Bearded iris rhizomes should not be buried completely underground. They should remain exposed at the surface. The tops of the rhizomes will be visible. Spread the small roots out as you bury them below the soil.

  Iris grow best, as do most plants, in well-drained soil. Standing water for extended periods can cause problems with rot. Water at planting and as needed until plants are established.

            Bearded irises are well adapted to Kansas. After several years, the centers of the clumps tend to lose vigor, and flowering occurs toward the outside. Dividing iris every three to five years will help rejuvenate the planting and increase flowering. Iris may be divided from late July through August, but late July through early August is ideal.

            Iris clumps are fairly shallow, it is easy to dig up the entire clump. The root system of the plant consists of thick rhizomes and smaller feeder roots. Use a sharp knife to cut the rhizomes apart so each division consists of a fan of leaves and a section of rhizome. The best divisions are made from a double fan that consists of two small rhizomes attached to a larger one, which forms a Y-shaped division. Each of these small rhizomes has a fan of leaves. The rhizomes that do not&nbsp;split produce single fans. The double fans are preferred because they produce more flowers the&nbsp;first year after planting. Single fans take a year to build up strength.

            Rhizomes that show signs of damage due to iris borers or soft rot may be discarded, but&nbsp;you may want to physically remove borers from rhizomes and replant if the damage is not&nbsp;severe. It is possible to treat mild cases of soft rot by scraping out the affected tissue, allowing it&nbsp;to dry in the sun and dipping it in a 10 percent solution of household bleach. Make the bleach&nbsp;solution by mixing one-part bleach with nine parts water. Rinse the treated rhizomes with water and allow them to dry before replanting.

Master Gardeners of Ellis County, Cottonwood District. More information available at&nbsp;&nbsp;www.cottonwood.ksu.edu or call 785-628-9430

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/3/1614966296214.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>SubmittedBearded iris rhizomes should not be buried completely underground. They should remain exposed at the surface. The tops of the rhizomes will be visible. Spread the small roots out as you bury them below the soil. Iris grow best, as do most plants, in well-drained soil. Standing water for extended periods can cause problems with rot. Water at planting and as needed until plants are established.<h2>Dividing Iris</h2> Bearded irises are well adapted to Kansas. After several years, the centers of the clumps tend to lose vigor, and flowering occurs toward the outside. Dividing iris every three to five years will help rejuvenate the planting and increase flowering. Iris may be divided from late July through August, but late July through early August is ideal. Iris clumps are fairly shallow, it is easy to dig up the entire clump. The root system of the plant consists of thick rhizomes and smaller feeder roots. Use a sharp knife to cut the rhizomes apart so each division consists of a fan of leaves and a section of rhizome. The best divisions are made from a double fan that consists of two small rhizomes attached to a larger one, which forms a Y-shaped division. Each of these small rhizomes has a fan of leaves. The rhizomes that do not&nbsp;split produce single fans. The double fans are preferred because they produce more flowers the&nbsp;first year after planting. Single fans take a year to build up strength. Rhizomes that show signs of damage due to iris borers or soft rot may be discarded, but&nbsp;you may want to physically remove borers from rhizomes and replant if the damage is not&nbsp;severe. It is possible to treat mild cases of soft rot by scraping out the affected tissue, allowing it&nbsp;to dry in the sun and dipping it in a 10 percent solution of household bleach. Make the bleach&nbsp;solution by mixing one-part bleach with nine parts water. Rinse the treated rhizomes with water and allow them to dry before replanting.Master Gardeners of Ellis County, Cottonwood District. More information available at&nbsp;&nbsp;www.cottonwood.ksu.edu or call 785-628-9430

From the Ellis County Master Gardeners: Planting bearded iris

The pinnacle of most athletes’ career is often a championship title, MVP award, or perhaps a gold medal. For more than 11,000 athletes, that moment will begin this week as the 2021 Summer Olympic Opening Ceremonies kick off on Friday, July 23rd.&nbsp; This Friday is the beginning of two-weeks filled with festivities and competition that will transpire in Tokyo, Japan.&nbsp;

Team USA will bring over 600 athletes to compete in a variety of events, some of the most popular being gymnastics, swimming, track &amp; field, and soccer.&nbsp; Many of these participants have patiently waited an additional year to compete for their home country. When the Games were postponed in 2020 due to the COVID pandemic, many competitors had to reevaluate their training and mindset to adapt to the change.&nbsp; In a year filled with postponements and cancellations, it is inspiring to see these athletes finally competing and displaying their long tribulations of commitment. I admire the perseverance these athletes had to prolong their training and wait another 365 days to participate on an Olympic team.

As an avid follower of sports and college &amp; professional athletics, I am an eager fan of the Olympic Games. It is always a joy to watch the best athletes complete on the world’s largest stage. There are probably several areas Olympians could educate the general public on, some of those including diet, exercise, strength training, and physical rehab. However, one aspect I think is most noteworthy of these top-tier competitors is the mindset and mental toughness they build and rehearse in order to compete and thrive at the highest level. &nbsp;

Olympians have event coaches to train for the specifics of their sport, physical therapists who assist with proper recovery, and dietitians who help athletes appropriately fuel their body. Yet there are areas athletes themselves must have total control over: their mindset.&nbsp;

The resilience, determination, and focus these individuals have is something we can all appreciate as they compete in front of the world. There are various avenues of mental health coaches, programs, and techniques these athletes utilize to assist with psychological preparation, but eventually it falls to the athlete to mentally prepare themselves.&nbsp; &nbsp;

Consistency seems to be a common factor in most success stories. Continually showing up to improve, learn, and work is what sets individuals apart from each other. The athletes who will compete over the next few weeks have crafted a mindset that caters to their personal needs and encourages them to succeed.&nbsp; Although most Americans, including myself, will never compete or acquire the talent and ability it requires to compete at the Olympic Games, we can practice the intangible aspects of motivation and perseverance these Olympians possess.&nbsp;

Mattie Rossi is the K-State Research &amp; Extension Cottonwood District - summer intern.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/7/1626901202106.png" alt="Mattie Rossi is the K-State Research &amp; Extension Cottonwood District - summer intern." />
 <figcaption>Mattie Rossi is the K-State Research &amp; Extension Cottonwood District - summer intern.</figcaption>
 </figure>The pinnacle of most athletes’ career is often a championship title, MVP award, or perhaps a gold medal. For more than 11,000 athletes, that moment will begin this week as the 2021 Summer Olympic Opening Ceremonies kick off on Friday, July 23rd.&nbsp; This Friday is the beginning of two-weeks filled with festivities and competition that will transpire in Tokyo, Japan.&nbsp;Team USA will bring over 600 athletes to compete in a variety of events, some of the most popular being gymnastics, swimming, track &amp; field, and soccer.&nbsp; Many of these participants have patiently waited an additional year to compete for their home country. When the Games were postponed in 2020 due to the COVID pandemic, many competitors had to reevaluate their training and mindset to adapt to the change.&nbsp; In a year filled with postponements and cancellations, it is inspiring to see these athletes finally competing and displaying their long tribulations of commitment. I admire the perseverance these athletes had to prolong their training and wait another 365 days to participate on an Olympic team.As an avid follower of sports and college &amp; professional athletics, I am an eager fan of the Olympic Games. It is always a joy to watch the best athletes complete on the world’s largest stage. There are probably several areas Olympians could educate the general public on, some of those including diet, exercise, strength training, and physical rehab. However, one aspect I think is most noteworthy of these top-tier competitors is the mindset and mental toughness they build and rehearse in order to compete and thrive at the highest level. &nbsp;Olympians have event coaches to train for the specifics of their sport, physical therapists who assist with proper recovery, and dietitians who help athletes appropriately fuel their body. Yet there are areas athletes themselves must have total control over: their mindset.&nbsp;The resilience, determination, and focus these individuals have is something we can all appreciate as they compete in front of the world. There are various avenues of mental health coaches, programs, and techniques these athletes utilize to assist with psychological preparation, but eventually it falls to the athlete to mentally prepare themselves.&nbsp; &nbsp;Consistency seems to be a common factor in most success stories. Continually showing up to improve, learn, and work is what sets individuals apart from each other. The athletes who will compete over the next few weeks have crafted a mindset that caters to their personal needs and encourages them to succeed.&nbsp; Although most Americans, including myself, will never compete or acquire the talent and ability it requires to compete at the Olympic Games, we can practice the intangible aspects of motivation and perseverance these Olympians possess.&nbsp;Mattie Rossi is the K-State Research &amp; Extension Cottonwood District - summer intern.

ROSSI: Learning from Olympic athletes

Bearded irises are well adapted to Kansas and multiply quickly. After several years, the centers of the clumps tend to lose vigor, and flowering occurs toward the outside. Dividing iris every three to five years will help rejuvenate the planting and increase flowering. Iris may be divided from late July through August, but late July through early August is ideal.Because iris clumps are fairly shallow, it is easy to dig up the entire clump. The root system of the plant consists of thick rhizomes and smaller feeder roots. Use a sharp knife to cut the rhizomes apart so each division consists of a fan of leaves and a section of rhizome. The best divisions are made from a double fan that consists of two small rhizomes attached to a larger one, which forms a Y-shaped division. Each of these small rhizomes has a fan of leaves. The rhizomes that do not split produce single fans. The double fans are preferred because they produce more flowers the first year after planting. Single fans take a year to build up strength. Rhizomes that show signs of damage due to iris borers or soft rot may be discarded, but you may want to physically remove borers from rhizomes and replant if the damage is not severe. It is possible to treat mild cases of soft rot by scraping out the affected tissue, allowing it to dry in the sun and dipping it in a 10 percent solution of household bleach. Make the bleach solution by mixing one-part bleach with nine parts water. Rinse the treated rhizomes with water and allow them to dry before replanting. Cut the leaves back by two-thirds before replanting. Prepare the soil by removing weeds and fertilizing. Fertilize according to soil test recommendations or by applying a complete fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10, at the rate of 1 pound per 100 square feet. Mix the fertilizer into the soil to a depth of 6 inches. Be wary of using a complete fertilizer in areas that have been fertilized heavily in the past. A growing number of soil tests show high levels of phosphorus. In such cases, use a fertilizer that has a much higher first number (nitrogen) than the second (phosphorus). This Saturday, July 24, the Ellis County Master Gardeners will be at the Downtown Hays Market from 7:00 am- 1:00 pm selling iris rhizomes for $1 each. They will also be doing demonstrations on how to divide and plant the iris, as well as, answering any questions you may have.

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Bearded irises are well adapted to Kansas and multiply quickly. After several years, the centers of the clumps tend to lose vigor, and flowering occurs toward the outside. Dividing iris every three to five years will help rejuvenate the planting and increase flowering. Iris may be divided from late July through August, but late July through early August is ideal.Because iris clumps are fairly shallow, it is easy to dig up the entire clump. The root system of the plant consists of thick rhizomes and smaller feeder roots. Use a sharp knife to cut the rhizomes apart so each division consists of a fan of leaves and a section of rhizome. The best divisions are made from a double fan that consists of two small rhizomes attached to a larger one, which forms a Y-shaped division. Each of these small rhizomes has a fan of leaves. The rhizomes that do not split produce single fans. The double fans are preferred because they produce more flowers the first year after planting. Single fans take a year to build up strength. Rhizomes that show signs of damage due to iris borers or soft rot may be discarded, but you may want to physically remove borers from rhizomes and replant if the damage is not severe. It is possible to treat mild cases of soft rot by scraping out the affected tissue, allowing it to dry in the sun and dipping it in a 10 percent solution of household bleach. Make the bleach solution by mixing one-part bleach with nine parts water. Rinse the treated rhizomes with water and allow them to dry before replanting. Cut the leaves back by two-thirds before replanting. Prepare the soil by removing weeds and fertilizing. Fertilize according to soil test recommendations or by applying a complete fertilizer, such as a 10-10-10, at the rate of 1 pound per 100 square feet. Mix the fertilizer into the soil to a depth of 6 inches. Be wary of using a complete fertilizer in areas that have been fertilized heavily in the past. A growing number of soil tests show high levels of phosphorus. In such cases, use a fertilizer that has a much higher first number (nitrogen) than the second (phosphorus). This Saturday, July 24, the Ellis County Master Gardeners will be at the Downtown Hays Market from 7:00 am- 1:00 pm selling iris rhizomes for $1 each. They will also be doing demonstrations on how to divide and plant the iris, as well as, answering any questions you may have. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Dividing irises

Earlier this year, I learned about a resource available to us Extension Educators in Kansas. The “Blender Bike” or “Smoothie Bicycle” is not your ordinary stationery bike. It’s a K-State purple bike with an apparatus above the wheel where we attach a blender container. Resistance against the tire when the bike is pedaled spins the blades of the blender. Each time I brought the blender bike out for a demonstration at our recent Barton County Fair it drew a crowd of curious folks.

Smoothie recipes are easy to create. You can choose from ingredients that you like or have on hand. For our smoothies at the Fair I started by chopping one banana and adding 1 cup of frozen fruit. Blueberry/mango or raspberry/mango were the hands down favorites. Then we added a cup of liquid, like any type of milk or 100% fruit juice. We put all of the ingredients in the blender container and fair goers took turns pedaling the bike in order to create the smoothie. I guess you could say I made them exercise for their snack!

Fruit smoothies are a healthy and refreshing snack during the summer. Depending on the ingredients you choose, a 1 cup serving has around 110 calories, 1.5 grams total fat, 8 grams protein, 14 grams carbohydrate, 1-gram dietary fiber, and 115 mg sodium. Smoothies also provide an excellent source of vitamin C and calcium. And while the blender bike was a fun way to make our smoothies you can certainly use your home blender to create a healthy snack for your family.&nbsp;

I noticed some additional recipes that accompanied the blender bike were “Blender Salsa” and “Bicycle Hummus”. The blender bike is currently at a booth in the commercial building of the Ellis County Fair. It will also be shared at farmer’s markets in Hays and Great Bend later this month.&nbsp;

&nbsp;The blender bike activity is designed to support and encourage children and families to eat well and be active. It was fun to see the smiles on the faces of the participants who helped make this activity a success!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/7/1626271023639.jpeg" alt="Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Earlier this year, I learned about a resource available to us Extension Educators in Kansas. The “Blender Bike” or “Smoothie Bicycle” is not your ordinary stationery bike. It’s a K-State purple bike with an apparatus above the wheel where we attach a blender container. Resistance against the tire when the bike is pedaled spins the blades of the blender. Each time I brought the blender bike out for a demonstration at our recent Barton County Fair it drew a crowd of curious folks.Smoothie recipes are easy to create. You can choose from ingredients that you like or have on hand. For our smoothies at the Fair I started by chopping one banana and adding 1 cup of frozen fruit. Blueberry/mango or raspberry/mango were the hands down favorites. Then we added a cup of liquid, like any type of milk or 100% fruit juice. We put all of the ingredients in the blender container and fair goers took turns pedaling the bike in order to create the smoothie. I guess you could say I made them exercise for their snack!<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Fruit smoothies are a healthy and refreshing snack during the summer. Depending on the ingredients you choose, a 1 cup serving has around 110 calories, 1.5 grams total fat, 8 grams protein, 14 grams carbohydrate, 1-gram dietary fiber, and 115 mg sodium. Smoothies also provide an excellent source of vitamin C and calcium. And while the blender bike was a fun way to make our smoothies you can certainly use your home blender to create a healthy snack for your family.&nbsp;I noticed some additional recipes that accompanied the blender bike were “Blender Salsa” and “Bicycle Hummus”. The blender bike is currently at a booth in the commercial building of the Ellis County Fair. It will also be shared at farmer’s markets in Hays and Great Bend later this month.&nbsp;&nbsp;The blender bike activity is designed to support and encourage children and families to eat well and be active. It was fun to see the smiles on the faces of the participants who helped make this activity a success!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

KRUG: 'Blender Bike' created fun learning

Usually, I don’t spend a lot of time “googling” to find out what the rest of the world thinks, but I did want to find out what exactly what people think the County Fair really is. One of the definitions found was “a gathering of people to display or trade produce or other goods, to parade or display animals and often to enjoy carnival or funfair entertainment”.&nbsp; The archaic spelling of “fair” was “fayre” used in the 15th to the 17th century.&nbsp; Even back then, the definition still included “a gathering of stalls and amusements for public entertainment”.

In my opinion, the county fair is the best place to see new things and maybe even try new things. If all community members participate and enter an item they have made or if they share a “vintage” item from the past, there will always be some fantastic displays at the fair.

&nbsp;I have tried to exhibit at least one item at the fair each year but I’m not as devoted as my mother. My mom is 85 years old and I know for at least the last 20 years she has not missed bringing items to the fair to show in open class. She knits, crochets, quilts, sews, paints and creates all year long. Since 2011 she has won an award for the most items exhibited at the fair in the Clothing, Textiles and Handiwork division at the North Central Kansas Free Fair. She really doesn’t care about the ribbons or the premium money, she seriously just wants to have things for people to look at when they come to the county fair.

One item that was not mentioned in the definition of the county fair is the volunteer force that is necessary to make such an event happen. In addition to parents getting their family members and all their exhibits to the fair, they are also asked to volunteer in one of the many divisions. The Superintendents volunteer their time to accept the entries during the entry time, then organize the exhibits and prepare them for the judging. After the judging is complete, they work to display all the exhibits for the public to see. In the livestock division, the list of responsibilities is even longer as superintendents and assistants are constantly checking the animals and visiting with the 4-H members so they will be ready for the show. &nbsp;

4-H families also volunteer at the 4-H Food Stand and help set up and clean up the buildings before and after the fair. 4-H teens are busy throughout the week teaching younger members, helping promote projects, creating videos or livestreaming shows and events, all while exhibiting their own projects. The leadership skills the junior leaders learn are invaluable to the community later in life.&nbsp;

The Fairboard works hard to plan evening events such as the rodeo, ranch rodeo, inflatable carnival and the concerts. There are also commercial exhibits that round out the entire definition of the County Fair.&nbsp;

If you did not get a chance to visit the Ellis County Fair this year, check out some events scheduled in a nearby county and find out what the county fair is all about. &nbsp;

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Usually, I don’t spend a lot of time “googling” to find out what the rest of the world thinks, but I did want to find out what exactly what people think the County Fair really is. One of the definitions found was “a gathering of people to display or trade produce or other goods, to parade or display animals and often to enjoy carnival or funfair entertainment”.&nbsp; The archaic spelling of “fair” was “fayre” used in the 15th to the 17th century.&nbsp; Even back then, the definition still included “a gathering of stalls and amusements for public entertainment”.In my opinion, the county fair is the best place to see new things and maybe even try new things. If all community members participate and enter an item they have made or if they share a “vintage” item from the past, there will always be some fantastic displays at the fair.&nbsp;I have tried to exhibit at least one item at the fair each year but I’m not as devoted as my mother. My mom is 85 years old and I know for at least the last 20 years she has not missed bringing items to the fair to show in open class. She knits, crochets, quilts, sews, paints and creates all year long. Since 2011 she has won an award for the most items exhibited at the fair in the Clothing, Textiles and Handiwork division at the North Central Kansas Free Fair. She really doesn’t care about the ribbons or the premium money, she seriously just wants to have things for people to look at when they come to the county fair.One item that was not mentioned in the definition of the county fair is the volunteer force that is necessary to make such an event happen. In addition to parents getting their family members and all their exhibits to the fair, they are also asked to volunteer in one of the many divisions. The Superintendents volunteer their time to accept the entries during the entry time, then organize the exhibits and prepare them for the judging. After the judging is complete, they work to display all the exhibits for the public to see. In the livestock division, the list of responsibilities is even longer as superintendents and assistants are constantly checking the animals and visiting with the 4-H members so they will be ready for the show. &nbsp;4-H families also volunteer at the 4-H Food Stand and help set up and clean up the buildings before and after the fair. 4-H teens are busy throughout the week teaching younger members, helping promote projects, creating videos or livestreaming shows and events, all while exhibiting their own projects. The leadership skills the junior leaders learn are invaluable to the community later in life.&nbsp;The Fairboard works hard to plan evening events such as the rodeo, ranch rodeo, inflatable carnival and the concerts. There are also commercial exhibits that round out the entire definition of the County Fair.&nbsp;If you did not get a chance to visit the Ellis County Fair this year, check out some events scheduled in a nearby county and find out what the county fair is all about. &nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: The value of the county fair

By CRISTINA JANNEY Hays Post

The county fair has been the highlight of 78-year-old Edna Hansen's summer since she was a little girl.&nbsp;

When she was 9, she baked the best muffins at the Trego County Fair, but she was too young to take them to the Kansas State Fair.

"I still don't understand if I could bake the best muffins at 9, why I couldn't go to the county fair," she said with a sharp rap of her fist on the table and a coy smile, "and I still don't understand."

Hansen is a member of the Ellis County Fair Board. She served two stints on the board since 2002 when she and her husband moved back to the area and settled in Ellis. She said she can't remember how many years in total she served, but it's been at least 10 years.&nbsp;

This year will be Hansen's last Ellis County Fair as a board member. She will be moving to Texas soon to be closer to her son.&nbsp;

Hansen participated in 4-H in Trego County when she was a girl. Her family lived a few miles inside the Trego County line. As a child, she brought baking and sewing projects to the fair.

She said her experiences as a child have kept her coming back as a volunteer despite the long hours and little sleep she gets during fair week.

"As a kid, the fair was an extremely important part of my summer," she said. "If as an adult we won't do the work, then the kids lose out on that opportunity because then there is no 4-H fair. There is no open fair if people don't step up.

"I think it is just as important to me as it was when I was young."

For youth 70-years-ago and today, the county fair is something 4-H'ers work for the entire year, Hansen said.&nbsp;

"It was the highlight of the summer," Hansen said, "going to the fair and displaying our projects."

Hansen became a registered nurse and later earned her master's degree in social work. She handled child abuse cases for social services. She also served for a time as director of the Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) of the High Plains, which covers Ellis County.

She said she continued to use her 4-H skill as an adult.

4-H teaches youth how to be part of a group, Roberts Rules of Order, how to work together and how to be independent and work on a project on your own, she said.

"[You learn] sometimes you win, and sometimes you lose and you do both graciously," she said.

Hansen was never a 4-H leader, but her son was involved in 4-H when their family lived in California. He showed rabbits and cooked.

Hansen, a master gardener, is a trained judge and still helps judge horticulture and floriculture. She also won a reserve champion ribbon this year in arts and crafts for a piece of ceramic artwork.

As she's aged, her fair focus has changed.

"As a kid, I can remember thinking, 'When I grow up, I am going to go to the fair every day and I'm staying all day long," she said. "Watch out what you wish for, you might get it."&nbsp;

She said she still loves watching the children as they check their projects for ribbons.&nbsp;

"Seeing how excited they are is still one of my favorite parts," she said.

In 70 years, 4-H has modernized. Kids and adults alike use a computer to submit their entries for the fair — something Hansen still struggles with.

However, she said the same core values embodied in the 4-H pledge are still important today.

My Head to clearing thinking, My Heart to greater loyalty, My Hands to larger service, My Health to better living, For my club, my community, my country and my world.

Her focus as a fair participant has changed since she was a child.

Hansen's focus as a fair board member is the indoor 4-H and open exhibits, some of which include photography, foods, horticulture, arts and crafts, and fine arts.

2020 was very challenging, but the fair went forward with COVID-19 precautions. Several indoor events were canceled. Social distancing and mask-wearing were encouraged.

"We held our breath and prayed a lot that we would not have an outbreak," she said.

Her prayers were answered. No COVID outbreaks were associated with the 2020 fair.

She said it is wonderful to see the community able to come back out and enjoy the fair.

"It is nice to see people out here," she said, "seeing their neighbors, seeing the kids play, seeing them comparing their notes."

Our society is more mobile and children have more opportunities for activities than when Hansen was a child, but she said she believes county fairs are still important aspects of the local communities.&nbsp;

Even for those children who are not 4-H'ers, the fair can provide learning opportunities.

"Even some kids in Hays don't understand where your meat really comes from," she said. "'Well, just go to the store.' Where do you think the store got it from?

"Some of them in Hays had still not seen a live pig or a sheep."

Hansen has had a difficult year personally, her husband died of cancer and her sister died of COVID-19.

Although Hansen is moving out of state, her fellow fair volunteers are already offering to put her up if she'll come back for a visit next summer for the fair.&nbsp;

She said she likely won't stay away from 4-H. She said she'll probably try to find a fair near her new home east of Dallas.

Hansen encouraged more adults to become involved in 4-H and the fair. Many of the fair judges are aging and retiring. New volunteers are needed to take their places, she said.

You can learn more about being a 4-H leader or volunteer by visiting the <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/">Cottonwood Extension District web</a>page. 4-H offers training for new volunteers.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/7/1626298294411.jpeg" alt="Longtime Ellis County Fair board member Edna Hansen with her reserve champion ceramics project. This is the last year Hansen will be on the board. She is moving to Texas to be near family." />
 <figcaption>Longtime Ellis County Fair board member Edna Hansen with her reserve champion ceramics project. This is the last year Hansen will be on the board. She is moving to Texas to be near family.</figcaption>
 </figure>By CRISTINA JANNEY Hays PostThe county fair has been the highlight of 78-year-old Edna Hansen's summer since she was a little girl.&nbsp;When she was 9, she baked the best muffins at the Trego County Fair, but she was too young to take them to the Kansas State Fair."I still don't understand if I could bake the best muffins at 9, why I couldn't go to the county fair," she said with a sharp rap of her fist on the table and a coy smile, "and I still don't understand."Hansen is a member of the Ellis County Fair Board. She served two stints on the board since 2002 when she and her husband moved back to the area and settled in Ellis. She said she can't remember how many years in total she served, but it's been at least 10 years.&nbsp;This year will be Hansen's last Ellis County Fair as a board member. She will be moving to Texas soon to be closer to her son.&nbsp;Hansen participated in 4-H in Trego County when she was a girl. Her family lived a few miles inside the Trego County line. As a child, she brought baking and sewing projects to the fair.She said her experiences as a child have kept her coming back as a volunteer despite the long hours and little sleep she gets during fair week."As a kid, the fair was an extremely important part of my summer," she said. "If as an adult we won't do the work, then the kids lose out on that opportunity because then there is no 4-H fair. There is no open fair if people don't step up."I think it is just as important to me as it was when I was young."For youth 70-years-ago and today, the county fair is something 4-H'ers work for the entire year, Hansen said.&nbsp;"It was the highlight of the summer," Hansen said, "going to the fair and displaying our projects."Hansen became a registered nurse and later earned her master's degree in social work. She handled child abuse cases for social services. She also served for a time as director of the Court Appointed Special Advocates (CASA) of the High Plains, which covers Ellis County.She said she continued to use her 4-H skill as an adult.4-H teaches youth how to be part of a group, Roberts Rules of Order, how to work together and how to be independent and work on a project on your own, she said."[You learn] sometimes you win, and sometimes you lose and you do both graciously," she said.Hansen was never a 4-H leader, but her son was involved in 4-H when their family lived in California. He showed rabbits and cooked.Hansen, a master gardener, is a trained judge and still helps judge horticulture and floriculture. She also won a reserve champion ribbon this year in arts and crafts for a piece of ceramic artwork.As she's aged, her fair focus has changed."As a kid, I can remember thinking, 'When I grow up, I am going to go to the fair every day and I'm staying all day long," she said. "Watch out what you wish for, you might get it."&nbsp;She said she still loves watching the children as they check their projects for ribbons.&nbsp;"Seeing how excited they are is still one of my favorite parts," she said.In 70 years, 4-H has modernized. Kids and adults alike use a computer to submit their entries for the fair — something Hansen still struggles with.However, she said the same core values embodied in the 4-H pledge are still important today.My Head to clearing thinking, My Heart to greater loyalty, My Hands to larger service, My Health to better living, For my club, my community, my country and my world.Her focus as a fair participant has changed since she was a child.Hansen's focus as a fair board member is the indoor 4-H and open exhibits, some of which include photography, foods, horticulture, arts and crafts, and fine arts.2020 was very challenging, but the fair went forward with COVID-19 precautions. Several indoor events were canceled. Social distancing and mask-wearing were encouraged."We held our breath and prayed a lot that we would not have an outbreak," she said.Her prayers were answered. No COVID outbreaks were associated with the 2020 fair.She said it is wonderful to see the community able to come back out and enjoy the fair."It is nice to see people out here," she said, "seeing their neighbors, seeing the kids play, seeing them comparing their notes."Our society is more mobile and children have more opportunities for activities than when Hansen was a child, but she said she believes county fairs are still important aspects of the local communities.&nbsp;Even for those children who are not 4-H'ers, the fair can provide learning opportunities."Even some kids in Hays don't understand where your meat really comes from," she said. "'Well, just go to the store.' Where do you think the store got it from?"Some of them in Hays had still not seen a live pig or a sheep."Hansen has had a difficult year personally, her husband died of cancer and her sister died of COVID-19.Although Hansen is moving out of state, her fellow fair volunteers are already offering to put her up if she'll come back for a visit next summer for the fair.&nbsp;She said she likely won't stay away from 4-H. She said she'll probably try to find a fair near her new home east of Dallas.Hansen encouraged more adults to become involved in 4-H and the fair. Many of the fair judges are aging and retiring. New volunteers are needed to take their places, she said.You can learn more about being a 4-H leader or volunteer by visiting the <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/">Cottonwood Extension District web</a>page. 4-H offers training for new volunteers.

Longtime Ellis County Fair Board member packs her ribbons

Kansashealthyyards.org recommends the completion of these tasks in July:

As the heat picks up, so do pest problems and water needs. Take a little extra care of your plants this month to get them through.

•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Harvest fruits of your labor and enjoy 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Control weed growth to preserve water and nutrients 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fertilize vegetables to encourage plant development 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Watch for foliar disease development on lower tomato leaves and treat with a fungicide 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Prepare for fall gardening. Plant potatoes, broccoli, and other fall crops 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Spray sweet corn to control corn earworms as silks emerge 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Be on the lookout for pests of the garden and control 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Remove old raspberry canes after harvest

•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Remove faded flowers from annuals to stimulate more flowers for late summer color, and from 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; perennials to prevent reseeding 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Keep gardens well mulched 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Cut fresh bouquets for enjoyment on hot summer days 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Lightly fertilize annuals to promote growth 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Dig, divide, and replant crowded irises 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fertilize roses for fall blossoms 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fertilize and water container gardens 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Complete the final pinching of chrysanthemum tips for bushier plants

•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Mow bluegrass and tall fescue around 3 to 3 1/2 inches 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Mow zoysia at 1 1/2 inches 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fertilize zoysia to encourage summer growth with a high nitrogen fertilizer. Let grass clippings fall to 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return nutrients to soil and grass 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Be on the lookout for summer diseases such as brown patch 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Watch for grubs. If they begin to hatch, an insecticide may be required. Apply in late July or early August. 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Keep mower blades sharpened 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Replace lawn mower air filter and change lawn mower oil per owner's manual 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Prepare to control perennial grassy weeds such as zoysia, fescue, and nimblewill 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Take a soil test to prepare for fall lawn renovation 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Water deeply and less often for deep roots and a healthy lawn

•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Water newly planted shrubs and young trees (planted within the last three to five years) during dry weather 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Keep plants mulched to conserve moisture and cool roots 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Remove sucker growth from the base of trees and along branches 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Prune diseased, dead, or hazardous limbs

•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Water weekly by deeply soaking the soil. Use surface irrigation and avoid watering late at night to help 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; reduce disease development. 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Take photos of gardens

Master Gardeners of Ellis County, Cottonwood District.&nbsp; More information available at www. cottonwood.ksu.edu or visit Facebook at Ellis County Extension Master Gardeners.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/3/1614966296214.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Kansashealthyyards.org recommends the completion of these tasks in July:As the heat picks up, so do pest problems and water needs. Take a little extra care of your plants this month to get them through.<h2>Vegetables and Fruits</h2>•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Harvest fruits of your labor and enjoy 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Control weed growth to preserve water and nutrients 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fertilize vegetables to encourage plant development 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Watch for foliar disease development on lower tomato leaves and treat with a fungicide 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Prepare for fall gardening. Plant potatoes, broccoli, and other fall crops 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Spray sweet corn to control corn earworms as silks emerge 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Be on the lookout for pests of the garden and control 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Remove old raspberry canes after harvest<h2>Flowers</h2>•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Remove faded flowers from annuals to stimulate more flowers for late summer color, and from 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; perennials to prevent reseeding 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Keep gardens well mulched 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Cut fresh bouquets for enjoyment on hot summer days 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Lightly fertilize annuals to promote growth 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Dig, divide, and replant crowded irises 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fertilize roses for fall blossoms 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fertilize and water container gardens 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Complete the final pinching of chrysanthemum tips for bushier plants<h2>Lawns</h2>•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Mow bluegrass and tall fescue around 3 to 3 1/2 inches 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Mow zoysia at 1 1/2 inches 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Fertilize zoysia to encourage summer growth with a high nitrogen fertilizer. Let grass clippings fall to 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return nutrients to soil and grass 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Be on the lookout for summer diseases such as brown patch 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Watch for grubs. If they begin to hatch, an insecticide may be required. Apply in late July or early August. 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Keep mower blades sharpened 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Replace lawn mower air filter and change lawn mower oil per owner's manual 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Prepare to control perennial grassy weeds such as zoysia, fescue, and nimblewill 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Take a soil test to prepare for fall lawn renovation 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Water deeply and less often for deep roots and a healthy lawn<h2>Trees and Shrubs</h2>•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Water newly planted shrubs and young trees (planted within the last three to five years) during dry weather 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Keep plants mulched to conserve moisture and cool roots 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Remove sucker growth from the base of trees and along branches 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Prune diseased, dead, or hazardous limbs<h2>Miscellaneous</h2>•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Water weekly by deeply soaking the soil. Use surface irrigation and avoid watering late at night to help 
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; reduce disease development. 
•&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;Take photos of gardensMaster Gardeners of Ellis County, Cottonwood District.&nbsp; More information available at www. cottonwood.ksu.edu or visit Facebook at Ellis County Extension Master Gardeners.

From the Ellis Co. Master Gardeners: July garden calendar

Harvesting forages for future use during the winter feeding period or during drought represents a significant cost outlay for cattle operations. Previous research conducted at KSU suggests that large round bales composed of Wheat or Sudan hay can incur feed waste of up to 25% of a bale’s weight when unrolled. Much of this loss can be attributed to factors associated with delayed harvest and/or improper storage prior to feeding.&nbsp;

Management practices for large round bales&nbsp;

Forage production for future use as a consequence of dry weather conditions or winter feeding is an important element for all cattle producers who wish to insure the nutritional needs of their cowherd are being met. Proper attention throughout the entire hay harvesting process, including proper storage will pay future dividends towards this effort.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Harvesting forages for future use during the winter feeding period or during drought represents a significant cost outlay for cattle operations. Previous research conducted at KSU suggests that large round bales composed of Wheat or Sudan hay can incur feed waste of up to 25% of a bale’s weight when unrolled. Much of this loss can be attributed to factors associated with delayed harvest and/or improper storage prior to feeding.&nbsp;Management practices for large round bales&nbsp;<ul>
 <li>Make a dense bale.&nbsp;A dense bale will sag less, have less surface area in contact with the ground, shed more precipitation and protect the inner bale from weathering, and make more efficient use of the bale wrap deployed. Bale density is affected by the baler, the experience of the operator, and the type of hay.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><ul>
 <li>Store bales end-to-end to reduce storage loss.&nbsp;Tightly stacking bales end to end better utilizes the storage area. If bales are not stacked tightly against each other, rain will penetrate the ends and increase damage. Position the hay bales on a well-drained site. A gently sloping site with a southern or southeastern exposure is ideal to maximize solar drying and encourage drainage. To further reduce wastage on the bottom of the bales, some producers have elevated their bales using old tires, shipping pallets or on a layer of 3 to 4 inches of crushed rock. When more than one row of bales is needed, be mindful to space adjacent rows at least 3 feet apart. This simple action will increase air flow and allow the sun to reach the back row.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><ul>
 <li>Avoid stacking large round bales.&nbsp;Many producers will stack their large round bales in a pyramid formation with the thought of maximizing their utilization of space. However, this strategy will usually increase dry matter losses in the stack as a result of the trapped moisture and reduced air movement.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><ul>
 <li>DO NOT cover bales.&nbsp;Aside from adding cost, covering bales will potentially trap moisture the same as wrapping them in plastic. If high moisture hay (over 18 percent) is sealed under plastic, quality losses may result from excessive heating and mold development.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul><ul>
 <li>DO NOT store bales under trees.&nbsp;During harvest, many producers will move the large round bales to the field perimeter with good intentions of moving bales to a central location when it is convenient. However, locating bales under trees will encourage degradation of their bales because of trapped moisture and the inability to dry from sunlight.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>Forage production for future use as a consequence of dry weather conditions or winter feeding is an important element for all cattle producers who wish to insure the nutritional needs of their cowherd are being met. Proper attention throughout the entire hay harvesting process, including proper storage will pay future dividends towards this effort.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Harvesting forages for future use

People young and old take to the streets on bicycles during the summer months. I get excited when I see families out for a bike ride together, exploring the parks in our communities. What excites me even more is when I see the entire family protecting their heads with bicycle helmets. Even minor accidents can result in a serious head injury if a helmet is not worn.&nbsp;

An event that I have been asked to help coordinate is just around the corner. A Family Fun Bike Ride is set for Saturday, July 10th, from 8 – 9 AM at the Expo grounds west of Great Bend. This event is jointly sponsored by our Cottonwood Extension District, the Barton County Fair Association, Pilot Club and the Be Well Barton County task force.&nbsp;

Our goal during the hour-long event will be to teach bicycle safety rules while participants are having fun. We will have free bike helmets in sizes from toddlers through adult. Pilot Club members will be on hand to help properly fit the helmets on participants. Helmets will be distributed on a first come-first served basis. Besides the helmet giveaway, Pilot Club members will be offering a healthy snack.

We will divide the participants into age groups and have stations set up with age appropriate activities. From riding through an obstacle course, practicing hand signals and decorating your bike there will be activities for everyone. Todd Van Skike, from Golden Belt Bicycle, will be on hand to do minor adjustments including safety checks on bicycles for the days’ ride. He will also bring a few Strider bikes for little ones to try out. Great Bend Police Chief, Steven Haulmark, has provided us with materials to register 40 bicycles at no charge during the event. Completing a bicycle registration helps to identify your bike if it is ever stolen.&nbsp;

As you can see, many community minded people are working to make this Family Fun Bike Ride a success. Now all we need are families to join us on the runway just west of the Great Bend armory? There is no pre-registration for the event but feel free to give me a call at (620)793-1910 if you have any questions about this fun event.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension.</figcaption>
 </figure>People young and old take to the streets on bicycles during the summer months. I get excited when I see families out for a bike ride together, exploring the parks in our communities. What excites me even more is when I see the entire family protecting their heads with bicycle helmets. Even minor accidents can result in a serious head injury if a helmet is not worn.&nbsp;An event that I have been asked to help coordinate is just around the corner. A Family Fun Bike Ride is set for Saturday, July 10th, from 8 – 9 AM at the Expo grounds west of Great Bend. This event is jointly sponsored by our Cottonwood Extension District, the Barton County Fair Association, Pilot Club and the Be Well Barton County task force.&nbsp;Our goal during the hour-long event will be to teach bicycle safety rules while participants are having fun. We will have free bike helmets in sizes from toddlers through adult. Pilot Club members will be on hand to help properly fit the helmets on participants. Helmets will be distributed on a first come-first served basis. Besides the helmet giveaway, Pilot Club members will be offering a healthy snack.We will divide the participants into age groups and have stations set up with age appropriate activities. From riding through an obstacle course, practicing hand signals and decorating your bike there will be activities for everyone. Todd Van Skike, from Golden Belt Bicycle, will be on hand to do minor adjustments including safety checks on bicycles for the days’ ride. He will also bring a few Strider bikes for little ones to try out. Great Bend Police Chief, Steven Haulmark, has provided us with materials to register 40 bicycles at no charge during the event. Completing a bicycle registration helps to identify your bike if it is ever stolen.&nbsp;As you can see, many community minded people are working to make this Family Fun Bike Ride a success. Now all we need are families to join us on the runway just west of the Great Bend armory? There is no pre-registration for the event but feel free to give me a call at (620)793-1910 if you have any questions about this fun event.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

KRUG: Bicycle safety revisited

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

With multiple rain delays slowing the progress of wheat harvest, some areas of the state may experience sooty molds and possibly even grain with a discoloration known as black point. Black point can occur due to repeated rainfalls received during harvest season. Both of these problems are caused by molds that grow on the mature wheat.

These molds are normally not aggressive pathogens in wheat, but they can rapidly colonize mature plants. These diseases are most problematic when rain re-wets mature plants and causes harvest delays. The sooty molds are often a cosmetic problem because the mold growth is very superficial on the chaff and glumes. The sooty molds can make for a dusty harvest, however. If the timing of the rain coincides with the late stages of kernel development, the molds can begin to colonize the outer layers of the wheat kernel, resulting in a gray-black discoloration called black point. Commonly, the embryo end of the kernel is most discolored, but entire kernels can become gray or black as a result of the black point.

There is no management of these diseases at this time. The fungi that cause black point can cause problems with germination and reduce seedling vigor. Therefore, seed lots with symptoms of black point should be tested for germination. If black point is causing germination problems, fungicide seed treatments can often improve the germination and ensure good stand establishment.

Sooty head molds are characterized by a dark green or black mold growth on the surface of mature wheat heads. These molds are part of a naturally occurring complex of organisms that help to decay dead plant debris. Sooty molds are most common when mature wheat is subjected to repeated rains and delayed harvest. This disease also may affect plants that have been damaged by root rot.

The sooty head mold growth is normally superficial. Its affect on grain is thought to be minor, but it can make for dusty harvest operations. Sooty molds can contribute to a discoloration of the grain called "black point."

Management - generally impractical or not needed.

Why this year? This disease has been showing up in wheat fields throughout the area due to frequent rainfall events and high humidity. It is also more likely to show up in fields with damaged tissue, such as hail damage or damage from cold temperatures. Many times the dust from the combine is a darker, blacker color when harvesting wheat with this disease on the head.

Save it for seed? Even though this disease is a secondary infection, I would look closely at this seed when deciding whether to save it for seed. There potentially could be other things going on earlier in the year that may have affected the seed quality, creating shriveled seed. Also, the frequent rainfall this harvest may have affected the test weight. These things would contribute to decreased emergence and seedling vigor.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/7/1625155975876.jpeg" alt="K-State Research &amp; Extension" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research &amp; Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictWith multiple rain delays slowing the progress of wheat harvest, some areas of the state may experience sooty molds and possibly even grain with a discoloration known as black point. Black point can occur due to repeated rainfalls received during harvest season. Both of these problems are caused by molds that grow on the mature wheat.These molds are normally not aggressive pathogens in wheat, but they can rapidly colonize mature plants. These diseases are most problematic when rain re-wets mature plants and causes harvest delays. The sooty molds are often a cosmetic problem because the mold growth is very superficial on the chaff and glumes. The sooty molds can make for a dusty harvest, however. If the timing of the rain coincides with the late stages of kernel development, the molds can begin to colonize the outer layers of the wheat kernel, resulting in a gray-black discoloration called black point. Commonly, the embryo end of the kernel is most discolored, but entire kernels can become gray or black as a result of the black point.There is no management of these diseases at this time. The fungi that cause black point can cause problems with germination and reduce seedling vigor. Therefore, seed lots with symptoms of black point should be tested for germination. If black point is causing germination problems, fungicide seed treatments can often improve the germination and ensure good stand establishment.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/7/1625156038489.png" alt="Wheat kernels with symptoms of black point (top row of kernels are healthy). Photo by Erick DeWolf, K-State Research and Extension." />
 <figcaption>Wheat kernels with symptoms of black point (top row of kernels are healthy). Photo by Erick DeWolf, K-State Research and Extension.</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/7/1625156059388.png" alt="Wheat kernels with symptoms of black point found in Thomas County. Photo by Jeanne Falk Jones, K-State Research and Extension." />
 <figcaption>Wheat kernels with symptoms of black point found in Thomas County. Photo by Jeanne Falk Jones, K-State Research and Extension.</figcaption>
 </figure><h2>Sooty head molds</h2>Sooty head molds are characterized by a dark green or black mold growth on the surface of mature wheat heads. These molds are part of a naturally occurring complex of organisms that help to decay dead plant debris. Sooty molds are most common when mature wheat is subjected to repeated rains and delayed harvest. This disease also may affect plants that have been damaged by root rot.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/7/1625156096855.png" alt="K-State Research &amp; Extension" />
 <figcaption>K-State Research &amp; Extension</figcaption>
 </figure>The sooty head mold growth is normally superficial. Its affect on grain is thought to be minor, but it can make for dusty harvest operations. Sooty molds can contribute to a discoloration of the grain called "black point."Management - generally impractical or not needed.Why this year? This disease has been showing up in wheat fields throughout the area due to frequent rainfall events and high humidity. It is also more likely to show up in fields with damaged tissue, such as hail damage or damage from cold temperatures. Many times the dust from the combine is a darker, blacker color when harvesting wheat with this disease on the head.Save it for seed? Even though this disease is a secondary infection, I would look closely at this seed when deciding whether to save it for seed. There potentially could be other things going on earlier in the year that may have affected the seed quality, creating shriveled seed. Also, the frequent rainfall this harvest may have affected the test weight. These things would contribute to decreased emergence and seedling vigor.

CAMPBELL: Sooty molds and black point in wheat

On this episode of the Post Podcast Cottonwood Extension District agent, Stacy Campbell shares information about the ongoing wheat harvest and  Fusarium Head Blight.

<a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/5dd2f46c897d147ad4bb104b">To find out more about The Post Podcast, or subscribe to mobile&nbsp;</a><a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/5dd2f46c897d147ad4bb104b">notifications click here.</a>

<div><iframe title="Fusarium Head Blight affecting western Kansas crops" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?i=sefkq-10791c2-pb&from=pb6admin&square=1&share=1&download=1&rtl=0&fonts=Arial&skin=3&btn-skin=3&size=300" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>On this episode of the Post Podcast Cottonwood Extension District agent, Stacy Campbell shares information about the ongoing wheat harvest and Fusarium Head Blight.<a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/5dd2f46c897d147ad4bb104b">To find out more about The Post Podcast, or subscribe to mobile&nbsp;</a><a href="https://hayspost.com/posts/5dd2f46c897d147ad4bb104b">notifications click here.</a>

🎙Post Podcast: Fusarium Head Blight affecting western Kansas crops

The weather is hot and harvest is in full swing. That can only mean one thing: Fair Time is here. Don’t let the heat keep you from enjoying some of the activities scheduled during the next few weeks, at both the Barton and Ellis County Fairs. There are several things you can do to stay hydrated as the temperature climbs. Drinking at least eight cups of fluid a day is recommended under normal circumstances and more is needed as summer temperatures and humidity rise. Sometimes we forget that 55-75 percent of our body’s weight is water; the brain is 70 percent water; blood is 82 percent water, and the lungs are nearly 90 percent water. Water is also responsible for carrying nutrients and oxygen to cells; cushions organs, tissue, bones and joints; removes waste; and regulates body temperature.

Exposure to the sun or getting sunburned will speed fluid loss, and so will drinking beverages containing caffeine or alcohol, which both act as diuretics. Fluid replacement is essential, but it is best to not wait until you are thirsty. Excessive water loss or dehydration can impair body function and lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke and can be life threatening. It is a good idea to become familiar with the signs of heat exhaustion. They include: dizziness, weakness, feeling thirsty, uncoordinated or nauseated. Most people sweat a lot during heat exhaustion. The signs of a heat stroke are different. They include: a body temperature of 104 or above, confusion, staggering, possible fainting, either a rapid pulse or a slow weak pulse, and not sweating, despite the heat. It is important to get medical help right away if you suspect a heat stroke.

Cool water is recommended for the majority of fluid replacement because it is easily absorbed. Many foods also have a high-water content and should be included in a healthy summer diet. Melons and most other fruits, along with tomatoes, vegetables, soups, smoothies, puddings and gelatin salads should not be overlooked. Sports beverages may be helpful for athletes who are exercising more than one hour and are in need of electrolytes and quick energy, but consider diluting them with water in order to reduce sugar intake.&nbsp;

The bottom line on staying hydrated is to drink fluids before you become thirsty. As we age our ability to sense thirst declines, leaving older people unable to rely on their thirst to prompt them to drink enough fluids. Infants and small children also need to be monitored closely to assure that dehydration does not occur. Little ones lose more fluids because they have a greater proportion of skin surface in relation to their size. Offer water frequently, each time a child passes through the kitchen and before, during and after play.

Let’s hope that the summer of 2021 does not show up in the record books!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>The weather is hot and harvest is in full swing. That can only mean one thing: Fair Time is here. Don’t let the heat keep you from enjoying some of the activities scheduled during the next few weeks, at both the Barton and Ellis County Fairs. There are several things you can do to stay hydrated as the temperature climbs. Drinking at least eight cups of fluid a day is recommended under normal circumstances and more is needed as summer temperatures and humidity rise. Sometimes we forget that 55-75 percent of our body’s weight is water; the brain is 70 percent water; blood is 82 percent water, and the lungs are nearly 90 percent water. Water is also responsible for carrying nutrients and oxygen to cells; cushions organs, tissue, bones and joints; removes waste; and regulates body temperature.Exposure to the sun or getting sunburned will speed fluid loss, and so will drinking beverages containing caffeine or alcohol, which both act as diuretics. Fluid replacement is essential, but it is best to not wait until you are thirsty. Excessive water loss or dehydration can impair body function and lead to heat exhaustion or heat stroke and can be life threatening. It is a good idea to become familiar with the signs of heat exhaustion. They include: dizziness, weakness, feeling thirsty, uncoordinated or nauseated. Most people sweat a lot during heat exhaustion. The signs of a heat stroke are different. They include: a body temperature of 104 or above, confusion, staggering, possible fainting, either a rapid pulse or a slow weak pulse, and not sweating, despite the heat. It is important to get medical help right away if you suspect a heat stroke.Cool water is recommended for the majority of fluid replacement because it is easily absorbed. Many foods also have a high-water content and should be included in a healthy summer diet. Melons and most other fruits, along with tomatoes, vegetables, soups, smoothies, puddings and gelatin salads should not be overlooked. Sports beverages may be helpful for athletes who are exercising more than one hour and are in need of electrolytes and quick energy, but consider diluting them with water in order to reduce sugar intake.&nbsp;The bottom line on staying hydrated is to drink fluids before you become thirsty. As we age our ability to sense thirst declines, leaving older people unable to rely on their thirst to prompt them to drink enough fluids. Infants and small children also need to be monitored closely to assure that dehydration does not occur. Little ones lose more fluids because they have a greater proportion of skin surface in relation to their size. Offer water frequently, each time a child passes through the kitchen and before, during and after play.Let’s hope that the summer of 2021 does not show up in the record books!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Fluids important to manage heat, humidity safely

We have been receiving numerous reports of brown patch showing up on tall fescue. This disease is favored by warm night temperatures and extended periods of leaf wetness. If you go outside in the morning and the lawn is covered with dew and the temperature is in the high 60s or higher, it means that conditions are getting right for brown patch. The fungus is primarily a leaf pathogen and does not attack the roots. During severe outbreaks, the fungus may invade the lower leaf sheaths and crown and kill plants. But in most cases, the turfgrass can recover from brown patch. This recovery may take two to three weeks, depending on weather. There is no way to eliminate brown patch from a lawn. It will persist indefinitely in the soil. Therefore, the disease is not carried from one lawn to another. In almost all cases, the limiting factor for brown patch development is the weather, not the amount of fungal inoculum. Although you can’t eliminate the fungus, cultural practices – especially irrigation – can help control it. Don't water in the evening; instead, water early in the morning. This will help decrease the number of hours the leaf tissue remains wet and susceptible to infection.

The frequency of irrigation is not as important as the time of day you do it. Don't overfertilize and certainly don't fertilize when brown patch is active. Also, don't allow your seeding or overseeding rates to become too high.&nbsp;Fungicides can be effective in preventing brown patch, but the two most commonly used products (Heritage and ProStar) are expensive and not available in small quantities to the general public. Homeowners do have access to some effective products including triadimefon (Green Light Fung-Away), propiconazole (BioAdvanced Fungus Control for Lawns, Fertilome Liquid Systemic Fungicide II) and myclobutanil (Immunox, F-Stop Lawn &amp; Garden). Of the three, triadimefon may be the fungicide of choice because it protects the turf longer (3 to 5 weeks rather than 2 weeks). 

But my suggestion is not to use fungicides unless you want to maintain a blemish-free yard and are willing to pay for it. In those cases, you would need to be on a preventative spray program, which is very expensive, rather than waiting for symptoms and applying as a curative. These products do not cure an infection already present but are only effective as a preventative. Applications should begin in mid-June and continue through August. Often tall fescue lawns will recover from brown patch but infections this year seem more severe than usual and may require overseeding this fall.

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>We have been receiving numerous reports of brown patch showing up on tall fescue. This disease is favored by warm night temperatures and extended periods of leaf wetness. If you go outside in the morning and the lawn is covered with dew and the temperature is in the high 60s or higher, it means that conditions are getting right for brown patch. The fungus is primarily a leaf pathogen and does not attack the roots. During severe outbreaks, the fungus may invade the lower leaf sheaths and crown and kill plants. But in most cases, the turfgrass can recover from brown patch. This recovery may take two to three weeks, depending on weather. There is no way to eliminate brown patch from a lawn. It will persist indefinitely in the soil. Therefore, the disease is not carried from one lawn to another. In almost all cases, the limiting factor for brown patch development is the weather, not the amount of fungal inoculum. Although you can’t eliminate the fungus, cultural practices – especially irrigation – can help control it. Don't water in the evening; instead, water early in the morning. This will help decrease the number of hours the leaf tissue remains wet and susceptible to infection. The frequency of irrigation is not as important as the time of day you do it. Don't overfertilize and certainly don't fertilize when brown patch is active. Also, don't allow your seeding or overseeding rates to become too high.&nbsp;Fungicides can be effective in preventing brown patch, but the two most commonly used products (Heritage and ProStar) are expensive and not available in small quantities to the general public. Homeowners do have access to some effective products including triadimefon (Green Light Fung-Away), propiconazole (BioAdvanced Fungus Control for Lawns, Fertilome Liquid Systemic Fungicide II) and myclobutanil (Immunox, F-Stop Lawn &amp; Garden). Of the three, triadimefon may be the fungicide of choice because it protects the turf longer (3 to 5 weeks rather than 2 weeks). But my suggestion is not to use fungicides unless you want to maintain a blemish-free yard and are willing to pay for it. In those cases, you would need to be on a preventative spray program, which is very expensive, rather than waiting for symptoms and applying as a curative. These products do not cure an infection already present but are only effective as a preventative. Applications should begin in mid-June and continue through August. Often tall fescue lawns will recover from brown patch but infections this year seem more severe than usual and may require overseeding this fall.Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Brown patch on tall fescue

A new program in Ellis County seeks to provide seniors improved access to fresh produce while fostering local producers that sell at farmer's markets.

After being offered in eastern Kansas towns, the Kansas Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program is now available to Ellis County low-income residents over 60 years of age.

The program is coordinated through the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and administered in Ellis County by the Cottonwood Extension District, 601 Main.

"This year they wanted to branch out and find a larger farmers market they could try it in," said Cottonwood Extension District agent Berny Unruh.

Funding for the program is provided by a federal grant.

"The idea is not only to provide seniors with fruit and vegetables but to promote or support our local farmers," Unruh said.

Unruh said with the price of fresh fruit and vegetables, many seniors living with tight incomes, may be hesitant to purchase the higher cost produce over lower-cost food options.

"They will live a lot longer if they have fresh fruits and vegetables, in their diet," Unruh said.

Those health concerns brought on by a lack of proper nutrition she said can sneak up on seniors and cause a variety of health problems.

"Oftentimes, when those things do start happening, whether it is diabetes, high blood pressure or cholesterol, that is not something that they notice right away, and they don't get it checked, and then their health can decline very quickly," Unruh said.

The signup process is straightforward and can be done quickly in the Cottonwood Extension District office.

"It's two pages," Unruh said. "And we will ask those very simple questions about age and income."

Those seniors who qualify will be given a booklet with seven $5 checks that can then be used at authorized farmers' market vendors.

Those vendors will have signs indicating they are a part of the program.

Unruh said she is hopeful area seniors will take advantage of the program.

"They should not be afraid to come and know that there are things that they might be able to afford," she said.

<a href="https://www.kdheks.gov/sfmnp/seniors.htm">For more information about the program visit the Kansas Department of Health and Environment website.</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/6/1624565125202.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh shares information about the Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program at the Downtown Hays Farmers Market. Photo courtesy Downtown Hays Development Corp." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh shares information about the Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program at the Downtown Hays Farmers Market. Photo courtesy Downtown Hays Development Corp.</figcaption>
 </figure><div><iframe title="Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program comes to Ellis County" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?i=upx4x-1070ba1-pb&from=pb6admin&square=1&share=1&download=1&rtl=0&fonts=Arial&skin=3&btn-skin=3&size=300" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>By JAMES BELL Hays PostA new program in Ellis County seeks to provide seniors improved access to fresh produce while fostering local producers that sell at farmer's markets.After being offered in eastern Kansas towns, the Kansas Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program is now available to Ellis County low-income residents over 60 years of age.The program is coordinated through the Kansas Department of Health and Environment and administered in Ellis County by the Cottonwood Extension District, 601 Main."This year they wanted to branch out and find a larger farmers market they could try it in," said Cottonwood Extension District agent Berny Unruh.Funding for the program is provided by a federal grant."The idea is not only to provide seniors with fruit and vegetables but to promote or support our local farmers," Unruh said.Unruh said with the price of fresh fruit and vegetables, many seniors living with tight incomes, may be hesitant to purchase the higher cost produce over lower-cost food options.But she said doing can be detrimental."They will live a lot longer if they have fresh fruits and vegetables, in their diet," Unruh said.<div><iframe title="Vitamins can play an important part in health" allowtransparency="true" height="150" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?i=6f4qp-1042527-pb&from=pb6admin&share=1&download=1&rtl=0&fonts=Arial&skin=3&btn-skin=1"></iframe></div>Those health concerns brought on by a lack of proper nutrition she said can sneak up on seniors and cause a variety of health problems."Oftentimes, when those things do start happening, whether it is diabetes, high blood pressure or cholesterol, that is not something that they notice right away, and they don't get it checked, and then their health can decline very quickly," Unruh said.The signup process is straightforward and can be done quickly in the Cottonwood Extension District office."It's two pages," Unruh said. "And we will ask those very simple questions about age and income."Those seniors who qualify will be given a booklet with seven $5 checks that can then be used at authorized farmers' market vendors.Those vendors will have signs indicating they are a part of the program.Unruh said she is hopeful area seniors will take advantage of the program."They should not be afraid to come and know that there are things that they might be able to afford," she said.<a href="https://www.kdheks.gov/sfmnp/seniors.htm">For more information about the program visit the Kansas Department of Health and Environment website.</a>

Extension district works to increase seniors' access to produce

A Kansas State University veterinarian is urging cattle producers to beef up their plans for managing heat stress, a challenge that costs the cattle industry up to $370 million in losses.&nbsp;

A.J. Tarpoff, a beef veterinarian with K-State Research and Extension, said heat stress decreases the reproductive efficiency and performance of cattle grazing on pasture. In confined facilities, heat stress causes cattle to eat less, which negatively affects their performance.&nbsp;

The human body cools itself by sweating, called evaporative cooling. But cattle sweat only 10 percent as much as humans, and panting is their primary way of dissipating heat.&nbsp;

Doing so, however, causes cows to eat less, setting them on a path to poor growth and future performance.&nbsp;

“This all has to do with heat load,” Tarpoff said. “The internal temperature of cattle will peak two hours after the hottest point of the day. So our strategy for keeping cows cool needs to be built around knowing that.”&nbsp;

Another factor is that cattle produce heat by digesting food, typically four to six hours after eating. “So if we feed animals within the wrong period of time, we can actually increase their heat load because the heat of digestion and the heat from the environment are building on top of each other.&nbsp;

Tarpoff listed some best management practices:&nbsp;

Then, of course, there is the importance of providing water. Lots and lots of water.&nbsp;

As a rule, he said cattle should consume “about five times the amount of water as the dry matter they are consuming.”&nbsp;

“Cool, clean and readily-available water is critical during heat stress events. We may have to increase the water tank capacity within a pen to meet these needs.&nbsp;

Tarpoff said he follows two sources for help in making a decision when to put a heat stress management plan into full effect.&nbsp;

The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/clay-center-ne/marc" target="_blank">U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC)</a>&nbsp;maintains a seven-day forecast tool for the United States, taking into account temperature, humidity and solar radiation.&nbsp;

“The other tool I use is the&nbsp;<a href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">Kansas Mesonet</a>, which provides an animal comfort index,” he said.&nbsp;

“I know that if we don’t have those night-time cooling hours, the animal won’t be starting each day at thermo-neutral, so they’re more at risk on the second or third day,” Tarpoff said. “That’s when we should start putting in some of these management strategies.”&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>A Kansas State University veterinarian is urging cattle producers to beef up their plans for managing heat stress, a challenge that costs the cattle industry up to $370 million in losses.&nbsp;A.J. Tarpoff, a beef veterinarian with K-State Research and Extension, said heat stress decreases the reproductive efficiency and performance of cattle grazing on pasture. In confined facilities, heat stress causes cattle to eat less, which negatively affects their performance.&nbsp;The human body cools itself by sweating, called evaporative cooling. But cattle sweat only 10 percent as much as humans, and panting is their primary way of dissipating heat.&nbsp;Doing so, however, causes cows to eat less, setting them on a path to poor growth and future performance.&nbsp;“This all has to do with heat load,” Tarpoff said. “The internal temperature of cattle will peak two hours after the hottest point of the day. So our strategy for keeping cows cool needs to be built around knowing that.”&nbsp;Another factor is that cattle produce heat by digesting food, typically four to six hours after eating. “So if we feed animals within the wrong period of time, we can actually increase their heat load because the heat of digestion and the heat from the environment are building on top of each other.&nbsp;Tarpoff listed some best management practices:&nbsp;<ul>
 <li>Handling.&nbsp;Receive, ship, or move cattle preferably before 10 a.m.&nbsp;</li><li>Feeding.&nbsp; Feed 70 percent of the animals’ ration as late in the evening as possible, which puts the peak heat of digestion overnight when temperatures are likely cooler.&nbsp;</li><li>Managing heat.&nbsp;Reduce stocking density. Maximize airflow by removing obstructions around facilities, including weeds. If feasible, install shade structures. Install sprinklers to wet cattle down at night or early morning so as not to increase humidity.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>Then, of course, there is the importance of providing water. Lots and lots of water.&nbsp;As a rule, he said cattle should consume “about five times the amount of water as the dry matter they are consuming.”&nbsp;“Cool, clean and readily-available water is critical during heat stress events. We may have to increase the water tank capacity within a pen to meet these needs.&nbsp;Tarpoff said he follows two sources for help in making a decision when to put a heat stress management plan into full effect.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/plains-area/clay-center-ne/marc" target="_blank">U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC)</a>&nbsp;maintains a seven-day forecast tool for the United States, taking into account temperature, humidity and solar radiation.&nbsp;“The other tool I use is the&nbsp;<a href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">Kansas Mesonet</a>, which provides an animal comfort index,” he said.&nbsp;“I know that if we don’t have those night-time cooling hours, the animal won’t be starting each day at thermo-neutral, so they’re more at risk on the second or third day,” Tarpoff said. “That’s when we should start putting in some of these management strategies.”&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Managing heat stress in the herd

Bermudagrass can make a nice lawn if you don't mind its invasiveness and short growing season. &nbsp;But many people dislike both these characteristics. &nbsp;Warm-season grasses, such as bermudagrass, zoysiagrass and buffalograss, green up later than cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. They also go dormant earlier in the fall, which can make a lawn unattractive.

Bermuda that invades a cool-season lawn will be brown during much of the spring and fall while the tall fescue portion of the lawn is green. Bermuda is much more drought and heat resistant than cool-season grasses, so it will take over a cool-season lawn during the summer months if it is in full sun.So, how do you control bermudagrass that has invaded a cool-season lawn? Research conducted in 1996 showed that glyphosate (Round-up, Kleen-up, Killzall, Kleeraway) is the best herbicide for the job. Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide and will kill everything— including tall fescue or Kentucky bluegrass. Therefore, you will need to reseed treated areas. In our study, we applied a 2% solution of glyphosate on July 15 and again on August 15 on a bermudagrass plot that was more than 15 years old. More than one year later, we saw no regrowth. Glyphosate works best if bermuda is growing well. The better the bermudagrass is growing, the more chemical is taken up and pushed into the roots. Water and fertilize if needed to get it going.​Spray about the middle of July (or when the bermuda is growing well). Use glyphosate (2% solution). Wait two weeks and scalp the lawn (mow as low as possible and remove clippings.) &nbsp;This will prevent dead grass from covering any bermuda that starts to recover. Wait another two weeks and spray again with glyphosate if there is any green. Wait two more weeks and reseed. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Bermudagrass can make a nice lawn if you don't mind its invasiveness and short growing season. &nbsp;But many people dislike both these characteristics. &nbsp;Warm-season grasses, such as bermudagrass, zoysiagrass and buffalograss, green up later than cool-season grasses such as tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass. They also go dormant earlier in the fall, which can make a lawn unattractive.Bermuda that invades a cool-season lawn will be brown during much of the spring and fall while the tall fescue portion of the lawn is green. Bermuda is much more drought and heat resistant than cool-season grasses, so it will take over a cool-season lawn during the summer months if it is in full sun.So, how do you control bermudagrass that has invaded a cool-season lawn? Research conducted in 1996 showed that glyphosate (Round-up, Kleen-up, Killzall, Kleeraway) is the best herbicide for the job. Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide and will kill everything— including tall fescue or Kentucky bluegrass. Therefore, you will need to reseed treated areas. In our study, we applied a 2% solution of glyphosate on July 15 and again on August 15 on a bermudagrass plot that was more than 15 years old. More than one year later, we saw no regrowth. Glyphosate works best if bermuda is growing well. The better the bermudagrass is growing, the more chemical is taken up and pushed into the roots. Water and fertilize if needed to get it going.​Spray about the middle of July (or when the bermuda is growing well). Use glyphosate (2% solution). Wait two weeks and scalp the lawn (mow as low as possible and remove clippings.) &nbsp;This will prevent dead grass from covering any bermuda that starts to recover. Wait another two weeks and spray again with glyphosate if there is any green. Wait two more weeks and reseed. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910. K-State Research and Extension is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

FICK: Bermudagrass control

Do you think Dads across Kansas got more neckties, shirts, or socks for Father’s Day? If we stood on the street corner and asked each Dad what they would most appreciate from their family, I believe that most would just love some time with their children.&nbsp;

There have been many studies over the years with mothers and their relationship with their children. Fewer studies have been completed with fathers. Let me share the findings from a study at the University of Georgia.&nbsp;

For this study, Geoffrey Brown, assistant professor in the UGA College of Family and Consumer Sciences and his colleagues worked with 80 father-child pairs when the children were about 3 years old. The team conducted interviews and observed father-child interaction in the home, shooting video that was evaluated off site and assigned a score indicating attachment security.&nbsp;

“Fathers who make the choice to devote their time on non-workdays to engaging with their children directly seem to be developing the best relationships,” said Brown. “And on those non-workdays, pursuing activities that are child centered, or fun for the child, seems to be the best predictor of a good father-child relationship.”

“However, fathers who spend lots of time helping out with child care-related tasks on workdays are developing the best relationships with their children. And men who engage in high levels of play with their children on workdays actually have a slightly less secure attachment relationship with them.”

“Relying too much on play during workdays, when your child/partner needs you to help out with caregiving, could be problematic. But play seems more important when there’s more time and less pressure. Ultimately, fathers who engage in a variety of parenting behaviors and adjust their parenting to suit the demands and circumstances of each individual day are probably most likely to develop secure relationships with their children,” said Brown.

All research studies aside, it makes sense that children will flourish if they have the opportunity to build a strong relationship with their father. Setting aside time to share child care responsibilities with a partner will also help build strong family relationships. Happy Father’s Day!&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Do you think Dads across Kansas got more neckties, shirts, or socks for Father’s Day? If we stood on the street corner and asked each Dad what they would most appreciate from their family, I believe that most would just love some time with their children.&nbsp;There have been many studies over the years with mothers and their relationship with their children. Fewer studies have been completed with fathers. Let me share the findings from a study at the University of Georgia.&nbsp;For this study, Geoffrey Brown, assistant professor in the UGA College of Family and Consumer Sciences and his colleagues worked with 80 father-child pairs when the children were about 3 years old. The team conducted interviews and observed father-child interaction in the home, shooting video that was evaluated off site and assigned a score indicating attachment security.&nbsp;“Fathers who make the choice to devote their time on non-workdays to engaging with their children directly seem to be developing the best relationships,” said Brown. “And on those non-workdays, pursuing activities that are child centered, or fun for the child, seems to be the best predictor of a good father-child relationship.”“However, fathers who spend lots of time helping out with child care-related tasks on workdays are developing the best relationships with their children. And men who engage in high levels of play with their children on workdays actually have a slightly less secure attachment relationship with them.”“Relying too much on play during workdays, when your child/partner needs you to help out with caregiving, could be problematic. But play seems more important when there’s more time and less pressure. Ultimately, fathers who engage in a variety of parenting behaviors and adjust their parenting to suit the demands and circumstances of each individual day are probably most likely to develop secure relationships with their children,” said Brown.All research studies aside, it makes sense that children will flourish if they have the opportunity to build a strong relationship with their father. Setting aside time to share child care responsibilities with a partner will also help build strong family relationships. Happy Father’s Day!&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Fathers and kids connecting

Wheat farmers don’t miss out on entering your wheat into the Ellis County Fair – Open Class Market Wheat Show. Entries are fast and easy, fill up a provided bag of your best wheat while unloading at any elevator in Ellis County, or at your bins at home and return the crop data card after harvest to either the elevator or Cottonwood Extension District Office. Entry deadline is July 2. &nbsp;

Cash and ribbons will be awarded to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners. &nbsp;

Your entries and ribbons can be picked up at the conclusion of the Fair on Sunday, July 18, between 8 and 9 a.m. at the Schenk building or after the Fair at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 601 Main, Hays.&nbsp;

If you have any questions, call 785-628-9430, or email <a href="mailto:scampbel@ksu.edu">scampbel@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/6/1623702910343.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>K-State Research and ExtensionWheat farmers don’t miss out on entering your wheat into the Ellis County Fair – Open Class Market Wheat Show. Entries are fast and easy, fill up a provided bag of your best wheat while unloading at any elevator in Ellis County, or at your bins at home and return the crop data card after harvest to either the elevator or Cottonwood Extension District Office. Entry deadline is July 2. &nbsp;Cash and ribbons will be awarded to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners. &nbsp;Your entries and ribbons can be picked up at the conclusion of the Fair on Sunday, July 18, between 8 and 9 a.m. at the Schenk building or after the Fair at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 601 Main, Hays.&nbsp;If you have any questions, call 785-628-9430, or email <a href="mailto:scampbel@ksu.edu">scampbel@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

Farmers: Enter wheat for prizes, cash at the Ellis County Fair

	During the next few weeks, our Cottonwood District team members are gearing up for the Barton and Ellis County Fairs. Our days are filled with scheduling consultation judging and making sure volunteers are recruited to help things run smoothly. Since last year’s virtual Fair didn’t provide as much interaction with the youngsters, I am really looking forward to our 2021 version. It is always rewarding to help a young 4-H’er who is preparing to visit with the judge about their exhibit.&nbsp;

	June 15th is an important date for 4-H families in Barton County. Pre-entry forms are due in all project areas so that judging schedules and other details can be worked out. &nbsp;

	The Barton County Fair dates are July 7th – 11th and the Ellis County Fair spans the week of July 10th – 17th. Several of our fair events overlap this year which is unfortunate, but unavoidable. I hope you are making plans to visit one or both of our Fairs this year. You will be impressed with the way volunteers transform the exhibit buildings into a fun place to showcase the work of 4-H’ers during the past year.&nbsp;

	Along with our 4-H and Youth Agents, Michelle Beran and Susan Schlicting, we are enjoying energetic help from Tamara Robertson and Mattie Rossi, our summer interns. Of course you will see all agents and our office professionals working to help make each Fair a success. Both of our Extension Offices will have limited hours during Fair week but you can leave phone messages and we’ll get back with you.&nbsp;

One event I was asked to help coordinate for this year’s Barton County Fair, is a Family Fun Bicycle Ride that is set for Saturday, July 10th, from 8-9 AM at the Expo grounds. Several folks have volunteered to make this a fun event. We’ll have 25 bicycle helmets for kids to give out on a first come-first served basis. The helmets will be fitted by Pilot club members and are sponsored by the Barton County Fair Association and Cottonwood Extension District. We will also be providing the opportunity to register your families bicycles with the Great Bend Police Department. Todd VanSkike, from Golden Belt Bicycles, will have a repair station set up at our event to take care of simple adjustments and pump up tires.

I’ll be sharing more of the scheduled Fair activities in a couple of weeks. We will see you at the Fair!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a> K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>	During the next few weeks, our Cottonwood District team members are gearing up for the Barton and Ellis County Fairs. Our days are filled with scheduling consultation judging and making sure volunteers are recruited to help things run smoothly. Since last year’s virtual Fair didn’t provide as much interaction with the youngsters, I am really looking forward to our 2021 version. It is always rewarding to help a young 4-H’er who is preparing to visit with the judge about their exhibit.&nbsp;	June 15th is an important date for 4-H families in Barton County. Pre-entry forms are due in all project areas so that judging schedules and other details can be worked out. &nbsp;	The Barton County Fair dates are July 7th – 11th and the Ellis County Fair spans the week of July 10th – 17th. Several of our fair events overlap this year which is unfortunate, but unavoidable. I hope you are making plans to visit one or both of our Fairs this year. You will be impressed with the way volunteers transform the exhibit buildings into a fun place to showcase the work of 4-H’ers during the past year.&nbsp;	Along with our 4-H and Youth Agents, Michelle Beran and Susan Schlicting, we are enjoying energetic help from Tamara Robertson and Mattie Rossi, our summer interns. Of course you will see all agents and our office professionals working to help make each Fair a success. Both of our Extension Offices will have limited hours during Fair week but you can leave phone messages and we’ll get back with you.&nbsp;One event I was asked to help coordinate for this year’s Barton County Fair, is a Family Fun Bicycle Ride that is set for Saturday, July 10th, from 8-9 AM at the Expo grounds. Several folks have volunteered to make this a fun event. We’ll have 25 bicycle helmets for kids to give out on a first come-first served basis. The helmets will be fitted by Pilot club members and are sponsored by the Barton County Fair Association and Cottonwood Extension District. We will also be providing the opportunity to register your families bicycles with the Great Bend Police Department. Todd VanSkike, from Golden Belt Bicycles, will have a repair station set up at our event to take care of simple adjustments and pump up tires.I’ll be sharing more of the scheduled Fair activities in a couple of weeks. We will see you at the Fair!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a> K-State Research &amp; Extension is an equal opportunity employer and provider.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/6/1623439207843.png" alt="Screenshots_2021-06-10-09-29-35 (003).png" />
 <figcaption>Screenshots_2021-06-10-09-29-35 (003).png</figcaption>
 </figure>

KRUG: County fair activities are coming soon

Fusarium head blight (head scab) is most common in eastern and central Kansas. The disease is rare in western Kansas, where dry conditions generally suppress disease development. However, it has shown up in many fields this week in our area and I am hearing further west as well.&nbsp; &nbsp;

Some quick facts about Fusarium head blight

The life cycle of the fungus that causes Fusarium head blight, survives in the residues of previously grown crops. The fungus reproduces on these residues during periods of wet weather, with spores moved by wind or splashing rain to developing wheat heads. Planting wheat in fields with large amounts of corn or wheat residue often increases the risk of disease. Wheat is most vulnerable to infection during flowering and early stages of grain development. The disease is most likely to develop when temperatures are between 65 and 80 Fahrenheit; frequent rainfall creates extended periods of high relative humidity, which favors disease reproduction and infection during these growth stages.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/6/1623332129424.png" alt="Screen Shot 2021-06-10 at 8.35.17 AM.png" />
 <figcaption>Screen Shot 2021-06-10 at 8.35.17 AM.png</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictFusarium head blight (head scab) is most common in eastern and central Kansas. The disease is rare in western Kansas, where dry conditions generally suppress disease development. However, it has shown up in many fields this week in our area and I am hearing further west as well.&nbsp; &nbsp;Some quick facts about Fusarium head blight<ul>
 <li>Symptoms of head scab include one or more spikelets that have become tan or bleached in color, while the stem typically remains green. In some cases, pinkish-orange structures of the fungus are also visible on infected spikelets. Symptoms can be quickly masked by maturity and may be easily missed.</li><li>The disease damages the grain directly, with infected kernels appearing white and chalky. Some kernels have a pink discoloration.</li><li>The fungus that causes Fusarium head blight survives in the residues of corn, wheat, barley, oats, and many wild grasses. Infection takes place during flowering or early stages of grain development and is favored by damp weather.</li><li>No single management option provides high levels of disease control; therefore, the disease is best managed with a combination of genetic resistance and fungicides.</li><li>Disease losses can be reduced by harvesting fields with the lowest disease levels first, adjusting harvest equipment to remove diseased kernels, and segregating loads of healthy and diseased grain.</li>
 </ul>The life cycle of the fungus that causes Fusarium head blight, survives in the residues of previously grown crops. The fungus reproduces on these residues during periods of wet weather, with spores moved by wind or splashing rain to developing wheat heads. Planting wheat in fields with large amounts of corn or wheat residue often increases the risk of disease. Wheat is most vulnerable to infection during flowering and early stages of grain development. The disease is most likely to develop when temperatures are between 65 and 80 Fahrenheit; frequent rainfall creates extended periods of high relative humidity, which favors disease reproduction and infection during these growth stages.Fusarium head blight is a difficult disease to manage, and no single management option provides high levels of disease control. Therefore, the disease is best managed with a combination of genetic resistance and fungicides. A fungicide application to control head scab must be made during flowering, before symptoms are present. When symptoms are visible, a fungicide will no longer be effective for control.For further information on Fusarium head blight (head scab) you can view a publication produced by the Plant Pathology Department and K-State Research &amp; Extension on our web site at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> click onto the Crops and Livestock tab and look under Hot Topics section.&nbsp;