has been turned upside down. While nearly everyone will find themselves in a caregiving role during their lifetime, it can be a stressful experience. I am so fortunate that John has a positive attitude. One of the first nights that I moved from sleeping on the sofa to the bed, we decided John would call me on his cell phone if he needed anything. In the middle of the night I heard John yelling for me and jumped up and asked him why he didn’t use the phone. Well, he had dropped it into the mechanism of the lift chair. A few minutes later, I was able to retrieve it and we just decided to laugh about the experience. After sharing the experience with a class I was teaching the next day, a friend brought me a cow bell for John to use to get my attention!

We are so fortunate to live in a community with an excellent health care facility. Our family and friends have provided just what we needed when we needed it during the time since the accident. Now, we just need to focus on the positive during the coming weeks, so that healing can continue.&nbsp;

While your life as you know it may change in an instant, your positive attitude will help you through the crises. Feel free to give me a call if you would like a copy of either of the fact sheets I mentioned above. I am happy to share!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574802720194.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>	The past couple of weeks have created a new normal at my house. Early on the morning of January 14th, my husband, John, was riding his bike to the prayer breakfast at our church. The streets were not slick but as he approached the church and hopped up on the sidewalk his bike hit black ice and he landed hard on his left side. He realized immediately that he was not able to pull himself up or crawl to a door, so he started shaking a sign to try to get someones’ attention. Finally, nearly 40 minutes after he had left home, a good Samaritan, Jake and his wife, came to John’s rescue. They called 911, covered him with a blanket and gave me a call.&nbsp;An ambulance ride to the hospital and X-rays taken in the ER confirmed what John already knew; he had fractured his left hip. Surgery was set for that evening and thankfully everything went well. I had around 48 hours to round up the items that we would need to make our house somewhat handicap accessible before bringing John home. We are not big fans of recliners; after all, we would rather be out riding on the back of our tandem bike. But for the next few weeks John is resting pretty well in his new lift chair. Other items that make our bathroom handicap accessible include a transfer bench for the shower and handrails added to the stool. A wheel chair and ramp will also make visits to the doctor possible.A few years ago, Extension specialists wrote a fact sheet titled, Fashion an Easier Lifestyle with Assistive Technology. Whether you are dealing with a sudden and temporary need for assistive devices or a chronic condition which contributes to a disability, assistive technology may help you with your daily activities. Assistive technology can help a person be more independent and able to live in their home safely. It can also make caregiving tasks easier.&nbsp;Another fact sheet titled, Age Sense: The Caregiving Journey, really spoke to me as our normal routine has been turned upside down. While nearly everyone will find themselves in a caregiving role during their lifetime, it can be a stressful experience. I am so fortunate that John has a positive attitude. One of the first nights that I moved from sleeping on the sofa to the bed, we decided John would call me on his cell phone if he needed anything. In the middle of the night I heard John yelling for me and jumped up and asked him why he didn’t use the phone. Well, he had dropped it into the mechanism of the lift chair. A few minutes later, I was able to retrieve it and we just decided to laugh about the experience. After sharing the experience with a class I was teaching the next day, a friend brought me a cow bell for John to use to get my attention!We are so fortunate to live in a community with an excellent health care facility. Our family and friends have provided just what we needed when we needed it during the time since the accident. Now, we just need to focus on the positive during the coming weeks, so that healing can continue.&nbsp;While your life as you know it may change in an instant, your positive attitude will help you through the crises. Feel free to give me a call if you would like a copy of either of the fact sheets I mentioned above. I am happy to share!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>. K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

KRUG: Focus on the positive

MANHATTAN, Kan. – Profit enhancing strategies included in the topics for the 2020 Kansas State University Winter Ranch Management Seminar Series. Hosted at five sites across the state of Kansas, the meetings will feature presentations and comments by extension educators to enhance management and marketing strategies employed by cow-calf producers.&nbsp;

The meetings will also feature a popular “town hall” style question-and-answer session between Kansas cattle producers and extension specialists. “The series has a history of being a successful stretch of meetings, which are hosted throughout the state of Kansas,” says Bob Weaber, K-State extension cow-calf specialist. Weaber, along with other state, district and local extension staff, will take part in the series to help answer producers’ questions. The specialists will answer a wide range of questions on beef cattle issues including animal health, nutrition, management, genetics and reproduction.&nbsp;

“The previous year’s variable and wet weather across Kansas presented many challenges for farmers and ranchers. Our extension team continues to field questions from beef producers related to environmental effects and their impact on cow herd performance, especially reproduction,” Weaber explains. “The Winter Ranch Management series provides another great opportunity for state and local specialists to take our expertise out in the country for a series of impactful face-to-face meetings. Our extension team has a breadth of experience in beef cattle management, reproduction, genetics, animal health and nutrition. We’re here to help solve and prevent production problems with reliable information.”

Topics to be discussed at each location include a discussion on the value captured in the marketplace from improved production practices by cow-calf producers and understanding pregnancy loss. Local extension agents will present a topic focused on forage sampling and testing or proper handling and storage of vaccines.&nbsp;

“Early in the year is a great time for producers to think and plan for the coming year,” says Weaber. “Many producers have a number of experiences in 2019 to reflect upon, so early in the year is a good time to consider opportunities to improve management practices that enhance profitability.”

2020 Winter Ranch Management Locations/Contacts:

Hosted by:	Grant, Stanton, Kearny, and Hamilton Co. Ext.

Date: 	Thursday, January 30, 2020; Noon – 3:30 p.m.

	Elizabeth Kissick, Grant Co. Extension&nbsp;

Hosted by:	Clark, Comanche and Meade County Extension

Date: 	Thursday, January 30, 2020; 5:30 – 8:30 p.m.&nbsp;

Hosted by: 	Twin Creeks, Golden Prairie, Midway and Phillips-Rooks Extension Districts

Date: 	Tuesday, February 11, 2020; Noon – 3:30 p.m.

	Rachael Boyle, Phillips-Rooks Ext. Dist.

Hosted by:	River Valley, Central Kansas and Post Rock Ext. Districts

Date: 	Tuesday, February 11, 2020; 5:30 – 8:30 p.m.&nbsp;

Hosted by: 	Southwind and Wildcat Extension Districts

Date: 	Thursday, February 27, 2020; 5:30 – 8:30 p.m.&nbsp;

Meeting times and registration fees vary by location, but all will include a meal. Participants are asked to RSVP for a selected location by one week prior to the event. Interested participants should contact their local host contact for registration and RSVP details.&nbsp;

More information about the K-State Winter Ranch Management Seminar Series is available at <a href="http://www.asi.k-state.edu/events/ranch-management-seminars.html">KSUBeef.org</a>.&nbsp;

The Kansas State University Animal Sciences and Industry department serves students, livestock producers and the animal and food industries through teaching, research and education. The K-State ASI department prepares students for careers in the animal and food industries. The curriculum&nbsp;includes the study of nutrition, reproduction, genetics, behavior, meat science, food science with production, management, and agribusiness skills. For more about the K-State’s ASI department visit asi.ksu.edu.

K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus, Manhattan.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

SubmittedMANHATTAN, Kan. – Profit enhancing strategies included in the topics for the 2020 Kansas State University Winter Ranch Management Seminar Series. Hosted at five sites across the state of Kansas, the meetings will feature presentations and comments by extension educators to enhance management and marketing strategies employed by cow-calf producers.&nbsp;The meetings will also feature a popular “town hall” style question-and-answer session between Kansas cattle producers and extension specialists. “The series has a history of being a successful stretch of meetings, which are hosted throughout the state of Kansas,” says Bob Weaber, K-State extension cow-calf specialist. Weaber, along with other state, district and local extension staff, will take part in the series to help answer producers’ questions. The specialists will answer a wide range of questions on beef cattle issues including animal health, nutrition, management, genetics and reproduction.&nbsp;“The previous year’s variable and wet weather across Kansas presented many challenges for farmers and ranchers. Our extension team continues to field questions from beef producers related to environmental effects and their impact on cow herd performance, especially reproduction,” Weaber explains. “The Winter Ranch Management series provides another great opportunity for state and local specialists to take our expertise out in the country for a series of impactful face-to-face meetings. Our extension team has a breadth of experience in beef cattle management, reproduction, genetics, animal health and nutrition. We’re here to help solve and prevent production problems with reliable information.”Topics to be discussed at each location include a discussion on the value captured in the marketplace from improved production practices by cow-calf producers and understanding pregnancy loss. Local extension agents will present a topic focused on forage sampling and testing or proper handling and storage of vaccines.&nbsp;“Early in the year is a great time for producers to think and plan for the coming year,” says Weaber. “Many producers have a number of experiences in 2019 to reflect upon, so early in the year is a good time to consider opportunities to improve management practices that enhance profitability.”2020 Winter Ranch Management Locations/Contacts:1.	UlyssesHosted by:	Grant, Stanton, Kearny, and Hamilton Co. Ext.Date: 	Thursday, January 30, 2020; Noon – 3:30 p.m.Location: 	Grant Co. Civic Center	1000 W. Patterson Ave	Ulysses, KSRSVP by January 23, 2020 to:	Elizabeth Kissick, Grant Co. Extension&nbsp;	620-356-1721; emrogers@ksu.edu2.	AshlandHosted by:	Clark, Comanche and Meade County ExtensionDate: 	Thursday, January 30, 2020; 5:30 – 8:30 p.m.&nbsp;Location: 	Clark Co. Fairgrounds	11th Avenue and Kentucky Street	Ashland, KS 67831RSVP by January 23, 2020 to:&nbsp;	Kalee Krier, Clark Co. Extension	620-826-5307; krier@ksu.edu3.	PlainvilleHosted by: 	Twin Creeks, Golden Prairie, Midway and Phillips-Rooks Extension DistrictsDate: 	Tuesday, February 11, 2020; Noon – 3:30 p.m.Location: 	First State Bank	120 W. Mill St.	Plainville, KSRSVP by February 4, 2020 to:	Rachael Boyle, Phillips-Rooks Ext. Dist.	785-425-6851; rboyle@ksu.edu4. 	MankatoHosted by:	River Valley, Central Kansas and Post Rock Ext. DistrictsDate: 	Tuesday, February 11, 2020; 5:30 – 8:30 p.m.&nbsp;Location: 	Mankato Community Center	214 N. High Street&nbsp;	Mankato, KSRSVP by February 4, 2020 to:&nbsp;	Brett Melton, River Valley Ext. Dist.	785-243-8185; bmelton@ksu.edu	Sandra Wick, Post Rock Ext. Dist.	785-282-6823; swick@ksu.edu5.	Yates CenterHosted by: 	Southwind and Wildcat Extension Districts	Greenwood and Coffey County ExtensionDate: 	Thursday, February 27, 2020; 5:30 – 8:30 p.m.&nbsp;Location: 	Woodson County 4-H&nbsp;	713 S. Fry.&nbsp;	Yates Center, KSRSVP by February 20, 2020 to:&nbsp;	Dale Lanham, Southwind Ext. Dist.	620-625-8620; dlanham@ksu.eduMeeting times and registration fees vary by location, but all will include a meal. Participants are asked to RSVP for a selected location by one week prior to the event. Interested participants should contact their local host contact for registration and RSVP details.&nbsp;More information about the K-State Winter Ranch Management Seminar Series is available at <a href="http://www.asi.k-state.edu/events/ranch-management-seminars.html">KSUBeef.org</a>.&nbsp;The Kansas State University Animal Sciences and Industry department serves students, livestock producers and the animal and food industries through teaching, research and education. The K-State ASI department prepares students for careers in the animal and food industries. The curriculum&nbsp;includes the study of nutrition, reproduction, genetics, behavior, meat science, food science with production, management, and agribusiness skills. For more about the K-State’s ASI department visit asi.ksu.edu.K-State Research and Extension is a short name for the Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service, a program designed to generate and distribute useful knowledge for the well-being of Kansans. Supported by county, state, federal and private funds, the program has county Extension offices, experiment fields, area Extension offices and regional research centers statewide. Its headquarters is on the K-State campus, Manhattan.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

K-State’s Winter Ranch Management Series Set for Late January and February

Stacy Campbell Cottonwood Extension District, Hays

The Kansas Mesonet is a network of weather stations in Kansas founded in 1986 by K-State Research &amp; Extension to record climate and provide essential weather data for Kansas agriculture and industries. Currently there are 62 Mesonet weather stations in the state.&nbsp;

Kansas Mesonet provides access to both real time and historical data online at mesonet.ksu.edu Data is updated every five minutes, information available includes – yesterday’s weather, weekly soil temperatures, evapotranspiration data, weekly summaries, station metadata, growing degree information for crops and an animal comfort index. It now has made their website compatible with mobile phones. All the info. is now available at your fingertips with an easy-to-use mobile display and the ability to bookmark specific pages.&nbsp;

Cold winter days are returning! However, it is not always the temperature that gives the air that nip. The “feels like” temperature is usually influenced by the wind as well. We call this the wind chill.

When temperatures drop below 50 oF and wind speeds are greater than 5 mph, the “Feels Like” temperature is lower than the actual temperature. Wind chill can be calculated two ways: 1) using the chart below, or 2) mathematically. As the wind increases and/or the temperature decreases, wind chill values decrease. This means that despite it being 0 oF on a very cold morning, when factoring in the wind (for example 20 mph, it can feel like a much colder temperature (in this example, -22 oF).

This colder “feels like” temperature can not only make you feel chilled quicker; it can also lead to other problems such as frostbite much quicker. Exposure time estimations of frostbite issues at 0 degrees F with no wind is 30 minutes, while 0 oF and 55 mph winds is less than 10 minutes of exposure. Wind chills can be determined by the following chart from the National Weather Service (<a href="https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-wind-chill-chart">https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-wind-chill-chart</a>):

Wind chill chart from the National Weather Service.

Where can you access wind chill data?

The Kansas Mesonet makes viewing the wind chill very easy! They have put together a webpage depicting current wind chill via a gradient map here: <a href="http://mesonet.ksu.edu/weather/wind%2520chill">mesonet.ksu.edu/weather/wind chill</a>

It is also accessible by clicking the banner on the Kansas Mesonet homepage, <a href="http://mesonet.ksu.edu/">mesonet.ksu.edu</a>. The map defaults to the current wind chill, but also has a selection at the top where you can change the map to view temperature and wind speed/direction. Since these are the two ingredients for the wind chill, it tells the complete story. The table below the map also displays the wind chill, temperature, and wind data for each station in sortable columns. By clicking the column headings, that particular column will sort from lowest to highest values. Click it again and it will reverse the order. You can also select a specific station either on the map or in the data table and it will display the specific information for that location.

How many hours has the temperature been below freezing?

Winter wheat and cover crop producers still have an interest in the cold temperatures. The freeze monitor data is available on this webpage as well. It allows you to track the hours below 32 or 24 oF thresholds useful for permafrost development or winter wheat/cover crop damages.&nbsp; You can access this information via the menu in the top left (Weather à Freeze Monitor) or at: <a href="http://mesonet.ksu.edu/weather/freeze">mesonet.ksu.edu/weather/freeze</a> on this page you can also see what the normal low for that date is, the record low and year it occurred as well.&nbsp;

Stay warm and safe on these chilly days! Winter has only just begun.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070143255.png" alt="Stacy Campbell" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell</figcaption>
 </figure>Stacy Campbell Cottonwood Extension District, HaysThe Kansas Mesonet is a network of weather stations in Kansas founded in 1986 by K-State Research &amp; Extension to record climate and provide essential weather data for Kansas agriculture and industries. Currently there are 62 Mesonet weather stations in the state.&nbsp;Kansas Mesonet provides access to both real time and historical data online at mesonet.ksu.edu Data is updated every five minutes, information available includes – yesterday’s weather, weekly soil temperatures, evapotranspiration data, weekly summaries, station metadata, growing degree information for crops and an animal comfort index. It now has made their website compatible with mobile phones. All the info. is now available at your fingertips with an easy-to-use mobile display and the ability to bookmark specific pages.&nbsp;Cold winter days are returning! However, it is not always the temperature that gives the air that nip. The “feels like” temperature is usually influenced by the wind as well. We call this the wind chill.What is the wind chill?When temperatures drop below 50 oF and wind speeds are greater than 5 mph, the “Feels Like” temperature is lower than the actual temperature. Wind chill can be calculated two ways: 1) using the chart below, or 2) mathematically. As the wind increases and/or the temperature decreases, wind chill values decrease. This means that despite it being 0 oF on a very cold morning, when factoring in the wind (for example 20 mph, it can feel like a much colder temperature (in this example, -22 oF).This colder “feels like” temperature can not only make you feel chilled quicker; it can also lead to other problems such as frostbite much quicker. Exposure time estimations of frostbite issues at 0 degrees F with no wind is 30 minutes, while 0 oF and 55 mph winds is less than 10 minutes of exposure. Wind chills can be determined by the following chart from the National Weather Service (<a href="https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-wind-chill-chart">https://www.weather.gov/safety/cold-wind-chill-chart</a>):Wind chill chart from the National Weather Service.Where can you access wind chill data?The Kansas Mesonet makes viewing the wind chill very easy! They have put together a webpage depicting current wind chill via a gradient map here: <a href="http://mesonet.ksu.edu/weather/wind%2520chill">mesonet.ksu.edu/weather/wind chill</a>It is also accessible by clicking the banner on the Kansas Mesonet homepage, <a href="http://mesonet.ksu.edu/">mesonet.ksu.edu</a>. The map defaults to the current wind chill, but also has a selection at the top where you can change the map to view temperature and wind speed/direction. Since these are the two ingredients for the wind chill, it tells the complete story. The table below the map also displays the wind chill, temperature, and wind data for each station in sortable columns. By clicking the column headings, that particular column will sort from lowest to highest values. Click it again and it will reverse the order. You can also select a specific station either on the map or in the data table and it will display the specific information for that location.How many hours has the temperature been below freezing?Winter wheat and cover crop producers still have an interest in the cold temperatures. The freeze monitor data is available on this webpage as well. It allows you to track the hours below 32 or 24 oF thresholds useful for permafrost development or winter wheat/cover crop damages.&nbsp; You can access this information via the menu in the top left (Weather à Freeze Monitor) or at: <a href="http://mesonet.ksu.edu/weather/freeze">mesonet.ksu.edu/weather/freeze</a> on this page you can also see what the normal low for that date is, the record low and year it occurred as well.&nbsp;Stay warm and safe on these chilly days! Winter has only just begun.

Wind chill analysis tool shares data from Kansas Mesonet

Stacy Campbell Cottonwood Extension District, Hays

A K-State Sorghum Production school will offer in-depth information for sorghum growers and key stakeholders. 

The school is sponsored by Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission. 

It will be on Thursday, January 30th at the Great Bend Recreation Commission, Burnside Room, 1214 Stone Street. Registration begins at 8:30 a.m. the program starts at 8:45 a.m. and concludes at 1:00 p.m.&nbsp;

The sorghum school will cover a number of issues facing sorghum growers: risk management, marketing opportunities, weed control, crop production practices, and nutrient and soil fertility.&nbsp;

Lunch will be provided courtesy of the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission. 

There is no cost to attend, but participants are asked to pre-register by Monday, Jan. 27. 

Online registration is available at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> or by calling the Cottonwood Extension District, Great Bend office at 620-793-1910.

Stacy Campbell Cottonwood Extension District, HaysA K-State Sorghum Production school will offer in-depth information for sorghum growers and key stakeholders. The school is sponsored by Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission. It will be on Thursday, January 30th at the Great Bend Recreation Commission, Burnside Room, 1214 Stone Street. Registration begins at 8:30 a.m. the program starts at 8:45 a.m. and concludes at 1:00 p.m.&nbsp;The sorghum school will cover a number of issues facing sorghum growers: risk management, marketing opportunities, weed control, crop production practices, and nutrient and soil fertility.&nbsp;Lunch will be provided courtesy of the Kansas Grain Sorghum Commission. There is no cost to attend, but participants are asked to pre-register by Monday, Jan. 27. Online registration is available at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> or by calling the Cottonwood Extension District, Great Bend office at 620-793-1910.

K-State Sorghum School set for Thursday

The Farm Bill enrollment is open at this time and will be until March 15. Many producers have already made their decisions for the next 2 years, but some of you may still have questions on what program you want to choose. Although the decision is for just for 2 years this time, it is still important in your farm’s management.&nbsp;

If you have questions, or just want a little clarification, you can call the Cottonwood Extension District and make an appointment with us to run a decision tool. This can help give you more information to make your choices. All you need to bring in with you is the abbreviated 156 farm record form from your FSA office and the decision tool will take your yield data along with the national factors to give you a close estimate about what possible payments you will see over the next 2 years. The Great Bend office number is 620-793-1910 and ask for Alicia. For the Hays office, call 785-628-9430 and ask for Stacy.

The decision tools that are out there are meant to be a guide to help you get the best information out there for the most informed decision that you can make. K-State Research and Extension is here to assist you with the tools and any updated information that we have.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The Farm Bill enrollment is open at this time and will be until March 15. Many producers have already made their decisions for the next 2 years, but some of you may still have questions on what program you want to choose. Although the decision is for just for 2 years this time, it is still important in your farm’s management.&nbsp;If you have questions, or just want a little clarification, you can call the Cottonwood Extension District and make an appointment with us to run a decision tool. This can help give you more information to make your choices. All you need to bring in with you is the abbreviated 156 farm record form from your FSA office and the decision tool will take your yield data along with the national factors to give you a close estimate about what possible payments you will see over the next 2 years. The Great Bend office number is 620-793-1910 and ask for Alicia. For the Hays office, call 785-628-9430 and ask for Stacy.The decision tools that are out there are meant to be a guide to help you get the best information out there for the most informed decision that you can make. K-State Research and Extension is here to assist you with the tools and any updated information that we have.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910

BOOR: Open enrollment season for 2020 farm programs

	The wintery weather we are having makes me think of how good a piping hot bowl of soup would taste. Whether it’s a prize winning recipe for chili or a recipe you are preparing for the first time, soups can be a great way to add nutrition and a sense of warmth to any meal.

	There are several distinct kinds of soups. Many times a meal starts off with a broth type of soup. This can help whet the appetite for the rest of the meal. A broth type soup can also help keep a person hydrated since we often don’t drink enough water on a cold wintery day. One of our favorite soups is Miso soup. It’s simple to make, and besides tasting good, the miso paste added at the end of the cooking time, has cancer fighting properties.

	Savory soups and stews are popular in the winter months because they stick to your ribs. As a general rule, a savory soup may cook more slowly, like in a slow cooker or electric roaster. The added benefit of preparing a soup in this way is that you get to enjoy the smell of the soup while it is cooking throughout the day. You can add just about any vegetable to a savory soup and not be disappointed.&nbsp;

	And finally, there are creamy soups. Recipes abound in this category. Some creamy soups are milk based but you can also find recipes where you pull out a few ladles full of the chunky ingredients and use an immersion blender to puree part of the soup before adding it back in to the entire pot full. This will thicken the soup and provide an almost creamy texture.&nbsp; Perhaps a family member is not fond of the texture of a soup ingredient; by pureeing it like I’ve described, you can almost hide an ingredient.

	Whatever type of soup you choose to prepare, you will find that cooking from scratch has many advantages. I try to avoid using canned soups as much as possible because they add a large amount of sodium and other preservatives to your diet. If you do purchase canned soup, make sure you look for low sodium options.&nbsp;

	If I have made you just a little bit hungry for soup, I hope you will mark your calendar for Sunday, January 26th. That is the date of our next Healthy Community Potluck from 4-6 p.m. at the Trinity Lutheran Church Fellowship Hall in Great Bend. The focus of our January potluck will be on plant based soups, so start looking for a recipe to prepare and share. I will do a short cooking demonstration at 4 and then we’ll enjoy sampling all of the soups brought by everyone. Make sure you bring a recipe and following the potluck we will e-mail all of the recipes out to everyone. I hope to see you on the 26th!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574802720194.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>	The wintery weather we are having makes me think of how good a piping hot bowl of soup would taste. Whether it’s a prize winning recipe for chili or a recipe you are preparing for the first time, soups can be a great way to add nutrition and a sense of warmth to any meal.	There are several distinct kinds of soups. Many times a meal starts off with a broth type of soup. This can help whet the appetite for the rest of the meal. A broth type soup can also help keep a person hydrated since we often don’t drink enough water on a cold wintery day. One of our favorite soups is Miso soup. It’s simple to make, and besides tasting good, the miso paste added at the end of the cooking time, has cancer fighting properties.	Savory soups and stews are popular in the winter months because they stick to your ribs. As a general rule, a savory soup may cook more slowly, like in a slow cooker or electric roaster. The added benefit of preparing a soup in this way is that you get to enjoy the smell of the soup while it is cooking throughout the day. You can add just about any vegetable to a savory soup and not be disappointed.&nbsp;	And finally, there are creamy soups. Recipes abound in this category. Some creamy soups are milk based but you can also find recipes where you pull out a few ladles full of the chunky ingredients and use an immersion blender to puree part of the soup before adding it back in to the entire pot full. This will thicken the soup and provide an almost creamy texture.&nbsp; Perhaps a family member is not fond of the texture of a soup ingredient; by pureeing it like I’ve described, you can almost hide an ingredient.	Whatever type of soup you choose to prepare, you will find that cooking from scratch has many advantages. I try to avoid using canned soups as much as possible because they add a large amount of sodium and other preservatives to your diet. If you do purchase canned soup, make sure you look for low sodium options.&nbsp;	If I have made you just a little bit hungry for soup, I hope you will mark your calendar for Sunday, January 26th. That is the date of our next Healthy Community Potluck from 4-6 p.m. at the Trinity Lutheran Church Fellowship Hall in Great Bend. The focus of our January potluck will be on plant based soups, so start looking for a recipe to prepare and share. I will do a short cooking demonstration at 4 and then we’ll enjoy sampling all of the soups brought by everyone. Make sure you bring a recipe and following the potluck we will e-mail all of the recipes out to everyone. I hope to see you on the 26th!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Super soups are great comfort foods

GREAT BEND — Tenants and landlords of farm and pasture land make plans to attend a workshop on agricultural leasing presented by Mykel Taylor, K-State Extension Ag Economist on Tuesday, Jan. 21, beginning with registration at 12:30 p.m. The program starts at 1:00 and concludes at 3:00 p.m. It will be held at American Ag Credit, 5634 10th Street, Great Bend.&nbsp;

Topics of discussion will be differences &amp; similarities of various leasing arrangements, active management of landowner-tenant relationships through effective communication, recognition of incentives and the principles of calculating an equitable lease.&nbsp;

There is no cost to attend. RSVP by Monday, Jan. 20, at the Cottonwood Extension Office, Great Bend 620-793-1910, or email Brenda at <a href="mailto:bwalton@ksu.edu">bwalton@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574651358684.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>GREAT BEND — Tenants and landlords of farm and pasture land make plans to attend a workshop on agricultural leasing presented by Mykel Taylor, K-State Extension Ag Economist on Tuesday, Jan. 21, beginning with registration at 12:30 p.m. The program starts at 1:00 and concludes at 3:00 p.m. It will be held at American Ag Credit, 5634 10th Street, Great Bend.&nbsp;Topics of discussion will be differences &amp; similarities of various leasing arrangements, active management of landowner-tenant relationships through effective communication, recognition of incentives and the principles of calculating an equitable lease.&nbsp;There is no cost to attend. RSVP by Monday, Jan. 20, at the Cottonwood Extension Office, Great Bend 620-793-1910, or email Brenda at <a href="mailto:bwalton@ksu.edu">bwalton@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;— Cottonwood Extension District

Workshop will focus on farm, pasture land leases

What gas is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, but is cited as the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers? If you guessed radon you are absolutely right.&nbsp; January is noted as Radon Action Awareness Month so it is the perfect time to share up-to-date information on this important topic.

Radon surveys show that 6 percent of homes in the U.S. have average concentrations above the recommended maximum level. However, the Kansas survey demonstrated that one in four homes were high. This information is provided by Bruce Snead, K-State Research and Extension residential energy specialist.

So how does this cancer causing gas enter a house? The most common way is it can seep from the soil beneath the foundation through cracks or joints. Another factor, soil porosity, under and around the basement or foundation, also affects the radon levels in homes and public buildings. &nbsp;

Detection of radon is relatively simple. We recommend purchasing a short term radon detection kit. We have these available at both of our Cottonwood District offices, (Great Bend and Hays). The kits cost $6.50 and we have a good supply available for purchase. Radon tests may also be found at hardware stores and on the Internet, usually for $25 or less.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141417887.jpeg" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District</figcaption>
 </figure>What gas is odorless, colorless, and tasteless, but is cited as the leading cause of lung cancer in non-smokers? If you guessed radon you are absolutely right.&nbsp; January is noted as Radon Action Awareness Month so it is the perfect time to share up-to-date information on this important topic.Radon surveys show that 6 percent of homes in the U.S. have average concentrations above the recommended maximum level. However, the Kansas survey demonstrated that one in four homes were high. This information is provided by Bruce Snead, K-State Research and Extension residential energy specialist.So how does this cancer causing gas enter a house? The most common way is it can seep from the soil beneath the foundation through cracks or joints. Another factor, soil porosity, under and around the basement or foundation, also affects the radon levels in homes and public buildings. &nbsp;Detection of radon is relatively simple. We recommend purchasing a short term radon detection kit. We have these available at both of our Cottonwood District offices, (Great Bend and Hays). The kits cost $6.50 and we have a good supply available for purchase. Radon tests may also be found at hardware stores and on the Internet, usually for $25 or less.Testing is important, because it is the only way to tell how much of the gas is present. We advise people to test in the lowest level where they spend time, such as a bedroom, living or family room. Avoid testing in a kitchen or bathroom, since the higher humidity in those areas can alter the test results. The testing device needs to be at least 20 inches above the floor and be left in place for two to four days. The goal is to measure the potential for elevated concentrations that come from the soil beneath the homes= foundation.&nbsp;If the initial test result is 4 pico curies per liter of air or higher, a follow-up test is recommended. If you find that you need to contact a contractor to help mitigate radon, give me a call. I have an up to date list of certified mitigation technicians and laboratories providing services in Kansas. Certification through the Kansas Department of Health and Environment for radon professionals was required starting in July 2011.In Kansas, since July 1, 2009, residential real estate contracts must contain a specific paragraph recommending radon testing in real estate transactions and disclosure of test results. There are, however, currently no laws requiring such tests or mitigation of high levels of radon. &nbsp;Consider testing your home soon. The cost of the test kit is a small price to pay for the peace of mind knowing the radon level in your home.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District – Great Bend Office. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or dkrug@ksu.edu&nbsp;