Anyone who’s ever received a vaccination will verify that needle size matters. And that is true with&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;as well.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Kansas State University veterinarians Bob Larson and Brad White took up this topic on a recent Beef&nbsp;Cattle&nbsp;Institute&nbsp;<a href="https://ksubci.org/2021/04/23/brazil-production-system-mineral-selection-plans-calving-timing-needle-size/" target="_blank">Cattle&nbsp;Chat</a>&nbsp;podcast.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Many animal health products given to&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;to prevent or treat diseases are injected with a syringe and needle,” Larson said. “Selecting the correct size of needle to deliver injections under the skin or into the muscle is important to ensure that the products perform as intended and meet Beef Quality Assurance guidelines.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

When it comes to needle selection for cows, he recommends using a 16- or 18-gauge needle. The gauge refers to the diameter of the needle. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“An 18-gauge needle is actually smaller than a 16 and in calves we may go even smaller and use a 20-gauge needle,” Larson said. &nbsp;&nbsp;

White added that the chosen needle size relates to the thickness of the animal’s skin. He said, “Needle size also depends on the viscosity of the product that I’m giving.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Another factor is the needle length. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Larson said the recommended length of the needle is guided by the type of injection given, which is either under the skin or into the muscle. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“With an under the skin injection the needle length should be 5/8- or 3/4-inch needle, and with an intramuscular injection the length is closer to 1 1/2-inch needle,” Larson said. He added that with calves the recommended length would be closer an inch.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Lastly the veterinarians discussed the recommended frequency for changing needles.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“One needle per cow is ideal but depending on the situation you could give up to 10 injections with one needle,” Larson said. He added that it is important to make sure the needle is sharp and clean to keep from causing trauma or contamination. &nbsp;&nbsp;

For more information on this topic Larson and White advised producers to review the information on the beef quality assurance website at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bqa.org/" target="_blank">bqa.org</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Anyone who’s ever received a vaccination will verify that needle size matters. And that is true with&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;as well.&nbsp;&nbsp;Kansas State University veterinarians Bob Larson and Brad White took up this topic on a recent Beef&nbsp;Cattle&nbsp;Institute&nbsp;<a href="https://ksubci.org/2021/04/23/brazil-production-system-mineral-selection-plans-calving-timing-needle-size/" target="_blank">Cattle&nbsp;Chat</a>&nbsp;podcast.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Many animal health products given to&nbsp;cattle&nbsp;to prevent or treat diseases are injected with a syringe and needle,” Larson said. “Selecting the correct size of needle to deliver injections under the skin or into the muscle is important to ensure that the products perform as intended and meet Beef Quality Assurance guidelines.”&nbsp;&nbsp;When it comes to needle selection for cows, he recommends using a 16- or 18-gauge needle. The gauge refers to the diameter of the needle. &nbsp;&nbsp;“An 18-gauge needle is actually smaller than a 16 and in calves we may go even smaller and use a 20-gauge needle,” Larson said. &nbsp;&nbsp;White added that the chosen needle size relates to the thickness of the animal’s skin. He said, “Needle size also depends on the viscosity of the product that I’m giving.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Another factor is the needle length. &nbsp;&nbsp;Larson said the recommended length of the needle is guided by the type of injection given, which is either under the skin or into the muscle. &nbsp;&nbsp;“With an under the skin injection the needle length should be 5/8- or 3/4-inch needle, and with an intramuscular injection the length is closer to 1 1/2-inch needle,” Larson said. He added that with calves the recommended length would be closer an inch.&nbsp;&nbsp;Lastly the veterinarians discussed the recommended frequency for changing needles.&nbsp;&nbsp;“One needle per cow is ideal but depending on the situation you could give up to 10 injections with one needle,” Larson said. He added that it is important to make sure the needle is sharp and clean to keep from causing trauma or contamination. &nbsp;&nbsp;For more information on this topic Larson and White advised producers to review the information on the beef quality assurance website at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bqa.org/" target="_blank">bqa.org</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Needle size matters for cattle vaccinations

Happy Mother’s Day to all of the moms out there! The month of May has arrived and that means a frenzy of activity for families who are celebrating Mother’s day or graduations in the days ahead. Hopefully your weekend plans include some good family time. I feel so blessed to have been a mother the past forty years and have now earned the title of grandma. Having four active grandchildren recently provided opportunities to catch a soccer game in Lindsborg, a track-meet in Washington, and a gymnastics meet in Salina. (All within 30 hours) The six-year-old, who was along for the ride, reminded us that his baseball games will start soon. You can be sure, we’ll be planning to attend.

Nearly 140 people in the Cottonwood Extension District are celebrating the conclusion of the eight-week long Walk Kansas program on May 22nd.&nbsp; Most of the teams have met or surpassed their goal to exercise at least 30 minutes five times a week. I am hoping with the more spring like weather it won’t be hard to keep the habit of regular exercise going.

	And finally, May 17-23 is designated as “Bicycle to Work Week.”&nbsp; Since I am passionate about cycling whenever I have the chance I consider this week a celebration. Although it is estimated that less than 1 percent of adult Americans commute to work by bicycle, roughly 41 percent of work commutes are shorter than 5 miles. In my case, my husband John and I log seven miles a day which includes two round trips to my office. Unless it is below 20 degrees or icy underfoot, you are likely to see us in our hi-vis green jackets and helmets, pedaling along on our tandem bike.&nbsp;

	Bicycle commuting is a great way to squeeze regular exercise into a busy schedule. Commuting time can be used to stay in shape instead of sitting frustrated in traffic. Statistics also show that bicycle commuters are happier and more productive at work. As more cyclists take to the streets as summer approaches, make sure you take time to review bicycle safety rules with young riders.&nbsp; &nbsp;

	Whether you are riding for fun, fitness or with family, or taking essential trips to work or shop, you are part of a movement for safer streets, connected communities, a healthier planet, and happier people.&nbsp;

So, whatever you are celebrating this May, have a wonderful time!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Happy Mother’s Day to all of the moms out there! The month of May has arrived and that means a frenzy of activity for families who are celebrating Mother’s day or graduations in the days ahead. Hopefully your weekend plans include some good family time. I feel so blessed to have been a mother the past forty years and have now earned the title of grandma. Having four active grandchildren recently provided opportunities to catch a soccer game in Lindsborg, a track-meet in Washington, and a gymnastics meet in Salina. (All within 30 hours) The six-year-old, who was along for the ride, reminded us that his baseball games will start soon. You can be sure, we’ll be planning to attend.Nearly 140 people in the Cottonwood Extension District are celebrating the conclusion of the eight-week long Walk Kansas program on May 22nd.&nbsp; Most of the teams have met or surpassed their goal to exercise at least 30 minutes five times a week. I am hoping with the more spring like weather it won’t be hard to keep the habit of regular exercise going.	And finally, May 17-23 is designated as “Bicycle to Work Week.”&nbsp; Since I am passionate about cycling whenever I have the chance I consider this week a celebration. Although it is estimated that less than 1 percent of adult Americans commute to work by bicycle, roughly 41 percent of work commutes are shorter than 5 miles. In my case, my husband John and I log seven miles a day which includes two round trips to my office. Unless it is below 20 degrees or icy underfoot, you are likely to see us in our hi-vis green jackets and helmets, pedaling along on our tandem bike.&nbsp;	Bicycle commuting is a great way to squeeze regular exercise into a busy schedule. Commuting time can be used to stay in shape instead of sitting frustrated in traffic. Statistics also show that bicycle commuters are happier and more productive at work. As more cyclists take to the streets as summer approaches, make sure you take time to review bicycle safety rules with young riders.&nbsp; &nbsp;	Whether you are riding for fun, fitness or with family, or taking essential trips to work or shop, you are part of a movement for safer streets, connected communities, a healthier planet, and happier people.&nbsp;So, whatever you are celebrating this May, have a wonderful time!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Lets celebrate May

There have been a number of plants that have either died over winter or been slow to leaf out. &nbsp;In some cases, this is likely due to accumulated stress. &nbsp;We often think of plants reacting to stress that happened during the current season or possibly the previous year but it may not be that simple. &nbsp;I think this all started during the winter of 2017 - 2018. &nbsp;Many areas of Kansas had virtually no rain or snow from November through most of April during that winter. &nbsp;This put plants under a tremendous amount of stress. &nbsp; Plants under stress often react by setting an abnormal number of fruit buds. &nbsp;This helps ensure the survival of the species even if the parent plant dies. &nbsp;So lots of fruit buds were set during 2018. &nbsp;Those buds matured into flowers and then fruit (seeds) during 2019. &nbsp;Think back to last year. &nbsp;I have never seen certain plants bloom as well as they did last year. &nbsp;Maturing this much fruit takes a great deal of energy. &nbsp;I think this resulted in such low energy levels in the fall that the plants just didn’t have enough energy to make it through the winter or may have delayed leaf out. &nbsp;Areas with too much rain last summer had that additional stress added to the mix. &nbsp;Roots need oxygen as well as water and too much rain can damage root systems. So what do we do? &nbsp;The only thing we can do now is try to avoid any further stress. &nbsp;Basically, that means watering during dry weather. &nbsp;Don’t overdo it as too much moisture can damage root systems. &nbsp;The goal is to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged while allowing the top of the soil surface to dry between waterings. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>There have been a number of plants that have either died over winter or been slow to leaf out. &nbsp;In some cases, this is likely due to accumulated stress. &nbsp;We often think of plants reacting to stress that happened during the current season or possibly the previous year but it may not be that simple. &nbsp;I think this all started during the winter of 2017 - 2018. &nbsp;Many areas of Kansas had virtually no rain or snow from November through most of April during that winter. &nbsp;This put plants under a tremendous amount of stress. &nbsp; Plants under stress often react by setting an abnormal number of fruit buds. &nbsp;This helps ensure the survival of the species even if the parent plant dies. &nbsp;So lots of fruit buds were set during 2018. &nbsp;Those buds matured into flowers and then fruit (seeds) during 2019. &nbsp;Think back to last year. &nbsp;I have never seen certain plants bloom as well as they did last year. &nbsp;Maturing this much fruit takes a great deal of energy. &nbsp;I think this resulted in such low energy levels in the fall that the plants just didn’t have enough energy to make it through the winter or may have delayed leaf out. &nbsp;Areas with too much rain last summer had that additional stress added to the mix. &nbsp;Roots need oxygen as well as water and too much rain can damage root systems. So what do we do? &nbsp;The only thing we can do now is try to avoid any further stress. &nbsp;Basically, that means watering during dry weather. &nbsp;Don’t overdo it as too much moisture can damage root systems. &nbsp;The goal is to keep the soil moist but not waterlogged while allowing the top of the soil surface to dry between waterings. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

​FICK: Plants slow to leaf out in spring 2021

Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) are starting to emerge with the start of spring; you might even have seen a few around already! Stable flies are distinguishable by four black stripes on the thorax, black checkered spots on the abdomen and large, protruding mouthpart. 

These flies are a common pest feeding primarily on cattle and horses but can also target other livestock species, pets (especially dogs) and humans. Both male and female adult flies are obligate blood feeders and their painful bite and feeding causes significant annoyance and blood loss. Stable flies can negatively affect cattle average daily weight gain, milk production and feeding efficiency. Each fly feeds once or twice a day for between two and five minutes each time. Stable flies are routinely found on the legs or underside of large animals such as horses and cattle, on dogs and small ruminants however, they are generally found around the head area. 

When not feeding, adult flies can be found resting on building surfaces or vegetation. Sustainable stable fly control is best achieved through an integrated approach. In her lifetime, a single adult female can lay between 500 and 1000 eggs. Limiting resources available for egg laying and larvae development, especially in the spring and summer months is essential. 

Stable fly larvae develop in decaying plant matter, particularly those contaminated with animal waste. Hay bales are a great breeding site for stable flies, elevating hay and straw off the ground when feeding animals prevents manure and urine contamination. Periodically clear feed storage and animal feeding areas of spilled hay, straw and feed. Large bales for herd feeding are especially able to promote fly populations, be sure to inspect and clean these areas regularly. Separate animal watering from feeding areas and protect stored feeds from weather and water runoff. 

For areas where straw bedding is used, frequently replace the bedding, spreading decomposing waste in thin layers, which allows waste to dry faster and be less attractive to female stable flies. Composting manure increases heat and dries out material making the environment inhospitable for developing fly larvae. If you have to store manure waste in piles, attempt to keep as little fibrous plant material/feed as possible in the pile. Insect growth regulators fed to animals as feed-throughs inhibit stable fly development during the pupal stage reducing adult fly numbers and are a great addition to an integrated pest management program. 

Adult stable flies can be controlled through insecticide application with both pyrethroid and organophosphate products being effective although resistance to both is increasing. For more information on specific products to use, search the VetPestX website for specific product information (<a href="https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx">https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx</a>).&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) are starting to emerge with the start of spring; you might even have seen a few around already! Stable flies are distinguishable by four black stripes on the thorax, black checkered spots on the abdomen and large, protruding mouthpart. These flies are a common pest feeding primarily on cattle and horses but can also target other livestock species, pets (especially dogs) and humans. Both male and female adult flies are obligate blood feeders and their painful bite and feeding causes significant annoyance and blood loss. Stable flies can negatively affect cattle average daily weight gain, milk production and feeding efficiency. Each fly feeds once or twice a day for between two and five minutes each time. Stable flies are routinely found on the legs or underside of large animals such as horses and cattle, on dogs and small ruminants however, they are generally found around the head area. When not feeding, adult flies can be found resting on building surfaces or vegetation. Sustainable stable fly control is best achieved through an integrated approach. In her lifetime, a single adult female can lay between 500 and 1000 eggs. Limiting resources available for egg laying and larvae development, especially in the spring and summer months is essential. Stable fly larvae develop in decaying plant matter, particularly those contaminated with animal waste. Hay bales are a great breeding site for stable flies, elevating hay and straw off the ground when feeding animals prevents manure and urine contamination. Periodically clear feed storage and animal feeding areas of spilled hay, straw and feed. Large bales for herd feeding are especially able to promote fly populations, be sure to inspect and clean these areas regularly. Separate animal watering from feeding areas and protect stored feeds from weather and water runoff. For areas where straw bedding is used, frequently replace the bedding, spreading decomposing waste in thin layers, which allows waste to dry faster and be less attractive to female stable flies. Composting manure increases heat and dries out material making the environment inhospitable for developing fly larvae. If you have to store manure waste in piles, attempt to keep as little fibrous plant material/feed as possible in the pile. Insect growth regulators fed to animals as feed-throughs inhibit stable fly development during the pupal stage reducing adult fly numbers and are a great addition to an integrated pest management program. Adult stable flies can be controlled through insecticide application with both pyrethroid and organophosphate products being effective although resistance to both is increasing. For more information on specific products to use, search the VetPestX website for specific product information (<a href="https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx">https://www.veterinaryentomology.org/vetpestx</a>).&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Battling stable flies

Field bindweed is difficult to control, especially for homeowners, but there are options.

Home Vegetable Gardens: Weed control requires taking the treated portion of the garden out of production for a time.

Glyphosate - Glyphosate is sold under a wide variety of names, the most common being Roundup. Take the garden out of production when treating.

1. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that will kill whatever it hits but is inactivated when it contacts the soil.

2. Glyphosate is most effective when applied to bindweed that is at or beyond full bloom. You can treat earlier but don't skip the late summer to fall application.

3. Do not apply to bindweed that is under moisture stress or not growing well.

Turf: Selective herbicides are available. An herbicide with the trade name of Drive (quinclorac) is now packaged in homeowner combination herbicides such as Fertilome Weed-Out with Q, Ortho Weed-B-Gon Max + Crabgrass Control, Monterey Crab-E-Rad Plus, and Bayer All-in-One Lawn Weed and Crabgrass Killer.

Commercial applicators can also use Drive (quinclorac) as well as Q4 (contains quinclorac). Products with Drive work better than glyphosate and are selective. Note that lawns treated with Drive should not use clippings in compost or as a mulch since Drive is very stable on grass clippings.  We recommend clippings be returned to the lawn anyway but if they are bagged, they should be discarded. Do not apply products with Drive over exposed roots of trees and ornamentals. It would be best to avoid spraying beneath the canopy of any trees to avoid possible damage. If there are plans to convert a section of lawn to a vegetable garden, do not use Drive on that area. Eggplants can be damaged if planted within 12 months of areas treated with Drive, and tomatoes can be damaged if planted within 24 months.  Shrub Beds: Use a spray of glyphosate between plants. Use a shield if spraying near plants to keep spray from contacting green plant material. Remember, glyphosate will hurt your shrubs if it contacts green tissue.

It is possible to control field bindweed by pulling, but you must be extremely persistent. I remember reading a study from the 1940s that found that bindweed produces enough energy to start strengthening the roots when it reached the six-leaf stage. So, if pulling, never allow plants to produce more than six leaves.

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Field bindweed is difficult to control, especially for homeowners, but there are options.Home Vegetable Gardens: Weed control requires taking the treated portion of the garden out of production for a time.Glyphosate - Glyphosate is sold under a wide variety of names, the most common being Roundup. Take the garden out of production when treating.1. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that will kill whatever it hits but is inactivated when it contacts the soil.2. Glyphosate is most effective when applied to bindweed that is at or beyond full bloom. You can treat earlier but don't skip the late summer to fall application.3. Do not apply to bindweed that is under moisture stress or not growing well.Turf: Selective herbicides are available. An herbicide with the trade name of Drive (quinclorac) is now packaged in homeowner combination herbicides such as Fertilome Weed-Out with Q, Ortho Weed-B-Gon Max + Crabgrass Control, Monterey Crab-E-Rad Plus, and Bayer All-in-One Lawn Weed and Crabgrass Killer.Commercial applicators can also use Drive (quinclorac) as well as Q4 (contains quinclorac). Products with Drive work better than glyphosate and are selective. Note that lawns treated with Drive should not use clippings in compost or as a mulch since Drive is very stable on grass clippings. We recommend clippings be returned to the lawn anyway but if they are bagged, they should be discarded. Do not apply products with Drive over exposed roots of trees and ornamentals. It would be best to avoid spraying beneath the canopy of any trees to avoid possible damage. If there are plans to convert a section of lawn to a vegetable garden, do not use Drive on that area. Eggplants can be damaged if planted within 12 months of areas treated with Drive, and tomatoes can be damaged if planted within 24 months. Shrub Beds: Use a spray of glyphosate between plants. Use a shield if spraying near plants to keep spray from contacting green plant material. Remember, glyphosate will hurt your shrubs if it contacts green tissue.It is possible to control field bindweed by pulling, but you must be extremely persistent. I remember reading a study from the 1940s that found that bindweed produces enough energy to start strengthening the roots when it reached the six-leaf stage. So, if pulling, never allow plants to produce more than six leaves.Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at lfick@k-state.edu or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: ​Field bindweed control

We recently had an opportunity to host one of our first face-to-face events since early in 2020. Our Program Development Committee members in the Cottonwood District gathered to share ideas that will help our team members better serve our communities. Our local extension program is a partnership of K-State Research and Extension and residents of Ellis and Barton Counties. Residents can become active partners by serving as members of a program development committee, or PDC.

The four core areas served by our PDC’s include:

We opened our time together by sharing the results of a survey we had asked members to complete prior to the meeting. Survey questions were developed to help us determine how our participants prefer getting Extension educational information. E-mail ranked first but face-to-face meetings actually came in ahead of Zoom. Like many of you some days I have “Zoom fatigue.” Participants, young and old, prefer to meet in person whenever possible.&nbsp;

Many factors influence how our program participants respond or participate. A busy mom may only have a few minutes at the end of the day when the kids are in bed, to check out information we post on the Cottonwood Facebook page. Or perhaps a farmer has short breaks during their day to respond to something on Twitter. Still others continue to enjoy the articles we send to the newsletter or the post each week. We also have a monthly electronic newsletter, The Cottonwood Connection, that is posted to our web site or sent directly to people who have shared their e-mail address with us.

Here in the Cottonwood Extension District we will continue to seek out the best way to share the research-based information you have come to expect and appreciate. We will continue to identify the needs and issues of agricultural producers, communities, families and youth. We are always looking for audiences in the district who are not being served and will develop a proactive plan to engage them.

Serving on a program development committee is an opportunity for individuals who have an interest in helping their local communities and who would like to develop their personal leadership skills. If you would like to serve on a PDC in the Cottonwood District, please contact me.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkru@ksu.edu">dkru@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>We recently had an opportunity to host one of our first face-to-face events since early in 2020. Our Program Development Committee members in the Cottonwood District gathered to share ideas that will help our team members better serve our communities. Our local extension program is a partnership of K-State Research and Extension and residents of Ellis and Barton Counties. Residents can become active partners by serving as members of a program development committee, or PDC.The four core areas served by our PDC’s include:<ul>
 <li>Agriculture and Natural Resources</li><li>Community Development</li><li>Family and Consumer Sciences</li><li>4-H Youth Development</li>
 </ul>We opened our time together by sharing the results of a survey we had asked members to complete prior to the meeting. Survey questions were developed to help us determine how our participants prefer getting Extension educational information. E-mail ranked first but face-to-face meetings actually came in ahead of Zoom. Like many of you some days I have “Zoom fatigue.” Participants, young and old, prefer to meet in person whenever possible.&nbsp;Many factors influence how our program participants respond or participate. A busy mom may only have a few minutes at the end of the day when the kids are in bed, to check out information we post on the Cottonwood Facebook page. Or perhaps a farmer has short breaks during their day to respond to something on Twitter. Still others continue to enjoy the articles we send to the newsletter or the post each week. We also have a monthly electronic newsletter, The Cottonwood Connection, that is posted to our web site or sent directly to people who have shared their e-mail address with us.Here in the Cottonwood Extension District we will continue to seek out the best way to share the research-based information you have come to expect and appreciate. We will continue to identify the needs and issues of agricultural producers, communities, families and youth. We are always looking for audiences in the district who are not being served and will develop a proactive plan to engage them.Serving on a program development committee is an opportunity for individuals who have an interest in helping their local communities and who would like to develop their personal leadership skills. If you would like to serve on a PDC in the Cottonwood District, please contact me.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkru@ksu.edu">dkru@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Promoting the mission of K-State Research & Extension

The garden, located at the K-State Agricultural Research Center south of Hays, was established in 2016 with funds provided by a grant from the Heartland Community Foundation.&nbsp;

The garden area measures approximately 12’ x 20’.&nbsp; The soil was tested, prepared and a fall garden was planted in 2016, with its official debut during Horticulture Night at the Ag Research Center, September 20, 2016.

Work resumed during the spring of 2017 when a fence was built and compost bins were constructed out of pallets on the east end of the garden plot. Spring crops of onions, potatoes and beans were planted, as well as perennial crops of rhubarb and asparagus. Other vegetables that have been grown are radishes, beets, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, carrots and eggplant.

The purpose and goal of the Backyard Garden Project is to demonstrate to the general public how to start and maintain a vegetable garden in a smaller space like a backyard area. A composting station is also maintained as part of this project. This garden provides an opportunity for Master Gardeners to show the various crops that can be grown in a small area. It also gives Master Gardeners opportunities to experiment with best practices in fertilization, watering, weeding, mulching and producing and using compost in a garden to optimize crop production.

The Backyard Garden committee decides yearly which crops to plant and determines the layout of the garden plot. It decides on any new ideas or methods to try for the new season. Several Master Gardener volunteers help with the planning, planting and maintenance throughout the year. This garden project would not be possible or successful without the hard work and dedication of this group.

The public is welcome and encouraged to stop by and visit the garden’s progress during the growing season at the Ag Research Center.&nbsp;There is signage on the east end of the garden plot concerning composting and a Kansas Garden Guide booklet in the attached mailbox for reference. Gardening questions can be addressed by the Master Gardeners or the Extension Horticulturist by calling the Cottonwood District Extension Office in Hays at 785-628-9430..

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/3/1614966296214.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>The garden, located at the K-State Agricultural Research Center south of Hays, was established in 2016 with funds provided by a grant from the Heartland Community Foundation.&nbsp; The garden area measures approximately 12’ x 20’.&nbsp; The soil was tested, prepared and a fall garden was planted in 2016, with its official debut during Horticulture Night at the Ag Research Center, September 20, 2016. Work resumed during the spring of 2017 when a fence was built and compost bins were constructed out of pallets on the east end of the garden plot. Spring crops of onions, potatoes and beans were planted, as well as perennial crops of rhubarb and asparagus. Other vegetables that have been grown are radishes, beets, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, carrots and eggplant. The purpose and goal of the Backyard Garden Project is to demonstrate to the general public how to start and maintain a vegetable garden in a smaller space like a backyard area. A composting station is also maintained as part of this project. This garden provides an opportunity for Master Gardeners to show the various crops that can be grown in a small area. It also gives Master Gardeners opportunities to experiment with best practices in fertilization, watering, weeding, mulching and producing and using compost in a garden to optimize crop production. The Backyard Garden committee decides yearly which crops to plant and determines the layout of the garden plot. It decides on any new ideas or methods to try for the new season. Several Master Gardener volunteers help with the planning, planting and maintenance throughout the year. This garden project would not be possible or successful without the hard work and dedication of this group. The public is welcome and encouraged to stop by and visit the garden’s progress during the growing season at the Ag Research Center.&nbsp;There is signage on the east end of the garden plot concerning composting and a Kansas Garden Guide booklet in the attached mailbox for reference. Gardening questions can be addressed by the Master Gardeners or the Extension Horticulturist by calling the Cottonwood District Extension Office in Hays at 785-628-9430..

From the Ellis Co. Master Gardeners: Backyard family demonstration garden

BY STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

All fertilizers are salts and can cause germination problems if too much is placed with the seed. Too much fertilizer may inhibit germination completely, which results in a loss of stand. In other instances, too much fertilizer placed with the seed may simply delay germination, or it may result in weak seedlings with poorly developed root systems. In either case, the affected seedlings will be at a competitive disadvantage and a loss of yield potential may result.&nbsp;

Several points should be kept in mind when evaluating seed-placed fertilizer.&nbsp;

- Soil between the seed and the fertilizer band provides a buffer.&nbsp;

- The potential for injury from seed-applied fertilizer is greater for sandy and/or dry soils.&nbsp;

- Certain types of fertilizers should never be applied with the seed, even at low rates. No urea-containing fertilizer (urea, UAN solution) should be placed in direct seed contact. The hydrolysis of urea to ammonia can result in ammonia toxicity to seedlings.&nbsp;

- Reduce rates 30 percent for grain sorghum. We suggest no seed placed fertilizer for soybeans, sunflowers, or dry beans.&nbsp;

The amount of fertilizer Nitrogen (N) plus Potassium (K2O) applied in direct seed contact should not exceed the values presented in the above table. These guidelines are relatively conservative. Some producers have gotten by with using higher rates at times. However, rates higher than those in this table have real potential for causing germination problems in some years.

If N and Phosphorus (P) are applied without any K2O, such as using 11-52-0 or 10-34-0 then rates can be increased. In corn on 30 inch rows in medium to fine textured soils, the maximum amount of fertilizer that can be safely applied with the seed is 72 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 6.9 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In sandy or dry soils 54 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 5.2 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In grain sorghum, 30 inch rows in medium to fine textured soils 50 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 4.9 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In sandy or dry soils 38 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 3.6 gal/ac of 10-34-0. Remember this is assuming no added potassium (K20).&nbsp;

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/4/1619031087901.jpeg" alt="Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>BY STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictAll fertilizers are salts and can cause germination problems if too much is placed with the seed. Too much fertilizer may inhibit germination completely, which results in a loss of stand. In other instances, too much fertilizer placed with the seed may simply delay germination, or it may result in weak seedlings with poorly developed root systems. In either case, the affected seedlings will be at a competitive disadvantage and a loss of yield potential may result.&nbsp;Several points should be kept in mind when evaluating seed-placed fertilizer.&nbsp;- Soil between the seed and the fertilizer band provides a buffer.&nbsp;- The potential for injury from seed-applied fertilizer is greater for sandy and/or dry soils.&nbsp;- Certain types of fertilizers should never be applied with the seed, even at low rates. No urea-containing fertilizer (urea, UAN solution) should be placed in direct seed contact. The hydrolysis of urea to ammonia can result in ammonia toxicity to seedlings.&nbsp;- Reduce rates 30 percent for grain sorghum. We suggest no seed placed fertilizer for soybeans, sunflowers, or dry beans.&nbsp;<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/4/1619031159769.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>The amount of fertilizer Nitrogen (N) plus Potassium (K2O) applied in direct seed contact should not exceed the values presented in the above table. These guidelines are relatively conservative. Some producers have gotten by with using higher rates at times. However, rates higher than those in this table have real potential for causing germination problems in some years.If N and Phosphorus (P) are applied without any K2O, such as using 11-52-0 or 10-34-0 then rates can be increased. In corn on 30 inch rows in medium to fine textured soils, the maximum amount of fertilizer that can be safely applied with the seed is 72 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 6.9 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In sandy or dry soils 54 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 5.2 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In grain sorghum, 30 inch rows in medium to fine textured soils 50 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 4.9 gal/ac of 10-34-0. In sandy or dry soils 38 lbs./ac of 11-52-0 and 3.6 gal/ac of 10-34-0. Remember this is assuming no added potassium (K20).&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: How much fertilizer can safely be placed with seed? 

Considering the fact that moles spend most of their time underground, they sure cause quite a mess above the ground.&nbsp;

Kansas State University horticulture expert Ward Upham said the surest signs that homeowners have of moles in their yard are the meandering paths or tunnels of upheaved soil, caused by the small mammals foraging for food.&nbsp;

“Some tunnels may be abandoned soon after being built, while others are travel lanes and are used for a longer period of time,” Upham said. “If the soil is dry, moles form mounds of soil (as they search for food), but do not make the meandering paths,” &nbsp;

The result is a traffic-way of lines in the home lawn and other parts of the yard that soon cause soft sections that crumble under foot. That can cause a problem for lawns, in particular, because even though moles don’t feed on plant matter, their movements disrupt roots and uproot small plants.&nbsp;

“The best control method for moles is the use of traps,” Upham said, noting there are three types of traps (harpoon, choker and scissor-jawed) but each takes some time to master.&nbsp;

“Moles use some tunnels more than others,” Upham said. “Use a broomstick or something similar to poke holes in a number of runs. Check a day later to see which runs have been repaired. These are the active runs that should be used to place traps.”&nbsp;

In an active run, Upham suggests excavating the soil, placing the trap and then replacing loose soil. “Secure the trap so that the recoil will not lift the trap out of the ground,” he said. “Make sure the triggering mechanism is in the center of the run.”&nbsp;

To help ensure success, push down two holes on each side of the trap. “Moles should be caught when they try to repair the tunnel,” Upham said. “Move the traps if moles are not caught within three days.”&nbsp;

Aside from traps, Upham said numerous home remedies to control moles have been tried, including chewing gum, noise makers, broken glass, bleaches, windmills and human hair. “None have been found to provide consistent and reliable control,” he said.&nbsp;

“Poison baits also fail to work because moles feed on earthworms and grubs, not vegetable matter,” Upham said. “Even grub control products are ineffective because they do not control earthworms, which are the primary food source for moles.”&nbsp;

More information including examples of how to track an active mole tunnel and set a trap are shown in videos available online from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wildlife.k-state.edu/species/moles/index.html">K-State Research and Extension wildlife management program</a>.&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Considering the fact that moles spend most of their time underground, they sure cause quite a mess above the ground.&nbsp;Kansas State University horticulture expert Ward Upham said the surest signs that homeowners have of moles in their yard are the meandering paths or tunnels of upheaved soil, caused by the small mammals foraging for food.&nbsp;“Some tunnels may be abandoned soon after being built, while others are travel lanes and are used for a longer period of time,” Upham said. “If the soil is dry, moles form mounds of soil (as they search for food), but do not make the meandering paths,” &nbsp;The result is a traffic-way of lines in the home lawn and other parts of the yard that soon cause soft sections that crumble under foot. That can cause a problem for lawns, in particular, because even though moles don’t feed on plant matter, their movements disrupt roots and uproot small plants.&nbsp;“The best control method for moles is the use of traps,” Upham said, noting there are three types of traps (harpoon, choker and scissor-jawed) but each takes some time to master.&nbsp;“Moles use some tunnels more than others,” Upham said. “Use a broomstick or something similar to poke holes in a number of runs. Check a day later to see which runs have been repaired. These are the active runs that should be used to place traps.”&nbsp;In an active run, Upham suggests excavating the soil, placing the trap and then replacing loose soil. “Secure the trap so that the recoil will not lift the trap out of the ground,” he said. “Make sure the triggering mechanism is in the center of the run.”&nbsp;To help ensure success, push down two holes on each side of the trap. “Moles should be caught when they try to repair the tunnel,” Upham said. “Move the traps if moles are not caught within three days.”&nbsp;Aside from traps, Upham said numerous home remedies to control moles have been tried, including chewing gum, noise makers, broken glass, bleaches, windmills and human hair. “None have been found to provide consistent and reliable control,” he said.&nbsp;“Poison baits also fail to work because moles feed on earthworms and grubs, not vegetable matter,” Upham said. “Even grub control products are ineffective because they do not control earthworms, which are the primary food source for moles.”&nbsp;More information including examples of how to track an active mole tunnel and set a trap are shown in videos available online from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.wildlife.k-state.edu/species/moles/index.html">K-State Research and Extension wildlife management program</a>.&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Mole control

A focus of 4-H is to empower young people with the skills to lead for a lifetime. The research-based learning provides many avenues for 4-H youth to practice life skills such as caring for others and their community, leadership, and day-to-day areas such as preparing healthy meals, time management, and communication skills.

A few years ago, I read an article from HealthyWay.com written by Mary Sauer titled, “7 Things Kids Need To Do For Themselves Before They Turn 13”.&nbsp;

According to Ms. Sauer, “Turning 13 is a major milestone. For many kids, it feels like one big step toward adulthood. Of course, teenagers don’t just take on the responsibilities of growing older on their own because they’ve turned a page on a calendar. Parents play a big role in guiding their kids by equipping them with the skills they need to take care of themselves and contribute to society”.

This sounds a lot like 4-H to me! Another important aspect of 4-H is the ability to work with caring adults who guide and mentor them. While much of this can be project specific, knowing that a club leader, photography leader, or beef superintendent is working to provide opportunities for a youth to expand their horizons or improve their skills is invaluable.&nbsp;

As a Doniphan County 4-H member, I can’t imagine the hours that my sewing leader spent in the church basement with many young ones trying to work their mom’s portable sewing machine. I can tell you that, to this day, I know how to sew a French seam and put in a zipper because Mrs. D worked with me to do it over and over again until it was just right! She was also the first to celebrate with you when hard work paid off by good comments from the judge or earned an exhibit at the Kansas State Fair.&nbsp;

In the article by Ms. Sauer, she notes the seven things a youth should be able to do for themselves by age 13 include:

Money Matters – understand the basics of money and how to manage their own. She notes that this is best taught by modeling and practice. Do you talk openly with your youth about spending decisions, how you save, where you choose to give charitably? She stresses that a 13-year-old should understand and practice habits like giving and spending, and consequences when you run out.

Scheduling Solutions – I know, I know – I had a hard time with this as a parent also! Ms. Sauer recommends shifting the responsibility of getting up and to activities to their shoulders…..and letting then bear the consequences when they fail. “This might mean they have to face a frustrated teacher or discipline from a coach who expects them to be at practice by a certain time. And that’s okay. Sometime consequences that come from outside the family leave the most lasting impression.” Occasionally as a family, it is important to evaluate if the number of activities are helping or harming family time and overwhelming youth in the process.

Courteous Communication – This is a two-way street and can be difficult on both sides. We teach a lot about communication in 4-H (truly the crucial life skills at Club Day and the fair). “If your new teen wishes to be treated like an adult – and most do – they need to communicate with other adults with respect and clarity,” Ms. Sauer states. Our dinner table conversations were often loud, and to visitors probably argumentative, but my kids knew that there were very few topics that were off-limits but they had better be prepared to argue their case AND listen to other viewpoints. They didn’t get it right every time and we occasionally had to call a time-out or move everyone on to a different topic but they were practicing communication skills and social interactions.

Body Basics – Learning self-care skills is important for good hygiene but also to develop a healthy body image and self-confidence.

Housekeeping Habits – Per Ms. Sauer’s article, “Your teen is a member of your household, and it is perfectly acceptable to expect them to do their part around the home. Before the age of 13, your child should know how to do their own laundry, pick up after themselves, and clean the kitchen.” In 4-H, we have curriculum about cooking basic meals and packing healthy lunches or snacks that they are capable of making. Young people don’t suddenly learn these skills when they turn 18 or 20; they need practice in order to grow into independent adults. It is often faster to pack their lunch (remember that Scheduling Solutions section) or clean their room but the lesson they have learned is either they are not good/smart enough OR they should expect someone else to do it for them.

Academic Achievements – The article states “Most parents place a high priority on helping their teens reach their full potential, but by micromanaging your teen’s academics you do more harm than good. Parents should find a balance, encouraging their teen and supporting them without doing the work for them or rescuing them from academic failure.” Some students do need more assistance but most students should be able to meet deadlines, keep up their homework, and show up to class on time. These are important life skills for success in education at every level and in life. If you don’t show up for work on time and aren’t prepared for your tasks, you typically don’t stay employed very long!&nbsp;

Navigation Necessities – As middle-school students, my kids were learning to read a map (on very long cattle trips!) and airport boards. We practiced these things in small doses and both are accomplished travelers both in the US and abroad. As Ms. Sauer notes, “Whether they’re catching a ride with another parent or walking to and from school, being able to get themselves where they need to go will bring them one step closer to independence.” Activities in 4-H provide great opportunities for practicing these skills in small doses: camp, Discovery Days, Kansas Youth Leadership Forum, Citizenship In Action – all have increased levels of independence which comes with the responsibility of showing up in the right places at the right time!

Ms. Sauer concludes her article, “The truth is, consequences of the mistakes your teen might make now are far less risky than releasing them into adulthood without the skills they need to care for themselves, engage in adult relationships, or manage their time and money.

I wonder if Ms. Sauer was a 4-H member! 4-H provides so many great opportunities for youth to learn and practice skills that will help them be successful adults.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. For more information on this article or other 4-H and Youth Development related questions, email Michelle at <a href="mailto:mberan@ksu.edu">mberan@ksu.edu</a> or call 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>A focus of 4-H is to empower young people with the skills to lead for a lifetime. The research-based learning provides many avenues for 4-H youth to practice life skills such as caring for others and their community, leadership, and day-to-day areas such as preparing healthy meals, time management, and communication skills.A few years ago, I read an article from HealthyWay.com written by Mary Sauer titled, “7 Things Kids Need To Do For Themselves Before They Turn 13”.&nbsp;According to Ms. Sauer, “Turning 13 is a major milestone. For many kids, it feels like one big step toward adulthood. Of course, teenagers don’t just take on the responsibilities of growing older on their own because they’ve turned a page on a calendar. Parents play a big role in guiding their kids by equipping them with the skills they need to take care of themselves and contribute to society”.This sounds a lot like 4-H to me! Another important aspect of 4-H is the ability to work with caring adults who guide and mentor them. While much of this can be project specific, knowing that a club leader, photography leader, or beef superintendent is working to provide opportunities for a youth to expand their horizons or improve their skills is invaluable.&nbsp;As a Doniphan County 4-H member, I can’t imagine the hours that my sewing leader spent in the church basement with many young ones trying to work their mom’s portable sewing machine. I can tell you that, to this day, I know how to sew a French seam and put in a zipper because Mrs. D worked with me to do it over and over again until it was just right! She was also the first to celebrate with you when hard work paid off by good comments from the judge or earned an exhibit at the Kansas State Fair.&nbsp;In the article by Ms. Sauer, she notes the seven things a youth should be able to do for themselves by age 13 include:Money Matters – understand the basics of money and how to manage their own. She notes that this is best taught by modeling and practice. Do you talk openly with your youth about spending decisions, how you save, where you choose to give charitably? She stresses that a 13-year-old should understand and practice habits like giving and spending, and consequences when you run out.Scheduling Solutions – I know, I know – I had a hard time with this as a parent also! Ms. Sauer recommends shifting the responsibility of getting up and to activities to their shoulders…..and letting then bear the consequences when they fail. “This might mean they have to face a frustrated teacher or discipline from a coach who expects them to be at practice by a certain time. And that’s okay. Sometime consequences that come from outside the family leave the most lasting impression.” Occasionally as a family, it is important to evaluate if the number of activities are helping or harming family time and overwhelming youth in the process.Courteous Communication – This is a two-way street and can be difficult on both sides. We teach a lot about communication in 4-H (truly the crucial life skills at Club Day and the fair). “If your new teen wishes to be treated like an adult – and most do – they need to communicate with other adults with respect and clarity,” Ms. Sauer states. Our dinner table conversations were often loud, and to visitors probably argumentative, but my kids knew that there were very few topics that were off-limits but they had better be prepared to argue their case AND listen to other viewpoints. They didn’t get it right every time and we occasionally had to call a time-out or move everyone on to a different topic but they were practicing communication skills and social interactions.Body Basics – Learning self-care skills is important for good hygiene but also to develop a healthy body image and self-confidence.Housekeeping Habits – Per Ms. Sauer’s article, “Your teen is a member of your household, and it is perfectly acceptable to expect them to do their part around the home. Before the age of 13, your child should know how to do their own laundry, pick up after themselves, and clean the kitchen.” In 4-H, we have curriculum about cooking basic meals and packing healthy lunches or snacks that they are capable of making. Young people don’t suddenly learn these skills when they turn 18 or 20; they need practice in order to grow into independent adults. It is often faster to pack their lunch (remember that Scheduling Solutions section) or clean their room but the lesson they have learned is either they are not good/smart enough OR they should expect someone else to do it for them.Academic Achievements – The article states “Most parents place a high priority on helping their teens reach their full potential, but by micromanaging your teen’s academics you do more harm than good. Parents should find a balance, encouraging their teen and supporting them without doing the work for them or rescuing them from academic failure.” Some students do need more assistance but most students should be able to meet deadlines, keep up their homework, and show up to class on time. These are important life skills for success in education at every level and in life. If you don’t show up for work on time and aren’t prepared for your tasks, you typically don’t stay employed very long!&nbsp;Navigation Necessities – As middle-school students, my kids were learning to read a map (on very long cattle trips!) and airport boards. We practiced these things in small doses and both are accomplished travelers both in the US and abroad. As Ms. Sauer notes, “Whether they’re catching a ride with another parent or walking to and from school, being able to get themselves where they need to go will bring them one step closer to independence.” Activities in 4-H provide great opportunities for practicing these skills in small doses: camp, Discovery Days, Kansas Youth Leadership Forum, Citizenship In Action – all have increased levels of independence which comes with the responsibility of showing up in the right places at the right time!Ms. Sauer concludes her article, “The truth is, consequences of the mistakes your teen might make now are far less risky than releasing them into adulthood without the skills they need to care for themselves, engage in adult relationships, or manage their time and money.I wonder if Ms. Sauer was a 4-H member! 4-H provides so many great opportunities for youth to learn and practice skills that will help them be successful adults.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County office. For more information on this article or other 4-H and Youth Development related questions, email Michelle at <a href="mailto:mberan@ksu.edu">mberan@ksu.edu</a> or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Raising independent youth

May is an excellent time to fertilize cool-season lawns such as tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass if they will be irrigated throughout the summer. Non-irrigated lawns often go through a period of summer dormancy because of drought and do not need this fertilization. May is a good time to fertilize because the springtime flush of growth characteristic of these grasses has tapered off, so the fertilizer you apply will be less likely to cause excessive shoot growth than if you fertilized at a full rate in April. Slow-release nitrogen sources are ideal. These nitrogen sources promote controlled growth, which is desirable as the stressful summer weather approaches. Relatively few fertilizers are available to the homeowner supply ALL the nitrogen in the slowly available form. But one such product that is widely available is Milorganite. Other such products available in the retail market include cottonseed meal, alfalfa-based fertilizers, and any other products derived from plants or animals. (Bloodmeal is an exception, and contrary to popular belief, the nitrogen it supplies is quickly available.) These products are all examples of natural organic fertilizers. They typically contain less than 10 percent nitrogen by weight, so compared to most synthetic fertilizers, more product must be applied to get the same amount of nitrogen. Translation: they are more expensive! Apply enough to give the lawn one pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. For example, if the fertilizer is 6 percent nitrogen by weight, you will need to apply almost 17 pounds of fertilizer product per 1,000 square feet. Summer lawn fertilizers that contain at least a portion of the nitrogen as slow release are fine to use as well. Be sure to follow label directions. If cost is prohibitive, you can use the less expensive quick-release (i.e., soluble) sources, but split the application into two doses as follows: apply enough to give the lawn 0.5 lb. nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in May and again in early June. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>May is an excellent time to fertilize cool-season lawns such as tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass if they will be irrigated throughout the summer. Non-irrigated lawns often go through a period of summer dormancy because of drought and do not need this fertilization. May is a good time to fertilize because the springtime flush of growth characteristic of these grasses has tapered off, so the fertilizer you apply will be less likely to cause excessive shoot growth than if you fertilized at a full rate in April. Slow-release nitrogen sources are ideal. These nitrogen sources promote controlled growth, which is desirable as the stressful summer weather approaches. Relatively few fertilizers are available to the homeowner supply ALL the nitrogen in the slowly available form. But one such product that is widely available is Milorganite. Other such products available in the retail market include cottonseed meal, alfalfa-based fertilizers, and any other products derived from plants or animals. (Bloodmeal is an exception, and contrary to popular belief, the nitrogen it supplies is quickly available.) These products are all examples of natural organic fertilizers. They typically contain less than 10 percent nitrogen by weight, so compared to most synthetic fertilizers, more product must be applied to get the same amount of nitrogen. Translation: they are more expensive! Apply enough to give the lawn one pound of nitrogen per 1,000 square feet. For example, if the fertilizer is 6 percent nitrogen by weight, you will need to apply almost 17 pounds of fertilizer product per 1,000 square feet. Summer lawn fertilizers that contain at least a portion of the nitrogen as slow release are fine to use as well. Be sure to follow label directions. If cost is prohibitive, you can use the less expensive quick-release (i.e., soluble) sources, but split the application into two doses as follows: apply enough to give the lawn 0.5 lb. nitrogen per 1,000 square feet in May and again in early June. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

​FICK: May is the time to fertilize irrigated cool-season lawns

A couple of weeks ago, I shared the educational program in Great Bend titled, “Diabetes: You are in Control.” The statistics are mind boggling. Diabetes is a common, costly, and serious disease. More than 34 million adults in the United States have diabetes, and one in five of them do not know they have the disease. A diagnosis of diabetes can be scary, but studies have shown that with healthful eating and modest regular physical activity, type 2 diabetes can be delayed, controlled and even prevented.

Dining with Diabetes is a K-State Research and Extension health and wellness program that consists of a series of four classes that include, learning, demonstrations, physical activity and tasting healthy foods. The program’s focus is to help individuals learn strategies to lessen the health risks of diabetes.

The program objectives of this on-line course include:

Dining with Diabetes is a national extension program provided to Kansans by K-State Research and Extension Family and Consumer Sciences professionals and community health partners. The program is a series of four 2-hour classes that are held once a week. Classes consist of a presentation on diabetes self-care or healthful food choices; a five to ten-minute low-impact physical activity; presentations on tasty, healthy familiar foods, sampling foods, and demonstrations of cooking techniques using artificial sweeteners, reduced-fat foods, herbs, and spices.&nbsp;

The program is designed for people with diabetes and their family members, caregivers, and support persons.

Since this is an online format, participants can enroll in a class that meets their scheduling needs even if the facilitator is located across the state. I noticed that there are classes set to begin in May and June. The cost of the course is $25.

The following link will take you to the classes that are available at this time. <a href="https://noncreditksu.catalog.instructure.com/browse/kstateglobalcampusnoncreditprograms/ksre-noncredit">https://noncreditksu.catalog.instructure.com/browse/kstateglobalcampusnoncreditprograms/ksre-noncredit</a>&nbsp;

Feel free to give me a call if you need assistance with signing up for this on-line course, or if you would like to receive a copy of the fact sheet, “Diabetes: You are in Control.”

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1593016082485.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>A couple of weeks ago, I shared the educational program in Great Bend titled, “Diabetes: You are in Control.” The statistics are mind boggling. Diabetes is a common, costly, and serious disease. More than 34 million adults in the United States have diabetes, and one in five of them do not know they have the disease. A diagnosis of diabetes can be scary, but studies have shown that with healthful eating and modest regular physical activity, type 2 diabetes can be delayed, controlled and even prevented.Dining with Diabetes is a K-State Research and Extension health and wellness program that consists of a series of four classes that include, learning, demonstrations, physical activity and tasting healthy foods. The program’s focus is to help individuals learn strategies to lessen the health risks of diabetes.The program objectives of this on-line course include:<ul>
 <li>Increase knowledge about healthy foods</li><li>Present healthy versions of familiar foods and taste testing of recipes</li><li>Demonstrate new cooking techniques</li><li>Provide basic information regarding diabetes and nutrition</li><li>Provide opportunities for sharing and learning from one another and from diabetes health professionals</li>
 </ul>Dining with Diabetes is a national extension program provided to Kansans by K-State Research and Extension Family and Consumer Sciences professionals and community health partners. The program is a series of four 2-hour classes that are held once a week. Classes consist of a presentation on diabetes self-care or healthful food choices; a five to ten-minute low-impact physical activity; presentations on tasty, healthy familiar foods, sampling foods, and demonstrations of cooking techniques using artificial sweeteners, reduced-fat foods, herbs, and spices.&nbsp;The program is designed for people with diabetes and their family members, caregivers, and support persons.Since this is an online format, participants can enroll in a class that meets their scheduling needs even if the facilitator is located across the state. I noticed that there are classes set to begin in May and June. The cost of the course is $25.The following link will take you to the classes that are available at this time. <a href="https://noncreditksu.catalog.instructure.com/browse/kstateglobalcampusnoncreditprograms/ksre-noncredit">https://noncreditksu.catalog.instructure.com/browse/kstateglobalcampusnoncreditprograms/ksre-noncredit</a>&nbsp;Feel free to give me a call if you need assistance with signing up for this on-line course, or if you would like to receive a copy of the fact sheet, “Diabetes: You are in Control.”Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Dining with diabetes online course available

Join the Hays Area Interagency Coordinating Council in celebrating the Week of the Young Child April 10-16, 2021. The Week of the Young Child® is an annual celebration sponsored by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), the world's largest early childhood education association.&nbsp;

This national organization first established the Week of the Young Child™ in 1971, recognizing that the early childhood years lay the foundation for children's success in school and later life. The purpose of the Week of the Young Child® is to focus public attention on the needs of young children and their families and to recognize the early childhood programs and services that meet those needs.

I would personally like to thank all those who work with young children and all our families of young children. This is such an important profession and is a more difficult job than it looks from the outside. These professionals are planning a fun-filled week for the young children and their families and the community. You can learn more about the activities being planned in Hays at: <a href="https://www.usd489.com/o/early-childhood/page/week-of-the-young-child">https://www.usd489.com/o/early-childhood/page/week-of-the-young-child</a>

	As a community member you can be involved too! First, support all families of young children. If it has been a few years since you have had youngsters in your house, think back about how tiring just one day of the week was. These parents, grandparents and guardians are working 24/7 to make life just a little better for their little ones. Offer your help in some small way if you can.&nbsp;

Second, support our educators in this field. They leave the job each day tired and worn out but they come back the next day because they love children. If you know of a young adult who does an excellent job working with this age group, encourage them to consider a career in Early Childhood Education. It is a profession that won’t make their pocketbook rich but it will make their life rich! We need the best of the best working in this profession to give children a step up in life.&nbsp;

Third, everyone can improve the life of a child in some way. If you have the financial means, donate to organizations who can help those families in need.&nbsp;

My hope would be that a child has someone in their life who will read to them every day. I still believe books are the path to the future. Would you step up and see if you can help make that happen?&nbsp;

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Join the Hays Area Interagency Coordinating Council in celebrating the Week of the Young Child April 10-16, 2021. The Week of the Young Child® is an annual celebration sponsored by the National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC), the world's largest early childhood education association.&nbsp;This national organization first established the Week of the Young Child™ in 1971, recognizing that the early childhood years lay the foundation for children's success in school and later life. The purpose of the Week of the Young Child® is to focus public attention on the needs of young children and their families and to recognize the early childhood programs and services that meet those needs.	I would personally like to thank all those who work with young children and all our families of young children. This is such an important profession and is a more difficult job than it looks from the outside. These professionals are planning a fun-filled week for the young children and their families and the community. You can learn more about the activities being planned in Hays at: <a href="https://www.usd489.com/o/early-childhood/page/week-of-the-young-child">https://www.usd489.com/o/early-childhood/page/week-of-the-young-child</a>	As a community member you can be involved too! First, support all families of young children. If it has been a few years since you have had youngsters in your house, think back about how tiring just one day of the week was. These parents, grandparents and guardians are working 24/7 to make life just a little better for their little ones. Offer your help in some small way if you can.&nbsp;Second, support our educators in this field. They leave the job each day tired and worn out but they come back the next day because they love children. If you know of a young adult who does an excellent job working with this age group, encourage them to consider a career in Early Childhood Education. It is a profession that won’t make their pocketbook rich but it will make their life rich! We need the best of the best working in this profession to give children a step up in life.&nbsp;Third, everyone can improve the life of a child in some way. If you have the financial means, donate to organizations who can help those families in need.&nbsp;My hope would be that a child has someone in their life who will read to them every day. I still believe books are the path to the future. Would you step up and see if you can help make that happen?&nbsp;Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: The Week of the Young Child

Learning to identify poison ivy is vital if you wish to avoid the rash that accompanies exposure. &nbsp;Unfortunately, poison ivy can make identification difficult because it occurs in three forms: an erect woody shrub, a groundcover that creeps along the ground, and a woody vine that will climb trees.

When poison ivy climbs, it forms numerous aerial roots that give the vine the appearance of a fuzzy rope. The leaves of poison ivy also vary. Though the compound leaf always has three leaflets, the leaf margins may be toothed, incised, lobed, or smooth. The size of the leaves also can vary, although usually, the middle leaflet is larger than the other two. Also, the middle leaflet is the only one with a long stalk; the other two are closely attached to the petiole (leaf stem). The number of leaves gives rise to the saying: "Leaves of three, let it be!" Poison ivy is often confused with Virginia creeper or Woodbine. Each of these vines, however, has five leaflets rather than three. There are three methods commonly used to eradicate poison ivy. These include pulling or grubbing out the plants by hand, cutting off the vine, and then treating the cut stump or the regrowth, and spraying the plants directly. The method used depends somewhat on the plant's growth form. If the plant is growing as a groundcover, direct spray or grubbing the plant out is often used. If grubbing, wear gloves and a long-sleeved shirt. The soil must be moist for grubbing to work well. Wash the clothes and yourself immediately after you finish. It might also be a good idea to rinse the washing machine. If the plant is in the shrub form, the direct spray is the most common control method. If the plant is a woody vine that has climbed a tree, the preferred method is to cut the plant off at the base and treat the sprouts after they emerge. Some triclopyr herbicides also have instructions on treating a freshly cut stump directly. Triclopyr (Brush-B-Gon Poison Ivy Killer, Brush Killer Stump Killer) is most often used for poison ivy control. Other Herbicides that can be used include glyphosate (Roundup, Killzall Weed and Grass Killer, Nutgrass, Poison Ivy, and VineKiller) or dicamba. Poison ivy is tough. Repeat applications may be necessary. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Learning to identify poison ivy is vital if you wish to avoid the rash that accompanies exposure. &nbsp;Unfortunately, poison ivy can make identification difficult because it occurs in three forms: an erect woody shrub, a groundcover that creeps along the ground, and a woody vine that will climb trees.When poison ivy climbs, it forms numerous aerial roots that give the vine the appearance of a fuzzy rope. The leaves of poison ivy also vary. Though the compound leaf always has three leaflets, the leaf margins may be toothed, incised, lobed, or smooth. The size of the leaves also can vary, although usually, the middle leaflet is larger than the other two. Also, the middle leaflet is the only one with a long stalk; the other two are closely attached to the petiole (leaf stem). The number of leaves gives rise to the saying: "Leaves of three, let it be!" Poison ivy is often confused with Virginia creeper or Woodbine. Each of these vines, however, has five leaflets rather than three. There are three methods commonly used to eradicate poison ivy. These include pulling or grubbing out the plants by hand, cutting off the vine, and then treating the cut stump or the regrowth, and spraying the plants directly. The method used depends somewhat on the plant's growth form. If the plant is growing as a groundcover, direct spray or grubbing the plant out is often used. If grubbing, wear gloves and a long-sleeved shirt. The soil must be moist for grubbing to work well. Wash the clothes and yourself immediately after you finish. It might also be a good idea to rinse the washing machine. If the plant is in the shrub form, the direct spray is the most common control method. If the plant is a woody vine that has climbed a tree, the preferred method is to cut the plant off at the base and treat the sprouts after they emerge. Some triclopyr herbicides also have instructions on treating a freshly cut stump directly. Triclopyr (Brush-B-Gon Poison Ivy Killer, Brush Killer Stump Killer) is most often used for poison ivy control. Other Herbicides that can be used include glyphosate (Roundup, Killzall Weed and Grass Killer, Nutgrass, Poison Ivy, and VineKiller) or dicamba. Poison ivy is tough. Repeat applications may be necessary. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

​FICK: Poison ivy identification and control

There are four Cottonwood Extension District Positions that will be on the November ballot. While the election is still over 6 months away, the deadline to file for a position is just around the corner.&nbsp; When the Cottonwood District formed in 2017 our eight-member board was appointed by the County Commissioners in both Barton and Ellis County. So that all positions would not come open at the same time, four members served two-year terms while the other four board members were appointed to serve four-year terms. From now on, all terms are four years in length.

Each of our eight board members have a commitment to create a budget that is reasonable for you, the taxpayer, while still supporting the delivery of valuable Extension education materials for lifelong learners in our district. Extension board member qualifications include:

A more detailed board member position description can be viewed on the KSRE web site.&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/boardleadership/board-leadership-modules/recruiting-board-and-pdc-members/Extension%2520Board%2520Member%2520Position%2520Description.pdf">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/boardleadership/board-leadership-modules/recruiting-board-and-pdc-members/Extension%20Board%20Member%20Position%20Description.pdf</a>&nbsp;

My hope is that you have utilized our services in one or many ways. Perhaps Lauren Fick, our district horticulture agent, has provided the answer to a lawn, garden or tree question. Our agriculture and natural resources agents, Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor, are always ready to field questions about weed control, and research-based information related to crops or livestock. Our programming related to healthy families is covered by Berny Unruh and myself. We have programming in place to help people of all ages improve their lives. And 4-H and other youth in our communities are participating in learning opportunities under the direction of Susan Schlichting and Michelle Beran. Theresa Meis and Brenda Walton provide the office professional duties that keep us connected to you.&nbsp;

If you would like to get involved by running for a position on the Cottonwood Extension District Board, you will need to fill out the paperwork and pay a $20 filing fee at the County Clerks’ office where you reside. The filing deadline is Thursday, June 1st, at noon. The two candidates who receive the most votes will begin their term as soon as the November election results are certified.&nbsp;

Feel free to give me a call if you have any questions related to serving on our Extension Board!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Great Bend office. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District</figcaption>
 </figure>There are four Cottonwood Extension District Positions that will be on the November ballot. While the election is still over 6 months away, the deadline to file for a position is just around the corner.&nbsp; When the Cottonwood District formed in 2017 our eight-member board was appointed by the County Commissioners in both Barton and Ellis County. So that all positions would not come open at the same time, four members served two-year terms while the other four board members were appointed to serve four-year terms. From now on, all terms are four years in length.Each of our eight board members have a commitment to create a budget that is reasonable for you, the taxpayer, while still supporting the delivery of valuable Extension education materials for lifelong learners in our district. Extension board member qualifications include:<ul>
 <li>At least 18 years of age and a resident of the local unit</li><li>Interested in working within the mission of K-State Research and Extension.</li><li>Willing to work closely with the local unit director, regional director and other members of the board.</li><li>Sincere interest in improving the quality of life for local unit residents.&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>A more detailed board member position description can be viewed on the KSRE web site.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/boardleadership/board-leadership-modules/recruiting-board-and-pdc-members/Extension%2520Board%2520Member%2520Position%2520Description.pdf">https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/boardleadership/board-leadership-modules/recruiting-board-and-pdc-members/Extension%20Board%20Member%20Position%20Description.pdf</a>&nbsp;My hope is that you have utilized our services in one or many ways. Perhaps Lauren Fick, our district horticulture agent, has provided the answer to a lawn, garden or tree question. Our agriculture and natural resources agents, Stacy Campbell and Alicia Boor, are always ready to field questions about weed control, and research-based information related to crops or livestock. Our programming related to healthy families is covered by Berny Unruh and myself. We have programming in place to help people of all ages improve their lives. And 4-H and other youth in our communities are participating in learning opportunities under the direction of Susan Schlichting and Michelle Beran. Theresa Meis and Brenda Walton provide the office professional duties that keep us connected to you.&nbsp;If you would like to get involved by running for a position on the Cottonwood Extension District Board, you will need to fill out the paperwork and pay a $20 filing fee at the County Clerks’ office where you reside. The filing deadline is Thursday, June 1st, at noon. The two candidates who receive the most votes will begin their term as soon as the November election results are certified.&nbsp;Feel free to give me a call if you have any questions related to serving on our Extension Board!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Great Bend office. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

KRUG: Consider serving on Cottonwood Extension board

Hazardous Occupations Safety Training in Agriculture

K-State Research &amp; Extension will be offering a Hazardous Occupation Safety Training for Agriculture or Tractor and Farm Safety Course for youth on Saturday, April 24, in two locations — WaKeeney and Norton. At both locations it will be held at the 4-H Building on the fairgrounds, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

Local K-State Research &amp; Extension Agents will teach this basic course covering farm and machinery safety, including proper tractor operation and maintenance, grain safety, implement use safety, livestock safety and more.&nbsp; The United States Department of Labor requires youth 14 – 15 years of age attend this safety training in order to work on a farm for someone other than their parents.&nbsp;

The course is free to attend, thanks to our sponsor People’s State Bank. RSVP is requested by April 21. Contact one of the following Extension Offices in Decatur, Ellis, Gove, Graham, Logan, Norton, Phillips, Rooks, Sheridan, or Trego County by Tuesday, April 21, to register for the Hazardous Occupations Safety Training in Agriculture course on April 24th.&nbsp;

Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1578070283981.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Hazardous Occupations Safety Training in AgricultureK-State Research &amp; Extension will be offering a Hazardous Occupation Safety Training for Agriculture or Tractor and Farm Safety Course for youth on Saturday, April 24, in two locations — WaKeeney and Norton. At both locations it will be held at the 4-H Building on the fairgrounds, from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Local K-State Research &amp; Extension Agents will teach this basic course covering farm and machinery safety, including proper tractor operation and maintenance, grain safety, implement use safety, livestock safety and more.&nbsp; The United States Department of Labor requires youth 14 – 15 years of age attend this safety training in order to work on a farm for someone other than their parents.&nbsp;The course is free to attend, thanks to our sponsor People’s State Bank. RSVP is requested by April 21. Contact one of the following Extension Offices in Decatur, Ellis, Gove, Graham, Logan, Norton, Phillips, Rooks, Sheridan, or Trego County by Tuesday, April 21, to register for the Hazardous Occupations Safety Training in Agriculture course on April 24th.&nbsp;Stacy Campbell is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension.&nbsp;

CAMPBELL: Youth farm safety course upcoming

The Cottonwood Extension District is offering two summer intern positions, one in Great Bend and one in Hays.

Interns will work up to eight weeks and be paid a competitive rate.

The work includes some evenings and weekends, some outside physical labor, and duties at the county fairs. 

Applicants must have completed at least four college semesters. 

Position announcements at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu/" target="_blank">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a>.

For the Great Bend position, submit to:&nbsp;1800 12th St., Great Bend, KS 67530, (620) 793-1910

For the Hays position, submit to: 601 Main Street, Hays, KS 67601, (785) 628-9430.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/4/1617728059224.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>SubmittedThe Cottonwood Extension District is offering two summer intern positions, one in Great Bend and one in Hays.Interns will work up to eight weeks and be paid a competitive rate.The work includes some evenings and weekends, some outside physical labor, and duties at the county fairs. Applicants must have completed at least four college semesters. Position announcements at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu/" target="_blank">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a>. Applications due Friday. For the Great Bend position, submit to:&nbsp;1800 12th St., Great Bend, KS 67530, (620) 793-1910For the Hays position, submit to: 601 Main Street, Hays, KS 67601, (785) 628-9430.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Summer internships available with Cottonwood Extension

Are you an applicator that is still short some hours to renew your 2020 commercial applicator license or just want to get credits to renew this year? 

If your license expired during the COVID-19 State Disaster Emergency (2020), it shall remain valid until 90 days following the termination of the emergency declaration (date yet to be determined). The Kansas State Pesticide Safety Program is providing a training opportunity this April for several of the categories to help these individuals renew. This training will be offered in a virtual format via Zoom. These will be the only trainings offered by the program this spring. In order to hold the training, we must have at least 20 registered participants. 

Training dates and categories: April 21-22: Right-of-Way, Industrial Weed, and Noxious Weed (7 hours 6, 7C &amp; 9A plus core) April 28-29: Forestry, Ornamental, Turf and Interiorscape (5 hours 2/3C, 7 hours 3A/3B plus core) April 30: Ag Plant (7 hours 1A plus core) Training information is available <a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/pesticides-ipm/commercial-applicator.html">HERE</a> or e-mail fmiller@ksu.edu to have the flyer e-mailed to you!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Are you an applicator that is still short some hours to renew your 2020 commercial applicator license or just want to get credits to renew this year? If your license expired during the COVID-19 State Disaster Emergency (2020), it shall remain valid until 90 days following the termination of the emergency declaration (date yet to be determined). The Kansas State Pesticide Safety Program is providing a training opportunity this April for several of the categories to help these individuals renew. This training will be offered in a virtual format via Zoom. These will be the only trainings offered by the program this spring. In order to hold the training, we must have at least 20 registered participants. Training dates and categories: April 21-22: Right-of-Way, Industrial Weed, and Noxious Weed (7 hours 6, 7C &amp; 9A plus core) April 28-29: Forestry, Ornamental, Turf and Interiorscape (5 hours 2/3C, 7 hours 3A/3B plus core) April 30: Ag Plant (7 hours 1A plus core) Training information is available <a href="https://www.ksre.k-state.edu/pesticides-ipm/commercial-applicator.html">HERE</a> or e-mail fmiller@ksu.edu to have the flyer e-mailed to you!Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Pesticide training course this month

A common disease of roses is blackspot, a fungus disease that can cause defoliation of susceptible plants. Look for dark, circular lesions with feathery edges on the top surface of the leaves and raised purple spots on young canes. Infected leaves will often yellow between spots and eventually drop. The infection usually starts on the lower leaves and works its way up the plant. Blackspot is most severe under conditions of high relative humidity (&gt;85%), warm temperatures (75 to 85 degrees F), and six or more hours of leaf wetness. Newly expanding leaves are most vulnerable to infection. The fungus can survive on fallen leaves or canes and is disseminated primarily by splashing water. &nbsp;Cultural practices are the first line of defense. 1. Don't plant susceptible roses unless you are willing to use fungicide sprays. Purdue University has a list of blackspot-resistant varieties. 2. Keep irrigation water off the foliage. Drip irrigation works well with roses. 3. Plant roses in sun in areas with good air movement to limit the amount of time the foliage is wet. 4. Remove diseased leaves that have fallen and prune out infected rose canes to minimize inoculum. If needed, protect foliage with a regular spray program (10- to 14-day schedule) of effective fungicides. Recommended fungicides include tebuconazole (BioAdvanced Disease Control for Roses, Flowers, and Shrubs, BioAdvanced All-In-One Rose &amp; Flower Care), myclobutanil (Immunox, F-Stop Lawn &amp; Garden Fungicide), and chlorothalonil (Broad Spectrum Lawn &amp; Garden Fungicide, Garden Disease Control, others). Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>A common disease of roses is blackspot, a fungus disease that can cause defoliation of susceptible plants. Look for dark, circular lesions with feathery edges on the top surface of the leaves and raised purple spots on young canes. Infected leaves will often yellow between spots and eventually drop. The infection usually starts on the lower leaves and works its way up the plant. Blackspot is most severe under conditions of high relative humidity (&gt;85%), warm temperatures (75 to 85 degrees F), and six or more hours of leaf wetness. Newly expanding leaves are most vulnerable to infection. The fungus can survive on fallen leaves or canes and is disseminated primarily by splashing water. &nbsp;Cultural practices are the first line of defense. 1. Don't plant susceptible roses unless you are willing to use fungicide sprays. Purdue University has a list of blackspot-resistant varieties. 2. Keep irrigation water off the foliage. Drip irrigation works well with roses. 3. Plant roses in sun in areas with good air movement to limit the amount of time the foliage is wet. 4. Remove diseased leaves that have fallen and prune out infected rose canes to minimize inoculum. If needed, protect foliage with a regular spray program (10- to 14-day schedule) of effective fungicides. Recommended fungicides include tebuconazole (BioAdvanced Disease Control for Roses, Flowers, and Shrubs, BioAdvanced All-In-One Rose &amp; Flower Care), myclobutanil (Immunox, F-Stop Lawn &amp; Garden Fungicide), and chlorothalonil (Broad Spectrum Lawn &amp; Garden Fungicide, Garden Disease Control, others). Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Blackspot of roses

Our friends from other states tease us “flatlanders” about riding our tandem bike in Kansas.&nbsp; Obviously, they have never traveled to the northwest part of Barton county and other parts of the state. I also like to point out that we may not have as many hills but we have lots of wind!&nbsp; So far, this spring has been full of windy days so we plan our rides to head in to the wind first and then enjoy a tailwind on the way home. &nbsp;

As part of the Be Well Barton County task force we are happy to report that bike sharrows have been freshly applied on parts of Patton Road and Broadway, with more planned. Some bright signage with bicycles on them, are well placed to remind drivers of the importance of sharing the road. A special thanks to Jason Cauley, and the city street department in Great Bend, for these improvements. When I am in Hays, where our other District Extension Office is located, I see sharrows and designated bike lanes throughout the town. Now we just need motorists and bicyclists to pay attention to the rules of the road to prevent accidents.

This is a great time to encourage safe bicycling so keep reading for some important reminders. &nbsp;

Many parents ask at what age a child is old enough to ride in the street rather than a neighborhood sidewalk.&nbsp; There isn’t a one-size-fits-all age.&nbsp; A child’s maturity level is the main factor.&nbsp; Other factors are:&nbsp; the size of the community, traffic patterns and congestion, and whether it is a residential area or a business district.&nbsp; A smaller community can seem peaceful and safe, but may have periods when safety is compromised – for example, after a ball game, during a community festival, or at harvest time.

Our Great Bend Pilot club is teaming up with my husband, John, and me to produce a short bicycle safety video that will be shared with area schools before the school year ends. Pilot club has provided many helmets for youngsters in our community since they have a special interest in preventing head injuries among young riders.

	Now go out and enjoy this beautiful spring weather with a family bike ride!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620) 793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/6/1593016082485.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Our friends from other states tease us “flatlanders” about riding our tandem bike in Kansas.&nbsp; Obviously, they have never traveled to the northwest part of Barton county and other parts of the state. I also like to point out that we may not have as many hills but we have lots of wind!&nbsp; So far, this spring has been full of windy days so we plan our rides to head in to the wind first and then enjoy a tailwind on the way home. &nbsp;As part of the Be Well Barton County task force we are happy to report that bike sharrows have been freshly applied on parts of Patton Road and Broadway, with more planned. Some bright signage with bicycles on them, are well placed to remind drivers of the importance of sharing the road. A special thanks to Jason Cauley, and the city street department in Great Bend, for these improvements. When I am in Hays, where our other District Extension Office is located, I see sharrows and designated bike lanes throughout the town. Now we just need motorists and bicyclists to pay attention to the rules of the road to prevent accidents.This is a great time to encourage safe bicycling so keep reading for some important reminders. &nbsp;<ul>
 <li>Consider a helmet a necessity, rather than an extra. Without a helmet, riders who sustain an injury are 14 times more likely to become a fatality.&nbsp; Choose one that meets or exceeds safety standards established by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.&nbsp; Make sure the helmet fits, rather than one a child will grow into.&nbsp; Replace the helmet if an accident occurs or if the helmet is badly jarred or cracked.</li><li>Ride with the traffic, rather than facing the traffic.&nbsp; Consider adding a rear-view mirror to your bicycle gear.&nbsp; I have one that attaches to my helmet so I can constantly monitor the traffic behind us.</li><li>Obey traffic signals just like motor vehicles.&nbsp; Use hand signals to let others know your intentions.</li><li>Stay alert and keep your mind on your riding.&nbsp; This should be the same advice for many people in cars.&nbsp; Too many times we have been in close calls with drivers who are on cell phones or just inattentive to the traffic around them.</li>
 </ul>Many parents ask at what age a child is old enough to ride in the street rather than a neighborhood sidewalk.&nbsp; There isn’t a one-size-fits-all age.&nbsp; A child’s maturity level is the main factor.&nbsp; Other factors are:&nbsp; the size of the community, traffic patterns and congestion, and whether it is a residential area or a business district.&nbsp; A smaller community can seem peaceful and safe, but may have periods when safety is compromised – for example, after a ball game, during a community festival, or at harvest time.Our Great Bend Pilot club is teaming up with my husband, John, and me to produce a short bicycle safety video that will be shared with area schools before the school year ends. Pilot club has provided many helmets for youngsters in our community since they have a special interest in preventing head injuries among young riders.	Now go out and enjoy this beautiful spring weather with a family bike ride!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research &amp; Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620) 793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>

KRUG: Bicycle safety revisited

Good watering practices provide for healthier lawns and gardens and better use of one of our most important natural resources.&nbsp; Outdoor watering use often comprises more than half of the water used by the average household.&nbsp; That’s why being a wise steward of outdoor water just makes good sense.&nbsp;

An excellent way to water gardens and landscaping and conserve water is by installing a drip or trickle irrigation system. &nbsp; Drip systems are perfect because water is directed to the plant root system without loss to evaporation. &nbsp; There are two types of drip systems.&nbsp; The first type is called a low-pressure drip system and is used mostly for vegetable gardens.&nbsp; It consists of placing long strips of drip tape or T-tape in long rows in your vegetable garden. &nbsp; The drip tape has emitters spaced every 4, 12, or 18 inches and is installed with emitters facing up to keep dirt from clogging up the system.&nbsp; Landscape staples are used to hold the tape in place.&nbsp; Most drip tape runs at 6 to 20 psi (pound per square inch).&nbsp; A header pipe is used to distribute the water to the drip tapes.&nbsp; Along with the drip tape, you will also need a pressure regulator which is located at the start of the system and prevents too much pressure from blowing out the lines. &nbsp; Also some sort of filter is necessary to prevent particles from clogging up the emitters.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The second type of drip irrigation system is called a high pressure drip system and uses anywhere from 30 to 50 psi.&nbsp; Again you will need a pressure regulator, a filter, usually half-inch poly tubing, and emitters.&nbsp; &nbsp; Emitters are placed right next to the plants or shrubs, and thereby water is not wasted along the entire bed or garden.&nbsp; Different emitters have different flow rates usually delivering a half gallon, a gallon, or two gallon per hour.&nbsp; Emitters are pushed into the tubing after a small hole is punched into the plastic pipe.&nbsp; The high pressure system can be configured to water any shape or size of landscaping and garden plot using landscape staples.&nbsp;

Master Gardeners of Ellis County, Cottonwood District.&nbsp; More information available at www. cottonwood.ksu.edu or visit Facebook at Ellis County Extension Master Gardeners.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/3/1614966296214.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Good watering practices provide for healthier lawns and gardens and better use of one of our most important natural resources.&nbsp; Outdoor watering use often comprises more than half of the water used by the average household.&nbsp; That’s why being a wise steward of outdoor water just makes good sense.&nbsp;An excellent way to water gardens and landscaping and conserve water is by installing a drip or trickle irrigation system. &nbsp; Drip systems are perfect because water is directed to the plant root system without loss to evaporation. &nbsp; There are two types of drip systems.&nbsp; The first type is called a low-pressure drip system and is used mostly for vegetable gardens.&nbsp; It consists of placing long strips of drip tape or T-tape in long rows in your vegetable garden. &nbsp; The drip tape has emitters spaced every 4, 12, or 18 inches and is installed with emitters facing up to keep dirt from clogging up the system.&nbsp; Landscape staples are used to hold the tape in place.&nbsp; Most drip tape runs at 6 to 20 psi (pound per square inch).&nbsp; A header pipe is used to distribute the water to the drip tapes.&nbsp; Along with the drip tape, you will also need a pressure regulator which is located at the start of the system and prevents too much pressure from blowing out the lines. &nbsp; Also some sort of filter is necessary to prevent particles from clogging up the emitters.&nbsp;&nbsp;The second type of drip irrigation system is called a high pressure drip system and uses anywhere from 30 to 50 psi.&nbsp; Again you will need a pressure regulator, a filter, usually half-inch poly tubing, and emitters.&nbsp; &nbsp; Emitters are placed right next to the plants or shrubs, and thereby water is not wasted along the entire bed or garden.&nbsp; Different emitters have different flow rates usually delivering a half gallon, a gallon, or two gallon per hour.&nbsp; Emitters are pushed into the tubing after a small hole is punched into the plastic pipe.&nbsp; The high pressure system can be configured to water any shape or size of landscaping and garden plot using landscape staples.&nbsp;Master Gardeners of Ellis County, Cottonwood District.&nbsp; More information available at www. cottonwood.ksu.edu or visit Facebook at Ellis County Extension Master Gardeners.

From the Ellis County Master Gardeners: Watering practices

I’m tired y’all. I am tired of the hatefulness, divisiveness, rudeness, mask or no mask, vaccinate or no vaccinate, the “I KNOW I’m right so you must be stupid” attitudes. I am so tired of it all.

This past year has been hard on all of us. I take pride in my ability to be resilient and have a glass half-full mentality but I’m tired. I worry about family, friends, co-workers, my 4-H and all youth, and our communities, and it is exhausting.

One of the things that I do appreciate of the past year is the frequency with which I see reminders about mental health resources. Ongoing stresses can springboard a whole new level of depression, anxiety, fear, and frustrations. Reaching out for assistance can be the hardest but most important step in finding a path to understanding and working through all the stuff that can overwhelm us. It doesn’t have to make sense to anyone else; if you are feeling overwhelmed, it is very real! Reach out to a school counselor or adviser; reach out to your pastor, reach out to a good friend, reach out to professional resources.&nbsp;

As a friend, you don’t need to solve someone else’s problem, just be there to listen or sit through the moment. One of my favorite memes features Winnie the Pooh and Piglet.&nbsp;

“Today was a Difficult Day," said Pooh

“Do you want to talk about it?” asked Piglet.

“No,” said Pooh after a bit. “No, I don’t think I do.”

“That’s okay,” said Piglet, and he came and sat beside his friend.

“What are you doing?” asked Pooh.

“Nothing, really,” said Piglet. “Only, I know what Difficult Days are like. I quite often don’t feel like talking about it on my Difficult Days, either.”

“But goodness,” continued Piglet, “Difficult Days are so much easier when you know you’ve got someone there for you. And I’ll always be here for you, Pooh.”

And as Pooh sat there, working through in his head his Difficult Day, while the solid, reliable Piglet sat next to him quietly, swinging his little legs…..he thought that his best friend had never been more right.

We can all make a difference in someone’s life. It can be as simple as holding a door, supporting a friend as they seek professional resources, performing a random act of kindness, or just sitting with someone as they work through their Difficult Day.

One of my favorite things as a 4-H agent is when a young person asks, “Do you have a minute?” and I realize that maybe I’m not so tired after all.

Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth and Development related questions email Michelle at <a href="mailto:mberan@ksu.edu">mberan@ksu.edu</a> or call 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>I’m tired y’all. I am tired of the hatefulness, divisiveness, rudeness, mask or no mask, vaccinate or no vaccinate, the “I KNOW I’m right so you must be stupid” attitudes. I am so tired of it all.This past year has been hard on all of us. I take pride in my ability to be resilient and have a glass half-full mentality but I’m tired. I worry about family, friends, co-workers, my 4-H and all youth, and our communities, and it is exhausting.One of the things that I do appreciate of the past year is the frequency with which I see reminders about mental health resources. Ongoing stresses can springboard a whole new level of depression, anxiety, fear, and frustrations. Reaching out for assistance can be the hardest but most important step in finding a path to understanding and working through all the stuff that can overwhelm us. It doesn’t have to make sense to anyone else; if you are feeling overwhelmed, it is very real! Reach out to a school counselor or adviser; reach out to your pastor, reach out to a good friend, reach out to professional resources.&nbsp;As a friend, you don’t need to solve someone else’s problem, just be there to listen or sit through the moment. One of my favorite memes features Winnie the Pooh and Piglet.&nbsp;“Today was a Difficult Day," said PoohThere was a pause.“Do you want to talk about it?” asked Piglet.“No,” said Pooh after a bit. “No, I don’t think I do.”“That’s okay,” said Piglet, and he came and sat beside his friend.“What are you doing?” asked Pooh.“Nothing, really,” said Piglet. “Only, I know what Difficult Days are like. I quite often don’t feel like talking about it on my Difficult Days, either.”“But goodness,” continued Piglet, “Difficult Days are so much easier when you know you’ve got someone there for you. And I’ll always be here for you, Pooh.”And as Pooh sat there, working through in his head his Difficult Day, while the solid, reliable Piglet sat next to him quietly, swinging his little legs…..he thought that his best friend had never been more right.We can all make a difference in someone’s life. It can be as simple as holding a door, supporting a friend as they seek professional resources, performing a random act of kindness, or just sitting with someone as they work through their Difficult Day.One of my favorite things as a 4-H agent is when a young person asks, “Do you have a minute?” and I realize that maybe I’m not so tired after all.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness.Michelle Beran is the 4-H and Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District – Barton County. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth and Development related questions email Michelle at <a href="mailto:mberan@ksu.edu">mberan@ksu.edu</a> or call 620-793-1910.