Crabgrass preventers are another name for pre-emergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed. &nbsp;Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates. &nbsp;Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence. Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil. &nbsp;Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products. (Dimension and Barricade last longer. See below.)​

For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts. &nbsp;Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade. Products that do require a follow-up application include pendimethalin (Scotts Halts) and Team (Hi-Yield Crabgrass Control). Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied much earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in the fall for crabgrass control the next season. Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that pre-emergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall.

Normally a pre-emergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed. Note that products containing Dimension and Barricade may use the common name rather than the trade name. The common chemical name for Dimension is dithiopyr and for Barricade is prodiamine. Remember, when using any pesticide, read the label and follow instructions carefully. We recommend crabgrass preventers be applied before fertilizer so that the grass isn’t encouraged to put on too much growth too early. However, it may be difficult to find products that contain preemergents without fertilizer. Those that don’t contain fertilizer are listed below. I didn’t find any products containing Barricade that did not also have a fertilizer. If anyone knows of other products that should be listed, let us know and we will publish them in a later newsletter. Pendimethalin&nbsp; &nbsp;- Scotts Halts Team (Benefin + Trifluralin)&nbsp; &nbsp;- Hi-Yield Crabgrass Control Dimension&nbsp; &nbsp;- Hi-Yield Turf &amp; Ornamental Weed and Grass Stopper&nbsp; &nbsp;- Bonide Crabgrass &amp; Weed Preventer&nbsp; &nbsp;- Green Light Crabgrass Preventer Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Crabgrass preventers are another name for pre-emergence herbicides that prevent crabgrass seeds from developing into mature plants. Many people have a somewhat foggy idea of how they work and assume they kill the weed seed. &nbsp;Such is not the case. They do not kill the seed or even keep the seed from germinating but rather kill the young plant after it germinates. &nbsp;Therefore, they do not prevent germination but prevent emergence. Crabgrass preventers are just that – preventers. With few exceptions they have no effect on existing crabgrass plants, so they must be applied before germination. Additionally, preventers do not last forever once applied to the soil. &nbsp;Microorganisms and natural processes begin to gradually break them down soon after they are applied. If some products are applied too early, they may have lost much of their strength by the time they are needed. Most crabgrass preventers are fairly ineffective after about 60 days, but there is considerable variation among products. (Dimension and Barricade last longer. See below.)​For most of Kansas, crabgrass typically begins to germinate around May 1 or a little later. April 15 is normally a good target date for applying preventer because it gives active ingredients time to evenly disperse in the soil before crabgrass germination starts. &nbsp;Even better, base timing on the bloom of ornamental plants. The Eastern Redbud tree is a good choice for this purpose. When the trees in your area approach full bloom, apply crabgrass preventer. A follow-up application will be needed about 8 weeks later unless you are using Dimension or Barricade. Products that do require a follow-up application include pendimethalin (Scotts Halts) and Team (Hi-Yield Crabgrass Control). Dimension and Barricade are the only two products that give season-long control of crabgrass from a single application. In fact, they can be applied much earlier than April 15 and still have sufficient residual strength to last the season. Barricade can even be applied in the fall for crabgrass control the next season. Dimension can be applied as early as March 1. Because of the added flexibility in timing, these products are favorites of lawn care companies who have many customers to service in the spring. Though Dimension is usually not applied as early as Barricade, it is the herbicide of choice if it must be applied later than recommended. It is the exception to the rule that pre-emergence herbicides do not kill existing weeds. Dimension can kill crabgrass as long as it is young (two- to three-leaf stage). Dimension is also the best choice if treating a lawn that was planted late last fall. Normally a pre-emergence herbicide is not recommended unless the lawn has been mowed two to four times. But Dimension is kind to young tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass seedlings and some formulations can be applied as early as two weeks after the first sign of germination. However, read the label of the specific product you wish to use to ensure that this use is allowed. Lawns established in the fall can be safely treated with Dimension the following spring even if they have not been mowed. Note that products containing Dimension and Barricade may use the common name rather than the trade name. The common chemical name for Dimension is dithiopyr and for Barricade is prodiamine. Remember, when using any pesticide, read the label and follow instructions carefully. We recommend crabgrass preventers be applied before fertilizer so that the grass isn’t encouraged to put on too much growth too early. However, it may be difficult to find products that contain preemergents without fertilizer. Those that don’t contain fertilizer are listed below. I didn’t find any products containing Barricade that did not also have a fertilizer. If anyone knows of other products that should be listed, let us know and we will publish them in a later newsletter. Pendimethalin&nbsp; &nbsp;- Scotts Halts Team (Benefin + Trifluralin)&nbsp; &nbsp;- Hi-Yield Crabgrass Control Dimension&nbsp; &nbsp;- Hi-Yield Turf &amp; Ornamental Weed and Grass Stopper&nbsp; &nbsp;- Bonide Crabgrass &amp; Weed Preventer&nbsp; &nbsp;- Green Light Crabgrass Preventer Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Applying crabgrass preventers

This summer, thousands of Kansas teenagers will begin their first job working for a farmer or rancher.&nbsp;&nbsp;For those that are ages 14 or 15, they must complete a tractor safety course in order to be legally employed.&nbsp;A 13-year-old may enroll in the training if turning 14 before the next year’s class is offered, but the certificate will not be issued until their fourteenth birthday.&nbsp;

To help prepare some of those youth for the upcoming work season. The Extension districts: Midway, Cottonwood, Post Rock, Central Kansas, and River Valley will be hosting an in-person tractor safety class March 27th&nbsp;starting at 8:15 am at KanEquip, 704 E Kunkle Drive, Ellsworth.&nbsp;

This course will meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Hazardous Occupations Order for Agriculture (HOOA). The HOOA regulations state that youth 14 and 15 years of age, who wish to work as a hired employee for someone other than a parent or legal guardian and operate a farm tractor that is 20 HP or greater, must successfully pass a tractor safety training program.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The course will be held on Saturday, March 27, starting at 8:15 a.m.&nbsp;&nbsp;The cost of the program is 20 dollars to cover cost of materials for the course.&nbsp;&nbsp;Those wanting to enroll should visit and complete the <a href="https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_02oeNbK0P0hoWcC">“Tractor Safety Registration Form.”</a> Enrollment is due by Wednesday, March 24.

Another tractor safety course will be held virtually April 10 for those wishing to attend that way.&nbsp;

&nbsp;Prospective students can check availability and ask questions prior to registering by calling&nbsp;&nbsp;or emailing Craig Dinkel&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cadinkel@ksu.edu">cadinkel@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;Clinton Laflin&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cllaflin@ksu.edu">cllaflin@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;Justine Henderson<a href="mailto:jwh04@ksu.edu">jwh04@ksu.edu</a>, or Sandra Wick&nbsp;<a href="mailto:swick@ksu.edu">swick@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>This summer, thousands of Kansas teenagers will begin their first job working for a farmer or rancher.&nbsp;&nbsp;For those that are ages 14 or 15, they must complete a tractor safety course in order to be legally employed.&nbsp;A 13-year-old may enroll in the training if turning 14 before the next year’s class is offered, but the certificate will not be issued until their fourteenth birthday.&nbsp;To help prepare some of those youth for the upcoming work season. The Extension districts: Midway, Cottonwood, Post Rock, Central Kansas, and River Valley will be hosting an in-person tractor safety class March 27th&nbsp;starting at 8:15 am at KanEquip, 704 E Kunkle Drive, Ellsworth.&nbsp;This course will meet the requirements of the U.S. Department of Labor’s Hazardous Occupations Order for Agriculture (HOOA). The HOOA regulations state that youth 14 and 15 years of age, who wish to work as a hired employee for someone other than a parent or legal guardian and operate a farm tractor that is 20 HP or greater, must successfully pass a tractor safety training program.&nbsp;&nbsp;The course will be held on Saturday, March 27, starting at 8:15 a.m.&nbsp;&nbsp;The cost of the program is 20 dollars to cover cost of materials for the course.&nbsp;&nbsp;Those wanting to enroll should visit and complete the <a href="https://kstate.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_02oeNbK0P0hoWcC">“Tractor Safety Registration Form.”</a> Enrollment is due by Wednesday, March 24.Another tractor safety course will be held virtually April 10 for those wishing to attend that way.&nbsp;&nbsp;Prospective students can check availability and ask questions prior to registering by calling&nbsp;&nbsp;or emailing Craig Dinkel&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cadinkel@ksu.edu">cadinkel@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;Clinton Laflin&nbsp;<a href="mailto:cllaflin@ksu.edu">cllaflin@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;Justine Henderson<a href="mailto:jwh04@ksu.edu">jwh04@ksu.edu</a>, or Sandra Wick&nbsp;<a href="mailto:swick@ksu.edu">swick@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

BOOR: Tractor safety class offered

The natural aging process offers challenges to many people. While we know from listening to the news and our personal experiences, staying active is a key component in maintaining or regaining health. But if you have noticed that your strength, flexibility or balance isn’t what it used to be you may want to consider signing up for a strength training program offered in the Cottonwood Extension District soon.&nbsp;

“Stay Strong, Stay Healthy” is designed to increase an aging adult’s access to a safe, structured, and effective strength training program. Over 8 weeks, participants learn exercises to improve their strength, flexibility, and balance. During each session, a prescribed set of 8 upper and lower body strengthening exercises are done along with warm-ups and cool-down stretches. Participants are made to feel comfortable regardless of their current fitness level so they can safely participate and gradually build the strength beneficial to health.

The 8-week program is set to begin soon in Great Bend and Ellis. I will be leading Stay Strong Stay Healthy beginning Tuesday, March 16th and ending May 6th at the Great Bend Activity Center. It meets Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10 – 11 am at the Great Bend Activity Center, 2715 18th Street. The Ellis class will be led by Berny Unruh, and it starts Tuesday, March 9th and ends April 29th. The registration fee for these workshops is $20 and may be paid at either the Great Bend or Hays office by March 5th. Class size is limited to please enroll soon.

K-State Research &amp; Extension has partnered with Missouri Cooperative Extension to bring the Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program to our state. We are excited that the Great Bend Recreation Commission and the Ellis Rec. is allowing us to use their facilities for these classes.

Participant will need to complete a pre-assessment prior to the first class. Call Berny or me if you have any specific questions about the “Stay Strong, Stay Healthy” workshop or to set up your pre-assessment. I look forward to seeing you soon!&nbsp;

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. " />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. </figcaption>
 </figure>The natural aging process offers challenges to many people. While we know from listening to the news and our personal experiences, staying active is a key component in maintaining or regaining health. But if you have noticed that your strength, flexibility or balance isn’t what it used to be you may want to consider signing up for a strength training program offered in the Cottonwood Extension District soon.&nbsp;“Stay Strong, Stay Healthy” is designed to increase an aging adult’s access to a safe, structured, and effective strength training program. Over 8 weeks, participants learn exercises to improve their strength, flexibility, and balance. During each session, a prescribed set of 8 upper and lower body strengthening exercises are done along with warm-ups and cool-down stretches. Participants are made to feel comfortable regardless of their current fitness level so they can safely participate and gradually build the strength beneficial to health.The 8-week program is set to begin soon in Great Bend and Ellis. I will be leading Stay Strong Stay Healthy beginning Tuesday, March 16th and ending May 6th at the Great Bend Activity Center. It meets Tuesdays and Thursdays from 10 – 11 am at the Great Bend Activity Center, 2715 18th Street. The Ellis class will be led by Berny Unruh, and it starts Tuesday, March 9th and ends April 29th. The registration fee for these workshops is $20 and may be paid at either the Great Bend or Hays office by March 5th. Class size is limited to please enroll soon.K-State Research &amp; Extension has partnered with Missouri Cooperative Extension to bring the Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program to our state. We are excited that the Great Bend Recreation Commission and the Ellis Rec. is allowing us to use their facilities for these classes.Participant will need to complete a pre-assessment prior to the first class. Call Berny or me if you have any specific questions about the “Stay Strong, Stay Healthy” workshop or to set up your pre-assessment. I look forward to seeing you soon!&nbsp;Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

KRUG: 'Stay Strong, Stay Healthy' workshops

A couple of weeks ago, I came across a video on a Facebook post that really hit my heart. You have heard me talk a lot about kindness in the last year and the message and video from Brady Burks, a farmer from Lebanon, KS provided additional perspective.

With Brady’s permission, I am going to share his words from the post.

Middle America's take on a Super Bowl Commercial.&nbsp;

Recently there was a Super Bowl commercial filmed in our tiny town with a big name star. I understand the commercial brought with it animosity over a seemingly hypocritical message of "Unity." I get that argument; I see why people would scoff at the commercial. But, instead of taking that commercial to heart, politically, I decided to focus on what really made me happy and that was the spotlight on rural America and our tiny town right here in the MIDDLE.&nbsp;

However, a few weeks later the commercial was pulled because the star of the commercial made some poor choices. The commercial went from political talk, to now even more animosity over the star getting in trouble. Now the spotlight wasn't on middle America at all. It seemed as though the fad was over.&nbsp;

So, I decided Middle America should just make its own Super Bowl Commercial, with real people! Filming it just so happened to collide with winter weather seen only once in a generation... making this project all that more special to me.&nbsp;

You see, rural America is important. Not just when it's convenient for a message. Not just when it makes you feel good to feel sorry for us working in the cold weather. (We knew what we signed up for.) WE have a story worth telling, and are willing to hear your story even if we live totally different lifestyles. I am a firm believer if you don't tell your story, someone else will. For what its worth, this is just a snipped of "Our Story."

Unity starts with YOU. WE can sit around all day and talk about who is the most unifying or we can be about unifying.&nbsp;

I can do things you cannot You can do things I cannot; Together, we can do great things!

I think at the end of the day the above sums it up. It takes all kinds of kinds. Work hard and be nice. You might thank a farmer and rancher while you're at it, but you might just thank an American while you're at it because after all we are UNITED! WE THE PEOPLE

Thanks, Brady for letting me share your eloquently written words that said what was on my heart this week. If you would like to check out “Middle America’s Commercial”, follow the link and give him a moment at

<a href="https://www.facebook.com/1622950351/videos/10222302348220591/">https://www.facebook.com/1622950351/videos/10222302348220591/</a>

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>A couple of weeks ago, I came across a video on a Facebook post that really hit my heart. You have heard me talk a lot about kindness in the last year and the message and video from Brady Burks, a farmer from Lebanon, KS provided additional perspective.With Brady’s permission, I am going to share his words from the post.---------Middle America's take on a Super Bowl Commercial.&nbsp;Recently there was a Super Bowl commercial filmed in our tiny town with a big name star. I understand the commercial brought with it animosity over a seemingly hypocritical message of "Unity." I get that argument; I see why people would scoff at the commercial. But, instead of taking that commercial to heart, politically, I decided to focus on what really made me happy and that was the spotlight on rural America and our tiny town right here in the MIDDLE.&nbsp;However, a few weeks later the commercial was pulled because the star of the commercial made some poor choices. The commercial went from political talk, to now even more animosity over the star getting in trouble. Now the spotlight wasn't on middle America at all. It seemed as though the fad was over.&nbsp;So, I decided Middle America should just make its own Super Bowl Commercial, with real people! Filming it just so happened to collide with winter weather seen only once in a generation... making this project all that more special to me.&nbsp;You see, rural America is important. Not just when it's convenient for a message. Not just when it makes you feel good to feel sorry for us working in the cold weather. (We knew what we signed up for.) WE have a story worth telling, and are willing to hear your story even if we live totally different lifestyles. I am a firm believer if you don't tell your story, someone else will. For what its worth, this is just a snipped of "Our Story."As for the unity portion:Unity starts with YOU. WE can sit around all day and talk about who is the most unifying or we can be about unifying.&nbsp;Lastly, I will leave you with this:I can do things you cannot You can do things I cannot; Together, we can do great things!- Mother Teresa&nbsp;I think at the end of the day the above sums it up. It takes all kinds of kinds. Work hard and be nice. You might thank a farmer and rancher while you're at it, but you might just thank an American while you're at it because after all we are UNITED! WE THE PEOPLEThanks, Brady for letting me share your eloquently written words that said what was on my heart this week. If you would like to check out “Middle America’s Commercial”, follow the link and give him a moment at<a href="https://www.facebook.com/1622950351/videos/10222302348220591/">https://www.facebook.com/1622950351/videos/10222302348220591/</a>Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Middle America's take on Super Bowl ad

One of the most neglected tools for vegetable gardeners is a soil thermometer. Soil temperature is a much better measure of when to plant than air temperature or the calendar. Planting when soil is too cool can cause some seeds to rot and transplants to sit there. A number of vegetables can germinate and grow at cool temperatures. For example, peas will germinate and grow well at a soil temperature of 40 F. Though lettuce, parsnips, and spinach can sprout at a soil temperature of 35 F, they prefer at least 45 F for best germination and growth. &nbsp;Radishes also do well at a soil temperature of 45 F. &nbsp;Even if the seeds of these cool-season crops are planted below the recommended soil temperature, the seed will rarely rot. Warm-season crops such as tomatoes, sweet corn, and beans are different. &nbsp;They prefer at least 55 F for germination (or transplanting), but others such as peppers, cucumbers, melons, and sweet potatoes need it even warmer, about 60 F. &nbsp;If planted when soils are too cool, they likely will rot before germinating. Taking soil temperature accurately is a bit of a science. First, use a metal soil thermometer, which is sold in many garden, auto parts, and hardware stores. Take temperature 2.5 inches deep at about 10 to 11 a.m. Temperature variations throughout the day and night affect soil temperature, with the lowest readings after dawn and the warmest around mid-afternoon. The late-morning reading gives a good average temperature. If taking the soil temperature at this time is not practical, take a reading before you leave for work and a second when you return home and use the average. Also be sure to get a consistent reading for four to five days in a row before planting, and make sure a cold snap is not predicted.An excellent guide sheet on this subject is published by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System and is titled “Soil Temperature Conditions for Vegetable Seed Germination.” It can be found <a href="https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/documents/12281/soiltemps.pdf">HERE</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp; Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>One of the most neglected tools for vegetable gardeners is a soil thermometer. Soil temperature is a much better measure of when to plant than air temperature or the calendar. Planting when soil is too cool can cause some seeds to rot and transplants to sit there. A number of vegetables can germinate and grow at cool temperatures. For example, peas will germinate and grow well at a soil temperature of 40 F. Though lettuce, parsnips, and spinach can sprout at a soil temperature of 35 F, they prefer at least 45 F for best germination and growth. &nbsp;Radishes also do well at a soil temperature of 45 F. &nbsp;Even if the seeds of these cool-season crops are planted below the recommended soil temperature, the seed will rarely rot. Warm-season crops such as tomatoes, sweet corn, and beans are different. &nbsp;They prefer at least 55 F for germination (or transplanting), but others such as peppers, cucumbers, melons, and sweet potatoes need it even warmer, about 60 F. &nbsp;If planted when soils are too cool, they likely will rot before germinating. Taking soil temperature accurately is a bit of a science. First, use a metal soil thermometer, which is sold in many garden, auto parts, and hardware stores. Take temperature 2.5 inches deep at about 10 to 11 a.m. Temperature variations throughout the day and night affect soil temperature, with the lowest readings after dawn and the warmest around mid-afternoon. The late-morning reading gives a good average temperature. If taking the soil temperature at this time is not practical, take a reading before you leave for work and a second when you return home and use the average. Also be sure to get a consistent reading for four to five days in a row before planting, and make sure a cold snap is not predicted.An excellent guide sheet on this subject is published by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System and is titled “Soil Temperature Conditions for Vegetable Seed Germination.” It can be found <a href="https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/documents/12281/soiltemps.pdf">HERE</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp; Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Soil temperature and vegetables 

	Life is challenging for children and for families. As a parent I worried about how I would protect my children from themselves and from others. While there is not a step-by-step guide for raising resilient kids, I often tell parents they just have to do the best job they can.

	As I shared in my prior three articles, the very first thing to do is to build a relationship with your children. Spend time with them and express your affection often. Demonstrate your love for your children by setting boundaries and limits. There should be no question that they must wear their seat belts and they cannot cross the street alone. When they become teens, parents must set the limits for what hours the phone can be used and that the phone will be charged overnight in the parent’s room. Parents must be good role models and follow the law.&nbsp; Children will learn that they too must follow the law. &nbsp;

	In the book “The Good Teen”, Richard Lerner discusses the 5 “C’s” of positive development for teens. Connection was the characteristic that made so much sense to me. Being involved in your child’s life is vitally important. Know what they are doing and who their friends are. Serve as a community volunteer as a family. Working together as a family contributes to family bonding. Get involved in your community so your children know the neighbors and those in community organizations. In turn, those adults will know your kids. As parents we do have to monitor what our children are doing. It is also helpful if everyone at school, at church and those in other organizations will help keep an eye out for your kids too.&nbsp;

	Kids need guidance. They also need to experience life to learn some things on their own. We cannot protect our children from all the disappointments in life. We can teach them to think through their actions and help them through the consequences of their actions, especially if things don’t turn out on the positive end. When your child’s behavior requires discipline, make sure the punishment is appropriate for the misbehavior.&nbsp;

	Be an advocate for your child. I did not go to a coach or a teacher and question the rules and guidelines they had set. However, if my child asked me to go with them to speak to a teacher, I joined them and listened in on the conversation. There is a fine line between monitoring your children’s activities and taking over and making decisions for them.&nbsp;

	The key to raising emotionally healthy children is to make sure that they are first and foremost in your life and that they know that they are. It may require that you as a parent lay down your phone. It saddens me to see adults more interested in their phone than they are in their children. Never give up on your kids or on their happiness. Be present and be there for them. 	&nbsp;

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>	Life is challenging for children and for families. As a parent I worried about how I would protect my children from themselves and from others. While there is not a step-by-step guide for raising resilient kids, I often tell parents they just have to do the best job they can.	As I shared in my prior three articles, the very first thing to do is to build a relationship with your children. Spend time with them and express your affection often. Demonstrate your love for your children by setting boundaries and limits. There should be no question that they must wear their seat belts and they cannot cross the street alone. When they become teens, parents must set the limits for what hours the phone can be used and that the phone will be charged overnight in the parent’s room. Parents must be good role models and follow the law.&nbsp; Children will learn that they too must follow the law. &nbsp;	In the book “The Good Teen”, Richard Lerner discusses the 5 “C’s” of positive development for teens. Connection was the characteristic that made so much sense to me. Being involved in your child’s life is vitally important. Know what they are doing and who their friends are. Serve as a community volunteer as a family. Working together as a family contributes to family bonding. Get involved in your community so your children know the neighbors and those in community organizations. In turn, those adults will know your kids. As parents we do have to monitor what our children are doing. It is also helpful if everyone at school, at church and those in other organizations will help keep an eye out for your kids too.&nbsp;	Kids need guidance. They also need to experience life to learn some things on their own. We cannot protect our children from all the disappointments in life. We can teach them to think through their actions and help them through the consequences of their actions, especially if things don’t turn out on the positive end. When your child’s behavior requires discipline, make sure the punishment is appropriate for the misbehavior.&nbsp;	Be an advocate for your child. I did not go to a coach or a teacher and question the rules and guidelines they had set. However, if my child asked me to go with them to speak to a teacher, I joined them and listened in on the conversation. There is a fine line between monitoring your children’s activities and taking over and making decisions for them.&nbsp;	The key to raising emotionally healthy children is to make sure that they are first and foremost in your life and that they know that they are. It may require that you as a parent lay down your phone. It saddens me to see adults more interested in their phone than they are in their children. Never give up on your kids or on their happiness. Be present and be there for them. 	&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Be a protector

While it still seems early in the year to me, I must admit the days are going by in a hurry.&nbsp; Of course each day brings us one day closer to spring, which means warmer weather and longer bike rides.&nbsp; Those of you who come to my educational programs or read my columns know that I am passionate about topics related to health and wellness.&nbsp; Today I want to talk about another type of health — that is financial health.&nbsp;

If ever there was a year to drive home how important saving for emergencies is, the past year wins the prize. The sudden loss of income linked to COVID-19 caught people off guard. Businesses closed or reduced operations, leading to job losses or smaller paychecks for many in our communities.

The last week in February is designated as Kansas Saves week.&nbsp; This coincides with a national campaign America Saves.&nbsp; This is a great time to think about goals and consider setting, or renewing, a savings goal. &nbsp; &nbsp;

A fact sheet titled, “Spend Some, Save Some, Share Some: Family Budgeting” has good information to help you get started. Elizabeth Kiss, our Extension Specialist in the area of Financial Management, and author of the fact sheet, shares advice in key areas of your spending plan. She recommends spending no more than 25 percent of your income on housing and save a least 10 percent of each paycheck. It is also wise to put aside at least three months living expenses in a rainy-day fund. If possible consider contributing 10 percent of your income to your faith-based community or some other cause.

The idea of a budget often conjures up ideas of sacrifice or doing without. It doesn’t have to be that way. A budget, also called a spending plan, is a guide for how you will use your money over a specific period of time to meet your goals. Of course, to be most useful, it needs to be as realistic as possible. Events of the past year may have influenced your spending plan and created the need to adjust your plan.

When it comes to saving, you will need to determine what works best for your household. Many people have found that having a certain amount transferred automatically from each paycheck into a savings or investment account is the most effective way to save. Having clear goals for what you are saving for will help keep you motivated and you will be surprised at how quickly you can reach your goal.&nbsp;

Feel free to stop by my office, give me a call, or send an e-mail if you would like to receive the fact sheet, “Spend Some, Save Some, Share Some: Family Budgeting.”&nbsp;

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp; You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>While it still seems early in the year to me, I must admit the days are going by in a hurry.&nbsp; Of course each day brings us one day closer to spring, which means warmer weather and longer bike rides.&nbsp; Those of you who come to my educational programs or read my columns know that I am passionate about topics related to health and wellness.&nbsp; Today I want to talk about another type of health — that is financial health.&nbsp;If ever there was a year to drive home how important saving for emergencies is, the past year wins the prize. The sudden loss of income linked to COVID-19 caught people off guard. Businesses closed or reduced operations, leading to job losses or smaller paychecks for many in our communities.The last week in February is designated as Kansas Saves week.&nbsp; This coincides with a national campaign America Saves.&nbsp; This is a great time to think about goals and consider setting, or renewing, a savings goal. &nbsp; &nbsp;A fact sheet titled, “Spend Some, Save Some, Share Some: Family Budgeting” has good information to help you get started. Elizabeth Kiss, our Extension Specialist in the area of Financial Management, and author of the fact sheet, shares advice in key areas of your spending plan. She recommends spending no more than 25 percent of your income on housing and save a least 10 percent of each paycheck. It is also wise to put aside at least three months living expenses in a rainy-day fund. If possible consider contributing 10 percent of your income to your faith-based community or some other cause.The idea of a budget often conjures up ideas of sacrifice or doing without. It doesn’t have to be that way. A budget, also called a spending plan, is a guide for how you will use your money over a specific period of time to meet your goals. Of course, to be most useful, it needs to be as realistic as possible. Events of the past year may have influenced your spending plan and created the need to adjust your plan.When it comes to saving, you will need to determine what works best for your household. Many people have found that having a certain amount transferred automatically from each paycheck into a savings or investment account is the most effective way to save. Having clear goals for what you are saving for will help keep you motivated and you will be surprised at how quickly you can reach your goal.&nbsp;Feel free to stop by my office, give me a call, or send an e-mail if you would like to receive the fact sheet, “Spend Some, Save Some, Share Some: Family Budgeting.”&nbsp;Donna Krug is the District Director and Family and Consumer Science Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District.&nbsp; You may reach her at (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Celebrate Kansas Saves Week

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Are you interested in keeping up with the latest weed management information? If so, you’ll want to add the “War Against Weeds” podcast to your weed management toolbox. This podcast is a brand new outreach effort from Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Science Specialist, Mandy Bish, Extension Weed Scientist at the University of Missouri, and Joe Ikely, Extension Weed Scientist at North Dakota State.

All podcast episodes will be posted at <a href="https://waragainstweeds.libsyn.com/">https://waragainstweeds.libsyn.com/</a> and will also be freely available on Spotify, a digital streaming service. Additional ways to access the podcast will be available in the future. The first full-length episode was available the week of Jan. 18 and is titled “Silver Bullets are for Werewolves."

Future episodes will feature a variety of guests from private industry, extension and research with expertise in many of aspects of weed science as they discuss key topics like integrated weed management, herbicide resistance, and others.

“We are looking forward to sharing our conversations about current issues in weed management”, says Sarah Lancaster, Extension Weed Specialist.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2021/2/1613668718790.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictAre you interested in keeping up with the latest weed management information? If so, you’ll want to add the “War Against Weeds” podcast to your weed management toolbox. This podcast is a brand new outreach effort from Sarah Lancaster, K-State Extension Weed Science Specialist, Mandy Bish, Extension Weed Scientist at the University of Missouri, and Joe Ikely, Extension Weed Scientist at North Dakota State.All podcast episodes will be posted at <a href="https://waragainstweeds.libsyn.com/">https://waragainstweeds.libsyn.com/</a> and will also be freely available on Spotify, a digital streaming service. Additional ways to access the podcast will be available in the future. The first full-length episode was available the week of Jan. 18 and is titled “Silver Bullets are for Werewolves." Future episodes will feature a variety of guests from private industry, extension and research with expertise in many of aspects of weed science as they discuss key topics like integrated weed management, herbicide resistance, and others.“We are looking forward to sharing our conversations about current issues in weed management”, says Sarah Lancaster, Extension Weed Specialist.&nbsp;

CAMPBELL: Extension launches a new podcast on battling weeds

Gardeners are eager to get out and do something in the landscape this time of year. One chore that can be taken care of now is pruning certain shrubs. Often, gardeners approach pruning with trepidation, but it is not as difficult as it may seem. Remember, not all shrubs need to be pruned (i.e., witch hazel), and certain shrubs, which will be identified later, should not be pruned this time of year. Shrubs are pruned to maintain or reduce the size, rejuvenate growth, or to remove diseased, dead, or damaged branches. Deciduous shrubs are those that lose their leaves each winter. Evergreen shrubs maintain foliage all year and include yews and junipers. Deciduous shrubs are placed into three groups:&nbsp; &nbsp; - Those that flower in the spring on wood produced last year.&nbsp; &nbsp; - Those that flower later in the year on current seasons’ growth; and&nbsp; &nbsp; - Those that may produce flowers, but those flowers are of little ornamental value.

Shrubs that flower in the spring should not be pruned until immediately after flowering. &nbsp;Though pruning earlier will not harm the health of the plant, the flowering display will be reduced. Examples of these types of plants include forsythia, lilac, and mock orange. Shrubs that bloom on current seasons’ growth or that do not produce ornamental flowers are best pruned in late winter to early spring. Examples include Rose-of-Sharon, pyracantha, Bumald spirea, and Japanese spirea. Pruning during the spring allows wounds to heal quickly without threat from insects or disease. There is no need to treat pruning cuts with paints or sealers. In fact, some of these products may slow healing. There are three basic methods used in pruning shrubs: thinning, heading back, and rejuvenating. Thinning is used to thin out branches from a shrub that is too dense. It is accomplished by removing most of the inward growing twigs by cutting them back to a larger branch. On multi-stemmed shrubs, the oldest canes may be removed entirely. Heading back is done by removing the end of a branch by cutting it back to a bud and is used for either reducing height or keeping a shrub compact. Branches are not cut back to a uniform height because this results in a "witches-broom" effect.​Rejuvenation is the most severe type of pruning and may be used on multi-stem shrubs that have become too large, with too many old branches to justify saving the younger canes. All stems are cut back to 3- to 5-inch stubs. This is not recommended for all shrubs but does work well for spirea, forsythia, pyracantha, ninebark, Russian almond, little leaf mock orange, shrub roses, and flowering quince. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Gardeners are eager to get out and do something in the landscape this time of year. One chore that can be taken care of now is pruning certain shrubs. Often, gardeners approach pruning with trepidation, but it is not as difficult as it may seem. Remember, not all shrubs need to be pruned (i.e., witch hazel), and certain shrubs, which will be identified later, should not be pruned this time of year. Shrubs are pruned to maintain or reduce the size, rejuvenate growth, or to remove diseased, dead, or damaged branches. Deciduous shrubs are those that lose their leaves each winter. Evergreen shrubs maintain foliage all year and include yews and junipers. Deciduous shrubs are placed into three groups:&nbsp; &nbsp; - Those that flower in the spring on wood produced last year.&nbsp; &nbsp; - Those that flower later in the year on current seasons’ growth; and&nbsp; &nbsp; - Those that may produce flowers, but those flowers are of little ornamental value.Shrubs that flower in the spring should not be pruned until immediately after flowering. &nbsp;Though pruning earlier will not harm the health of the plant, the flowering display will be reduced. Examples of these types of plants include forsythia, lilac, and mock orange. Shrubs that bloom on current seasons’ growth or that do not produce ornamental flowers are best pruned in late winter to early spring. Examples include Rose-of-Sharon, pyracantha, Bumald spirea, and Japanese spirea. Pruning during the spring allows wounds to heal quickly without threat from insects or disease. There is no need to treat pruning cuts with paints or sealers. In fact, some of these products may slow healing. There are three basic methods used in pruning shrubs: thinning, heading back, and rejuvenating. Thinning is used to thin out branches from a shrub that is too dense. It is accomplished by removing most of the inward growing twigs by cutting them back to a larger branch. On multi-stemmed shrubs, the oldest canes may be removed entirely. Heading back is done by removing the end of a branch by cutting it back to a bud and is used for either reducing height or keeping a shrub compact. Branches are not cut back to a uniform height because this results in a "witches-broom" effect.​Rejuvenation is the most severe type of pruning and may be used on multi-stem shrubs that have become too large, with too many old branches to justify saving the younger canes. All stems are cut back to 3- to 5-inch stubs. This is not recommended for all shrubs but does work well for spirea, forsythia, pyracantha, ninebark, Russian almond, little leaf mock orange, shrub roses, and flowering quince. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Pruning deciduous shrubs

There is an old country song by Waylon Jennings called “Stop the World” and includes the lyrics “Stop the world and let me off; I’m tired of going round and round.”

I feel like I have been going round and round for months with the message of being kind. Yet, all I have to do is turn on the tv or my social media to see so many examples of flat-out meanness.&nbsp;

We continue to hear about bullying in our world and the multitude of reactions to this behavior. Bullying will not stop in our schools and among youth until we as adults stop and set a positive example of dealing with adversity. Social Media is rampant with hateful, divisive posts and worse comments.

Not everyone is going to like you. Not everyone is going to agree with you. Not everyone is going to be respectful of or to you. None of this is a news flash and it can sure hurt when it happens! However, it can also be a learning experience – did I do or say something that may have injured someone else? Did I take on a position with the intention of digging in my heels and being contrary? Was I willing to listen to another’s point of view even – especially - if I don’t agree with it?

I have a good group of friends who have very specific views on their industry. While I don’t disagree with many of their points, their method of sharing their views can be very dismissive and condescending to others. They have lost their audience before they ever shared their message. They don’t need to change their beliefs but may need to adjust the tone of their message to reach the influential people that can make a difference.

I can certainly be judgmental; I know that I am stubborn; I can be snarky and sarcastic. Recognizing those things about myself is the first step to adjusting my reaction to adversarial situations. I am not always successful but my goal is to stop and think before I respond or hit send/post. More than once, I have typed a response only to backspace all the way through it because I recognize how it may be perceived by others. I appreciate having colleagues that I can call to talk through a situation and step away from the immediate response of anger or frustration.&nbsp;

Youth are watching and learning from us all the time, whether we realize it or not. How have you handled a bully? Have you been the bully in a situation? How can each of us set a better example of working with those who are different from us? I hope that you will take time to stop before you react with your child to set a positive example in a tough situation. Take a minute to observe and talk through both negative and positive reactions to situations.

Our 4-H motto is to Make The Best Better and I continue to work on a better version of me. I don’t really want the world to stop&nbsp; - but I look forward to kindness being something that goes round and round and it starts with each one of us!

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>There is an old country song by Waylon Jennings called “Stop the World” and includes the lyrics “Stop the world and let me off; I’m tired of going round and round.”I feel like I have been going round and round for months with the message of being kind. Yet, all I have to do is turn on the tv or my social media to see so many examples of flat-out meanness.&nbsp;We continue to hear about bullying in our world and the multitude of reactions to this behavior. Bullying will not stop in our schools and among youth until we as adults stop and set a positive example of dealing with adversity. Social Media is rampant with hateful, divisive posts and worse comments.Not everyone is going to like you. Not everyone is going to agree with you. Not everyone is going to be respectful of or to you. None of this is a news flash and it can sure hurt when it happens! However, it can also be a learning experience – did I do or say something that may have injured someone else? Did I take on a position with the intention of digging in my heels and being contrary? Was I willing to listen to another’s point of view even – especially - if I don’t agree with it?I have a good group of friends who have very specific views on their industry. While I don’t disagree with many of their points, their method of sharing their views can be very dismissive and condescending to others. They have lost their audience before they ever shared their message. They don’t need to change their beliefs but may need to adjust the tone of their message to reach the influential people that can make a difference.I can certainly be judgmental; I know that I am stubborn; I can be snarky and sarcastic. Recognizing those things about myself is the first step to adjusting my reaction to adversarial situations. I am not always successful but my goal is to stop and think before I respond or hit send/post. More than once, I have typed a response only to backspace all the way through it because I recognize how it may be perceived by others. I appreciate having colleagues that I can call to talk through a situation and step away from the immediate response of anger or frustration.&nbsp;Youth are watching and learning from us all the time, whether we realize it or not. How have you handled a bully? Have you been the bully in a situation? How can each of us set a better example of working with those who are different from us? I hope that you will take time to stop before you react with your child to set a positive example in a tough situation. Take a minute to observe and talk through both negative and positive reactions to situations.Our 4-H motto is to Make The Best Better and I continue to work on a better version of me. I don’t really want the world to stop&nbsp; - but I look forward to kindness being something that goes round and round and it starts with each one of us!Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Stop the world ... I want off!

In the chaos, find the calm. Over the last year we have continually had to deal with challenging situations at home, at work and at school. Each person or family has their way of dealing with the chaos and hopefully they have found a coping strategy that works for them.

In my last two columns I have shared ideas for parents and caregivers to practice being the encourager and being a better communicator. In this column I will share ideas to teach our children how to remain calm.&nbsp;

A series of publications was created this last year for teens who might find themselves “Suddenly in Charge” of younger children. In the following tip sheet, Tristen Cope shares some strategies for helping children handle stress: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3503.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3503.pdf</a> If you do not have the capabilities of downloading this, call the Extension Office and a printed copy can be sent to you.&nbsp;

I can remember telling my child, “Just Breathe”, when they were terribly upset. Don’t wait until the stress level is so high that your child is gasping for breath. Practice deep breathing with them so they will be prepared to calm themselves down. Breathe in through your nose, counting to 5, then breathe out through your mouth, counting to 5, taking as long to exhale as it took to inhale. Then do it again. Place one hand on your chest and one hand on your belly and feel the air move in and then move out. Some of our preschools and schools are teaching students the “Take Five” technique. To calm themselves, the children are asked to take a breath in and then breathe out while using one finger on an open hand to trace up one side of the pinky and then down the other side of their pinky finger. Repeat this with each finger and then the thumb.&nbsp;

A fun activity for your child might be to make a “calm down” jar. Fill a clear jar ¾ full of water. Add ¼ cup of clear glue and add glitter or sequins. Food coloring can also be added. Then, use a hot glue gun to seal the lid on. After the seal is dry, shake the jar and patiently watch the glitter fall to the bottom. This can be very calming for a child. It can also be used as a timer. Shake the jar and then send the kids off to complete a task before the glitter has completely settled to the bottom.

By the way, these calming techniques for children also work for adults. I have a Calm Jar on my desk at work! If you would like additional information about building resiliency in your family, please give contact me.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>In the chaos, find the calm. Over the last year we have continually had to deal with challenging situations at home, at work and at school. Each person or family has their way of dealing with the chaos and hopefully they have found a coping strategy that works for them.In my last two columns I have shared ideas for parents and caregivers to practice being the encourager and being a better communicator. In this column I will share ideas to teach our children how to remain calm.&nbsp;A series of publications was created this last year for teens who might find themselves “Suddenly in Charge” of younger children. In the following tip sheet, Tristen Cope shares some strategies for helping children handle stress: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3503.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3503.pdf</a> If you do not have the capabilities of downloading this, call the Extension Office and a printed copy can be sent to you.&nbsp;I can remember telling my child, “Just Breathe”, when they were terribly upset. Don’t wait until the stress level is so high that your child is gasping for breath. Practice deep breathing with them so they will be prepared to calm themselves down. Breathe in through your nose, counting to 5, then breathe out through your mouth, counting to 5, taking as long to exhale as it took to inhale. Then do it again. Place one hand on your chest and one hand on your belly and feel the air move in and then move out. Some of our preschools and schools are teaching students the “Take Five” technique. To calm themselves, the children are asked to take a breath in and then breathe out while using one finger on an open hand to trace up one side of the pinky and then down the other side of their pinky finger. Repeat this with each finger and then the thumb.&nbsp;A fun activity for your child might be to make a “calm down” jar. Fill a clear jar ¾ full of water. Add ¼ cup of clear glue and add glitter or sequins. Food coloring can also be added. Then, use a hot glue gun to seal the lid on. After the seal is dry, shake the jar and patiently watch the glitter fall to the bottom. This can be very calming for a child. It can also be used as a timer. Shake the jar and then send the kids off to complete a task before the glitter has completely settled to the bottom.By the way, these calming techniques for children also work for adults. I have a Calm Jar on my desk at work! If you would like additional information about building resiliency in your family, please give contact me.&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Be the calm

The following suggestions are for cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass or tall fescue. Zoysiagrass, bermudagrass, and buffalograss are warm-season grasses and require a different maintenance regime. A warm-season grass calendar will be covered in a later article. MarchSpot treat broadleaf weeds if necessary. Treat on a day that is 50 degrees or warmer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness. April Apply crabgrass preventer when redbud trees are in full bloom, usually in April. The preventer needs to be watered in before it will start to work. One-quarter inch of water will be enough to water in any of the products mentioned in this calendar. Remember that a good, thick lawn is the best weed prevention and may be all that is needed. May Fertilize with a slow-release fertilizer if you water your lawn or if you normally receive enough rainfall that your turf doesn’t go drought-dormant during the summer. If there are broadleaf weeds, spot treat with a spray or use a fertilizer that includes a weed killer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce the effectiveness of the weed killer, but the fertilizer needs to be watered in. If you are using a product that has both fertilizer and weed killer, wait 24 hours after application before watering in. June through Mid-July Apply second round of crabgrass preventer by June 15 – unless you have used Dimension (dithiopyr) or Barricade (prodiamine) for the April application. These two products normally provide season-long control with a single application. Remember to water it in. If grubs have been a problem in the past, apply a product containing imidacloprid during the first half of July. This works to prevent grub damage. If rainfall does not occur within 24 hours, irrigate with 1/4" of water. Late-July through August If you see grub damage, apply a grub killer that contains Dylox. Imidacloprid is effective against young grubs but may not be effective on late instar grubs. The grub killer containing Dylox must be watered in within 24 hours or effectiveness drops. September Fertilize around Labor Day. This is the most important fertilization of the year. Water in the fertilizer. November&nbsp; Fertilize. This fertilizer is taken up by the roots but is not used until the following spring. Water in fertilizer. Spray for broadleaf weeds even if they are small. Broadleaf weeds are much easier to control in the fall than in the spring. Try to spray on a day that is at least 50 degrees. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours reduces effectiveness. Use label rates for all products! Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>The following suggestions are for cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass or tall fescue. Zoysiagrass, bermudagrass, and buffalograss are warm-season grasses and require a different maintenance regime. A warm-season grass calendar will be covered in a later article. MarchSpot treat broadleaf weeds if necessary. Treat on a day that is 50 degrees or warmer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce effectiveness. April Apply crabgrass preventer when redbud trees are in full bloom, usually in April. The preventer needs to be watered in before it will start to work. One-quarter inch of water will be enough to water in any of the products mentioned in this calendar. Remember that a good, thick lawn is the best weed prevention and may be all that is needed. May Fertilize with a slow-release fertilizer if you water your lawn or if you normally receive enough rainfall that your turf doesn’t go drought-dormant during the summer. If there are broadleaf weeds, spot treat with a spray or use a fertilizer that includes a weed killer. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours of application will reduce the effectiveness of the weed killer, but the fertilizer needs to be watered in. If you are using a product that has both fertilizer and weed killer, wait 24 hours after application before watering in. June through Mid-July Apply second round of crabgrass preventer by June 15 – unless you have used Dimension (dithiopyr) or Barricade (prodiamine) for the April application. These two products normally provide season-long control with a single application. Remember to water it in. If grubs have been a problem in the past, apply a product containing imidacloprid during the first half of July. This works to prevent grub damage. If rainfall does not occur within 24 hours, irrigate with 1/4" of water. Late-July through August If you see grub damage, apply a grub killer that contains Dylox. Imidacloprid is effective against young grubs but may not be effective on late instar grubs. The grub killer containing Dylox must be watered in within 24 hours or effectiveness drops. September Fertilize around Labor Day. This is the most important fertilization of the year. Water in the fertilizer. November&nbsp; Fertilize. This fertilizer is taken up by the roots but is not used until the following spring. Water in fertilizer. Spray for broadleaf weeds even if they are small. Broadleaf weeds are much easier to control in the fall than in the spring. Try to spray on a day that is at least 50 degrees. Rain or irrigation within 24 hours reduces effectiveness. Use label rates for all products! Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

​FICK: Lawn calendar for cool-season grasses

The 108th annual Kansas State University Cattlemen’s Day will move to an online format, due to COVID-19 restrictions on the Manhattan campus.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Registration is free&nbsp;and all are encouraged to participate online via the Zoom platform. To participate, you must register online, or for more information, contact Lois Schreiner at 785-532-1267 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lschrein@ksu.edu" target="_blank">lschrein@ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“We’re excited to host the 108th Cattlemen’s Day,” said Ken Odde, K-State professor and Cattlemen’s Day co-chairman. “Although COVID-19 restrictions have led us to transition this year’s event online, we are excited about the lineup of speakers and the topics they will address.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Odde added the annual program addresses key issues and provides current information to keep the industry efficient and relevant.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“This year’s featured speakers — Dr. Jayson Lusk, Jason Rumley and Robert Norris — will summarize how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the U.S. beef industry from the producer and processor and beyond,” Odde said.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Mike Day, the department head for K-State’s Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, kicks off the program at 9:30 a.m. March 5.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Lusk, a distinguished professor and head of the Department of Agricultural Economics at Purdue University, will give a presentation titled, “Pandemic Effects on the U.S. Beef Industry.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Rumley, Radian Group principal, and Norris, Radian Group director, will then present “2020 Beef Processing, Retail and Foodservices COVID-19 Insights.”&nbsp;

At the end of the conference, organizers will lead a question-and-answer session.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Also on March 5, the 44th&nbsp;Annual Legacy Bull and Female Sale will begin at 4 p.m.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The sale will be online at&nbsp;<a href="https://liveauctions.tv/" target="_blank">LiveAuctions.tv</a>. Please note masks and social distancing will be required for in-person attendees. Due to university protocols regarding COVID-19, attendance numbers will be monitored.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Interested persons are invited to look at the bulls prior to the day of sale day and view the offering online.&nbsp;Visit&nbsp;<a href="https://www.asi.k-state.edu/about/services-and-sales/legacy/index.html" target="_blank">asi.ksu.edu/legacysale</a>&nbsp;to learn more about this year’s offering and to request a sale catalog. For more information contact Shane Werk at 785-565-1881.&nbsp;&nbsp;

The 2021 Stockmen’s Dinner, typically held the same weekend, has been postponed. Please watch the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.asi.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">K-State Department of Animal Science website</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/ksuasi" target="_blank">Facebook page</a>&nbsp;for date and location announcements as well as registration information. Pat Koons will be honored as the 2021 Stockman of the Year. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>The 108th annual Kansas State University Cattlemen’s Day will move to an online format, due to COVID-19 restrictions on the Manhattan campus.&nbsp;&nbsp;Registration is free&nbsp;and all are encouraged to participate online via the Zoom platform. To participate, you must register online, or for more information, contact Lois Schreiner at 785-532-1267 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lschrein@ksu.edu" target="_blank">lschrein@ksu.edu</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;“We’re excited to host the 108th Cattlemen’s Day,” said Ken Odde, K-State professor and Cattlemen’s Day co-chairman. “Although COVID-19 restrictions have led us to transition this year’s event online, we are excited about the lineup of speakers and the topics they will address.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Odde added the annual program addresses key issues and provides current information to keep the industry efficient and relevant.&nbsp;&nbsp;“This year’s featured speakers — Dr. Jayson Lusk, Jason Rumley and Robert Norris — will summarize how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the U.S. beef industry from the producer and processor and beyond,” Odde said.&nbsp;&nbsp;Mike Day, the department head for K-State’s Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, kicks off the program at 9:30 a.m. March 5.&nbsp;&nbsp;Lusk, a distinguished professor and head of the Department of Agricultural Economics at Purdue University, will give a presentation titled, “Pandemic Effects on the U.S. Beef Industry.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Rumley, Radian Group principal, and Norris, Radian Group director, will then present “2020 Beef Processing, Retail and Foodservices COVID-19 Insights.”&nbsp;Other presentations include:&nbsp;&nbsp;<ul>
 <li>K-State livestock production specialist Sandy Johnson will talk about reproductive technology resources and tools.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li><li>Extension meat science specialist Liz Boyle will lead a discussion on the pandemic’s effect on small Kansas processors.&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
 </ul>At the end of the conference, organizers will lead a question-and-answer session.&nbsp;&nbsp;Also on March 5, the 44th&nbsp;Annual Legacy Bull and Female Sale will begin at 4 p.m.&nbsp;&nbsp;The sale will be online at&nbsp;<a href="https://liveauctions.tv/" target="_blank">LiveAuctions.tv</a>. Please note masks and social distancing will be required for in-person attendees. Due to university protocols regarding COVID-19, attendance numbers will be monitored.&nbsp;&nbsp;Interested persons are invited to look at the bulls prior to the day of sale day and view the offering online.&nbsp;Visit&nbsp;<a href="https://www.asi.k-state.edu/about/services-and-sales/legacy/index.html" target="_blank">asi.ksu.edu/legacysale</a>&nbsp;to learn more about this year’s offering and to request a sale catalog. For more information contact Shane Werk at 785-565-1881.&nbsp;&nbsp;The 2021 Stockmen’s Dinner, typically held the same weekend, has been postponed. Please watch the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.asi.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">K-State Department of Animal Science website</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.facebook.com/ksuasi" target="_blank">Facebook page</a>&nbsp;for date and location announcements as well as registration information. Pat Koons will be honored as the 2021 Stockman of the Year. &nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

BOOR: 108th Cattlemen's Day will move to virtual format

Last week, I shared the importance of putting more plants on your plate as you work toward improving heart health. Hopefully my advice to eat more nutrient dense food that has not been highly processed with added sugar or fat has encouraged you to pay attention to what you eat. Today I want to focus on another component of heart health; exercise. A benefit of an active life is a healthier heart. Your heart is a muscle and it gets stronger with exercise, just like any other muscle. It is never too late to start exercising and reaping the benefits.

An article from a past Walk Kansas newsletter titled, “Sitting is the New Smoking” really makes you stop and think. Most of us live and work in a sedentary culture and studies show that sitting too much is taking a toll on our health. A study by Dr. James Levine, director of the May Clinic – Arizona State University, has been studying the adverse effects of a sedentary lifestyle for years. and sums up his findings in this way. “Sitting is more dangerous than smoking, kills more people than HIV and is more treacherous than parachuting. We are sitting ourselves to death.”

Many other researchers agree with Dr. Levine, and continue to find the evidence that prolonged sitting increases the risk of developing serious illnesses that include heart disease, various types of cancer, and Type 2 diabetes.

It appears that the impact of movement, even leisurely movement, is profound. In addition to burning more calories when you move, the muscle activity needed for standing and other movement seems to trigger the process where the body breaks down fats and sugars. When you sit, these processes stall and your health risks increase.

Take a moment to analyze your typical day. How much time do you spend sitting? Think about time spent at the computer, watching TV, and driving or riding in a vehicle. Also consider time you sit enjoying hobbies, such as sewing, knitting, crafting, watching a ballgame or reading. So, how can we sit less and move more? Here are some tips:

Hopefully you are finding an indoor place to exercise during this extremely cold weather. Be safe and get moving. And have a Happy Valentine’s Day!

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension, Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension, Cottonwood District. " />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension, Cottonwood District. </figcaption>
 </figure>Last week, I shared the importance of putting more plants on your plate as you work toward improving heart health. Hopefully my advice to eat more nutrient dense food that has not been highly processed with added sugar or fat has encouraged you to pay attention to what you eat. Today I want to focus on another component of heart health; exercise. A benefit of an active life is a healthier heart. Your heart is a muscle and it gets stronger with exercise, just like any other muscle. It is never too late to start exercising and reaping the benefits.An article from a past Walk Kansas newsletter titled, “Sitting is the New Smoking” really makes you stop and think. Most of us live and work in a sedentary culture and studies show that sitting too much is taking a toll on our health. A study by Dr. James Levine, director of the May Clinic – Arizona State University, has been studying the adverse effects of a sedentary lifestyle for years. and sums up his findings in this way. “Sitting is more dangerous than smoking, kills more people than HIV and is more treacherous than parachuting. We are sitting ourselves to death.”Many other researchers agree with Dr. Levine, and continue to find the evidence that prolonged sitting increases the risk of developing serious illnesses that include heart disease, various types of cancer, and Type 2 diabetes.It appears that the impact of movement, even leisurely movement, is profound. In addition to burning more calories when you move, the muscle activity needed for standing and other movement seems to trigger the process where the body breaks down fats and sugars. When you sit, these processes stall and your health risks increase.Take a moment to analyze your typical day. How much time do you spend sitting? Think about time spent at the computer, watching TV, and driving or riding in a vehicle. Also consider time you sit enjoying hobbies, such as sewing, knitting, crafting, watching a ballgame or reading. So, how can we sit less and move more? Here are some tips:<ul>
 <li>Stand while you talk on the phone and when reading the mail.&nbsp;</li><li>Stand during webinars and Zoom meetings.</li><li>Use a standing desk for office work and other desk activities.</li><li>Put the remote control next to the TV instead of next to you and stand up during commercial breaks.</li><li>Walk to visit a neighbor instead of calling them.</li><li>Take meetings out of the conference room – talk while you walk.</li><li>Move the printer away from your desk so you need to stand and walk to retrieve copies.</li><li>For every 30 minutes you sit, stand for 5 minutes. Set an alarm to remind you, or at the very minimum move every 60 minutes.</li><li>Stand often while you watch a live sports event – get up and cheer for your team!</li>
 </ul>Hopefully you are finding an indoor place to exercise during this extremely cold weather. Be safe and get moving. And have a Happy Valentine’s Day!Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent for K-State Research &amp; Extension, Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Heart health advice continued

One of my favorite 4-H events is scheduled for later this month! 4-H Club Day is a time for 4-H members to share their presentation skills in a variety of methods.

For our littlest 4-H members, we have Show and Share which is the start to communication skills as they talk to the judge for a few minutes about something they have done or made in 4-H.

Project Talks give younger 4-H members the opportunity to research and share about one of the 33 project areas that are available in Kansas 4-H.

Showing how to do something is a Demonstration and the youth provide a finished product as part of the step-by-step process.

An Illustrated Talk uses posters or other visual aids to show how to do something.

Older 4-H members can also compete in Public Speaking or Extemporaneous Speaking. Public Speaking can be based on any topic and needs to include sources for information. Public Speaking can use visual aids and these can be either a poster or a Power Point-type presentation. Extemporaneous Speaking is probably one of the hardest events and I’m always glad to see 4-H members challenge themselves. They draw three topics and decide which they will present on; they have 15 minutes to prepare and then present their speech. Both Public Speaking and Extemporaneous Speaking challenge youth to hone their research, organization, and overall communication skills. Talk about lessons for a lifetime!

Talking about your steer would be a project talk.&nbsp; Telling how to select a steer using a chart and identifying the points to consider would be an illustrated talk.&nbsp; Making a show halter would be a demonstration.&nbsp; Talking about the total beef industry would be a public speech.

We also offer opportunities for our 4-H members to showcase their piano, instrumental, vocal, and dramatic/comedic skills during 4-H Club Day. Having the opportunity to speak with and receive feedback from the judge is an important step in the learning process.&nbsp;

Application, Resume, and Interview or ARI is a great opportunity for 4-H youth to practice some very real-world skills! Prior to the contest, they complete an application and provide a resume which are provided to the judge. The judge then interviews them, similar to any job interview, and follows up with feedback based on all three parts of the activity.&nbsp;

Those 4-H members receiving top awards in most categories have the opportunity to compete at a Regional Club Day which will be held in March. Members receiving a Purple in Demonstrations, Illustrated Talks, Project Talks, and Readings are eligible to participate in these categories at the Kansas State Fair in September!

&nbsp;Due to our current circumstances, we’ve had to set aside a few important categories. These are Model Meetings, Gavel Games, and club skits. Model meeting is exactly what it sounds like; the 4-H club works together to show their parliamentary skills for a judge. Gavel Games gives a smaller group of youth an opportunity to show their parliamentary skills through a written test and the business portion of a meeting. Many clubs will work together to present a skit. All of these are great group activities that demonstrate planning, communication skills, and teamwork.&nbsp;

I wish that I could invite all of you to attend but we’ll save that for another year when we can get together in person to celebrate growth and learning by our youth! If you know a 4-H member, ask them how they are participating at 4-H Club Day.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579114162620.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>One of my favorite 4-H events is scheduled for later this month! 4-H Club Day is a time for 4-H members to share their presentation skills in a variety of methods.For our littlest 4-H members, we have Show and Share which is the start to communication skills as they talk to the judge for a few minutes about something they have done or made in 4-H.Project Talks give younger 4-H members the opportunity to research and share about one of the 33 project areas that are available in Kansas 4-H.Showing how to do something is a Demonstration and the youth provide a finished product as part of the step-by-step process.An Illustrated Talk uses posters or other visual aids to show how to do something.Older 4-H members can also compete in Public Speaking or Extemporaneous Speaking. Public Speaking can be based on any topic and needs to include sources for information. Public Speaking can use visual aids and these can be either a poster or a Power Point-type presentation. Extemporaneous Speaking is probably one of the hardest events and I’m always glad to see 4-H members challenge themselves. They draw three topics and decide which they will present on; they have 15 minutes to prepare and then present their speech. Both Public Speaking and Extemporaneous Speaking challenge youth to hone their research, organization, and overall communication skills. Talk about lessons for a lifetime!Talking about your steer would be a project talk.&nbsp; Telling how to select a steer using a chart and identifying the points to consider would be an illustrated talk.&nbsp; Making a show halter would be a demonstration.&nbsp; Talking about the total beef industry would be a public speech.We also offer opportunities for our 4-H members to showcase their piano, instrumental, vocal, and dramatic/comedic skills during 4-H Club Day. Having the opportunity to speak with and receive feedback from the judge is an important step in the learning process.&nbsp;Application, Resume, and Interview or ARI is a great opportunity for 4-H youth to practice some very real-world skills! Prior to the contest, they complete an application and provide a resume which are provided to the judge. The judge then interviews them, similar to any job interview, and follows up with feedback based on all three parts of the activity.&nbsp;Those 4-H members receiving top awards in most categories have the opportunity to compete at a Regional Club Day which will be held in March. Members receiving a Purple in Demonstrations, Illustrated Talks, Project Talks, and Readings are eligible to participate in these categories at the Kansas State Fair in September!&nbsp;Due to our current circumstances, we’ve had to set aside a few important categories. These are Model Meetings, Gavel Games, and club skits. Model meeting is exactly what it sounds like; the 4-H club works together to show their parliamentary skills for a judge. Gavel Games gives a smaller group of youth an opportunity to show their parliamentary skills through a written test and the business portion of a meeting. Many clubs will work together to present a skit. All of these are great group activities that demonstrate planning, communication skills, and teamwork.&nbsp;I wish that I could invite all of you to attend but we’ll save that for another year when we can get together in person to celebrate growth and learning by our youth! If you know a 4-H member, ask them how they are participating at 4-H Club Day.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the 4-H Youth Development Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call 620-793-1910.

BERAN: 4-H Club Day

A family who practices good communication skills will become a strong, resilient family. It takes practice to develop good communication skills but the benefits are immense. During times of stress and anxiety, it takes patience to be warm and respectful. If positive, respectful communication is practiced it will become a habit.

Family communication is very important and it will determine how well-adjusted and satisfying family life is. “Basic Communication Skills” is an important section of K-State’s Essential Living Skills curriculum. The entire publication can be downloaded at&nbsp;<a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S134E.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S134E.pdf</a>&nbsp;There are communication activities so family members can practice sharing their thoughts. In today’s world it is important that there is family discussion about what is happening and how it affects family members.&nbsp;

In addition to teaching children to share how they are feeling, it is also important to teach them to listen. Sometimes as we listen to what a person is saying, we start to think ahead to how we plan to respond. As parents it is so important to take the time to truly listen to what your children have to say. Children need to know that they have someone to trust and someone to listen to them. Ask questions to clarify and let the child know that that you understand. Effective listening does not mean that we agree with what is being said but it is important to be respectful.

Think about the way that you speak to your children. The way we talk can either build up or tear down their self-worth. When others treat us kindly and respectfully, we feel valued and our self-esteem grows. When we treat others negatively, we feel worthless and our self-concept suffers.

&nbsp;The Basic Communication Skills publication outlines how to use “I-messages” instead of “you-messages”. “You-messages” tend to sound blaming and the response might be anger and communication will shut down. An “I-message” has three parts: “When… (state the unacceptable behavior), I feel … (express feeling or behavior) because (describe the effect of the behavior).”&nbsp; An example would be “When I have to make supper without any help, I feel frustrated because I don’t have any extra time to spend with the kids.”

If all family members work on their communication skills, you will be amazed at the positive changes you will see in the family relationships.&nbsp;

Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;&nbsp;She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>A family who practices good communication skills will become a strong, resilient family. It takes practice to develop good communication skills but the benefits are immense. During times of stress and anxiety, it takes patience to be warm and respectful. If positive, respectful communication is practiced it will become a habit.Family communication is very important and it will determine how well-adjusted and satisfying family life is. “Basic Communication Skills” is an important section of K-State’s Essential Living Skills curriculum. The entire publication can be downloaded at&nbsp;<a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S134E.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/S134E.pdf</a>&nbsp;There are communication activities so family members can practice sharing their thoughts. In today’s world it is important that there is family discussion about what is happening and how it affects family members.&nbsp;In addition to teaching children to share how they are feeling, it is also important to teach them to listen. Sometimes as we listen to what a person is saying, we start to think ahead to how we plan to respond. As parents it is so important to take the time to truly listen to what your children have to say. Children need to know that they have someone to trust and someone to listen to them. Ask questions to clarify and let the child know that that you understand. Effective listening does not mean that we agree with what is being said but it is important to be respectful.Think about the way that you speak to your children. The way we talk can either build up or tear down their self-worth. When others treat us kindly and respectfully, we feel valued and our self-esteem grows. When we treat others negatively, we feel worthless and our self-concept suffers.&nbsp;The Basic Communication Skills publication outlines how to use “I-messages” instead of “you-messages”. “You-messages” tend to sound blaming and the response might be anger and communication will shut down. An “I-message” has three parts: “When… (state the unacceptable behavior), I feel … (express feeling or behavior) because (describe the effect of the behavior).”&nbsp; An example would be “When I have to make supper without any help, I feel frustrated because I don’t have any extra time to spend with the kids.”If all family members work on their communication skills, you will be amazed at the positive changes you will see in the family relationships.&nbsp;Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;&nbsp;She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Be a good communicator

Everyone knows that someone stranded in the ocean should not drink the water. The salt content of that water will make a bad situation worse. &nbsp;What many people don’t realize is that this same principle can harm plants. Fertilizers are salts or are converted to salts before plant take-up. They must be salts in order for the plant roots to absorb them. &nbsp;However, salt levels can build up over time and eventually may harm plant roots leading to scorched leaves and unhealthy plants. Though this can happen under field conditions, especially in low rainfall areas, it is particularly critical with houseplants. Houseplants have a certain soil volume that doesn’t change until a plant is repotted. Salt build-up can be a crucial concern especially if the houseplants are fertilized so heavily that the plants can’t use all the nutrients and fertilizer salts build-up. &nbsp;This is especially common in winter when houseplants do not use much fertilizer due to low levels of light.​Leaching an overabundance of salts can be an important practice to ensure the health of our houseplants.

Leaching is not a complicated or difficult process. It consists of adding enough water to wash out excess salts.How much water is enough? Add the amount of water that would equal twice the volume of the pot. This, of course, would need to be done outside or in a bathtub or sink. Water must be added slowly so that it doesn’t overflow the rim of the pot. If salt has formed a crust on the surface of the soil, remove it but don’t take more than 1/4 inch of the underlying media. This may also be a good time to repot the plant. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>Everyone knows that someone stranded in the ocean should not drink the water. The salt content of that water will make a bad situation worse. &nbsp;What many people don’t realize is that this same principle can harm plants. Fertilizers are salts or are converted to salts before plant take-up. They must be salts in order for the plant roots to absorb them. &nbsp;However, salt levels can build up over time and eventually may harm plant roots leading to scorched leaves and unhealthy plants. Though this can happen under field conditions, especially in low rainfall areas, it is particularly critical with houseplants. Houseplants have a certain soil volume that doesn’t change until a plant is repotted. Salt build-up can be a crucial concern especially if the houseplants are fertilized so heavily that the plants can’t use all the nutrients and fertilizer salts build-up. &nbsp;This is especially common in winter when houseplants do not use much fertilizer due to low levels of light.​Leaching an overabundance of salts can be an important practice to ensure the health of our houseplants. Leaching is not a complicated or difficult process. It consists of adding enough water to wash out excess salts.How much water is enough? Add the amount of water that would equal twice the volume of the pot. This, of course, would need to be done outside or in a bathtub or sink. Water must be added slowly so that it doesn’t overflow the rim of the pot. If salt has formed a crust on the surface of the soil, remove it but don’t take more than 1/4 inch of the underlying media. This may also be a good time to repot the plant. Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Leaching houseplants 

A Kansas State University beef cattle specialist is urging the state’s producers to continue monitoring their cattle’s condition, especially during periods when Mother Nature sends her winter chill.&nbsp;&nbsp;

Justin Waggoner, a beef systems specialist with K-State Research and Extension, said producers are often ready to deal with heat stress during the summer, but cold stress during the latter stages of winter can also be challenging.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“Cattle are very robust creatures; they are able to withstand a wide range of temperatures,” Waggoner said. “But January and February are often our most extreme temperatures in Kansas, and that can certainly have an impact on cattle.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Cattle are most comfortable when they are in what is known as the thermoneutral zone, a range of temperatures where they are not experiencing cold or heat stress. &nbsp;&nbsp;

Waggoner said a cow’s condition going into a cold period will effect how the animal can withstand stress.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“If we have a cow that is in good condition, she is going to be able to withstand colder temperatures better than a cow that is exceptionally thin,” he said. “If we take a cow that is in good condition and has had adequate time to grow that winter hair coat, that animal can withstand some fairly cold temperatures. Typically, they won’t experience cold stress until the ambient temperature (the ‘real-feel’ temperature) reaches 18 degrees Fahrenheit.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Rain, snow and wind complicate the situation, Waggoner added.&nbsp;&nbsp;

“When you wet that hair down, it reduces its ability to trap air and insulate the cow,” he said. “With a wet coat, a cow can experience cold stress even at 60 degrees F.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Waggoner said cold stress increases the cow’s energy requirement -- not protein which is a common misconception. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“One thing we see producers do when we get a cold weather event is they roll out hay,” Waggoner said. “What I recommend is utilizing hay that is slightly better quality than the forage those cattle currently are grazing. For example, if they had been turned out on milo or corn stalks, then a moderate quality grass hay will be higher quality than those stalks they were on.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Waggoner also suggested other high quality forages, such as alfalfa, may be used as a supplement. &nbsp;&nbsp;

“In some regions of the country, it’s not uncommon for producers to use concentrates such as corn or byproducts as supplements during the winter. Producers might add 1 to 2 pounds of corn or byproduct feedstuffs under conditions of a storm front, in combination with some of the other things I’ve mentioned.”&nbsp;&nbsp;

Daily updates on weather conditions – including an animal comfort index – is available online from the&nbsp;<a href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">Kansas Mesonet</a>. That site allows producers to find conditions specific to their location.&nbsp;&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141354634.png" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District." />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District.</figcaption>
 </figure>A Kansas State University beef cattle specialist is urging the state’s producers to continue monitoring their cattle’s condition, especially during periods when Mother Nature sends her winter chill.&nbsp;&nbsp;Justin Waggoner, a beef systems specialist with K-State Research and Extension, said producers are often ready to deal with heat stress during the summer, but cold stress during the latter stages of winter can also be challenging.&nbsp;&nbsp;“Cattle are very robust creatures; they are able to withstand a wide range of temperatures,” Waggoner said. “But January and February are often our most extreme temperatures in Kansas, and that can certainly have an impact on cattle.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Cattle are most comfortable when they are in what is known as the thermoneutral zone, a range of temperatures where they are not experiencing cold or heat stress. &nbsp;&nbsp;Waggoner said a cow’s condition going into a cold period will effect how the animal can withstand stress.&nbsp;&nbsp;“If we have a cow that is in good condition, she is going to be able to withstand colder temperatures better than a cow that is exceptionally thin,” he said. “If we take a cow that is in good condition and has had adequate time to grow that winter hair coat, that animal can withstand some fairly cold temperatures. Typically, they won’t experience cold stress until the ambient temperature (the ‘real-feel’ temperature) reaches 18 degrees Fahrenheit.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Rain, snow and wind complicate the situation, Waggoner added.&nbsp;&nbsp;“When you wet that hair down, it reduces its ability to trap air and insulate the cow,” he said. “With a wet coat, a cow can experience cold stress even at 60 degrees F.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Waggoner said cold stress increases the cow’s energy requirement -- not protein which is a common misconception. &nbsp;&nbsp;“One thing we see producers do when we get a cold weather event is they roll out hay,” Waggoner said. “What I recommend is utilizing hay that is slightly better quality than the forage those cattle currently are grazing. For example, if they had been turned out on milo or corn stalks, then a moderate quality grass hay will be higher quality than those stalks they were on.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Waggoner also suggested other high quality forages, such as alfalfa, may be used as a supplement. &nbsp;&nbsp;“In some regions of the country, it’s not uncommon for producers to use concentrates such as corn or byproducts as supplements during the winter. Producers might add 1 to 2 pounds of corn or byproduct feedstuffs under conditions of a storm front, in combination with some of the other things I’ve mentioned.”&nbsp;&nbsp;Daily updates on weather conditions – including an animal comfort index – is available online from the&nbsp;<a href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/" target="_blank">Kansas Mesonet</a>. That site allows producers to find conditions specific to their location.&nbsp;&nbsp;Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:aboor@ksu.edu">aboor@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;or calling 620-793-1910&nbsp;

BOOR: Monitor livestock during cold spells

With snow and ice still covering the ground it’s hard to believe that vegetable gardeners are beginning to plan for another growing season. We have hosted successful farmer’s market vendor workshops in the past in the Cottonwood Extension District. This year the Kansas Department of Agriculture and K-State Research and Extension will go virtual with these workshops. Mark your calendars for February 16–19 and register for these learning opportunities designed to assist farmers’ market vendors and managers, and also for those wanting to sell food products directly to consumers.Oh, hey, a reminder, c The workshop series includes three on-line Lunch and Learn sessions, followed by a half-day virtual workshop.

“Over the past year, we’ve seen an increase in people’s enthusiasm for locally sourced food, and these workshops will address common questions and concerns for farmers and small businesses who are embracing these opportunities to reach local consumers,” said Londa Nwadike, food safety specialist with K-State Research and Extension (KSRE) and the University of Missouri. “It’s also important for farmers to understand certain legal, safety and financial parameters before choosing to sell either directly to the consumer or at a farmers’ market.” In 2020, 76 farmers’ markets were registered with KDA’s Central Registration of Farmers’ Markets.

Dates and topics for each Lunch and Learn online session are as follows:

Tuesday, February 16, 2021, noon to 1 p.m.:&nbsp;Food Safety for Value-Added Food Products

Wednesday, February 17, 2021, noon to 1 p.m.:&nbsp;Meat and Poultry Regulations

Thursday, February 18, 2021, noon to 1 p.m.:&nbsp;Taxation and Accepting EBT/SNAP

The half-day virtual workshop on&nbsp;Friday, February 19, 2021, 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.&nbsp;will cover topics such as COVID-19 related changes, Double Up Food Bucks program, Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program,&nbsp;From the Land of Kansas&nbsp;program, and resources available from KSRE. Keynote speaker Michael Kilpatrick of the Thriving Farmer podcast will also discuss marketing tips for direct-to-consumer sales.

KDA’s weights and measures program will offer free scale certification with a paid registration to an online workshop. A date for this scale certification will be announced soon at our Hays office, 601 Main.&nbsp;

Registration for the February virtual workshops is now open. The cost is $5 per participant. Register at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fromthelandofkansas.com/FMworkshop">FromtheLandofKansas.com/FMworkshop</a>.

For more information, contact Robin Blume, KDA’s education and events coordinator, at 785-564-6756 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:robin.blume@ks.gov">Robin.Blume@ks.gov</a>. The workshops are funded by the Kansas Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Alternative Crops, the Kansas Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, and the Kansas Department of Agriculture.

KDA is committed to providing an environment that enhances and encourages economic growth of the agriculture industry and the Kansas economy. Kansas farmers’ markets not only provide a fresh food source, but also stimulate the local economy. The Kansas Ag Growth Strategy has identified training for small companies via workshops as a key growth outcome for the specialty crop sector. The farmers’ market/direct-to-consumer workshops will provide education through partnerships to help make Kansas farmers, ranchers and agribusinesses more successful.

Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1573141404420.png" alt="Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>With snow and ice still covering the ground it’s hard to believe that vegetable gardeners are beginning to plan for another growing season. We have hosted successful farmer’s market vendor workshops in the past in the Cottonwood Extension District. This year the Kansas Department of Agriculture and K-State Research and Extension will go virtual with these workshops. Mark your calendars for February 16–19 and register for these learning opportunities designed to assist farmers’ market vendors and managers, and also for those wanting to sell food products directly to consumers.Oh, hey, a reminder, c The workshop series includes three on-line Lunch and Learn sessions, followed by a half-day virtual workshop.“Over the past year, we’ve seen an increase in people’s enthusiasm for locally sourced food, and these workshops will address common questions and concerns for farmers and small businesses who are embracing these opportunities to reach local consumers,” said Londa Nwadike, food safety specialist with K-State Research and Extension (KSRE) and the University of Missouri. “It’s also important for farmers to understand certain legal, safety and financial parameters before choosing to sell either directly to the consumer or at a farmers’ market.” In 2020, 76 farmers’ markets were registered with KDA’s Central Registration of Farmers’ Markets.Dates and topics for each Lunch and Learn online session are as follows:Tuesday, February 16, 2021, noon to 1 p.m.:&nbsp;Food Safety for Value-Added Food ProductsWednesday, February 17, 2021, noon to 1 p.m.:&nbsp;Meat and Poultry RegulationsThursday, February 18, 2021, noon to 1 p.m.:&nbsp;Taxation and Accepting EBT/SNAPThe half-day virtual workshop on&nbsp;Friday, February 19, 2021, 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m.&nbsp;will cover topics such as COVID-19 related changes, Double Up Food Bucks program, Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program,&nbsp;From the Land of Kansas&nbsp;program, and resources available from KSRE. Keynote speaker Michael Kilpatrick of the Thriving Farmer podcast will also discuss marketing tips for direct-to-consumer sales.KDA’s weights and measures program will offer free scale certification with a paid registration to an online workshop. A date for this scale certification will be announced soon at our Hays office, 601 Main.&nbsp;Registration for the February virtual workshops is now open. The cost is $5 per participant. Register at&nbsp;<a href="http://www.fromthelandofkansas.com/FMworkshop">FromtheLandofKansas.com/FMworkshop</a>.For more information, contact Robin Blume, KDA’s education and events coordinator, at 785-564-6756 or&nbsp;<a href="mailto:robin.blume@ks.gov">Robin.Blume@ks.gov</a>. The workshops are funded by the Kansas Center for Sustainable Agriculture and Alternative Crops, the Kansas Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, and the Kansas Department of Agriculture.KDA is committed to providing an environment that enhances and encourages economic growth of the agriculture industry and the Kansas economy. Kansas farmers’ markets not only provide a fresh food source, but also stimulate the local economy. The Kansas Ag Growth Strategy has identified training for small companies via workshops as a key growth outcome for the specialty crop sector. The farmers’ market/direct-to-consumer workshops will provide education through partnerships to help make Kansas farmers, ranchers and agribusinesses more successful.Donna Krug is the District Director and Family &amp; Consumer Science Agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. You may reach her at: (620)793-1910 or <a href="mailto:dkrug@ksu.edu">dkrug@ksu.edu</a>&nbsp;

KRUG: Virtual workshops set to assist farmer’s market vendors

During one of our training zooms we were asked “What do our young people need from adults?” The list to choose from included: structure, empathy, rules and consequences, curiosity/learning, someone to listen and a couple of other answers? The presenter reminded us there was no incorrect answer. The majority of the participants on the zoom responded that young people need curiosity/learning and someone to listen. Over the last ten months I have heard many discussions of what is needed to help our kids build resiliency skills and it is difficult to pinpoint just one thing.

One source that I encourage parents to search for is “Family Engagement 4H1749F” a publication from Michigan State University. The first activity in the booklet is “Building Encouragement”. The author shares “Social emotional health is a critical component of health development for young children. Social emotional development includes the ability to identify and label or name emotions, and find appropriate ways to express or manage those emotions.”

There are many things that your child does well each day. Recognize the good things that they do and point out what exactly they did right. For example: “I noticed that you hung up your coat and put your boots away!” Look the child in the eye and talk to them on their level. Compliment them often and encourage them often. Be careful about trying to teach them a lesson. “I noticed you helped your brother but you did not put your shoes away like I asked”. Avoid the “but”! The author of “Building Encouragement” suggests, “You helped your brother find his shoes. Let’s see if we can find yours together.”&nbsp;

Parenting is one of the most difficult jobs I ever got myself into! I feel like I am still learning and my youngest is now 25 years old. I know that our children still need encouragement. Start when they are young and build a relationship with them so they know they can come to you no matter what the situation is. Every child has their strengths. Work to build on those strengths and over time they will build the resilience to face what the world throws at them.&nbsp;

This sounds easy and I realize it is not so simple. Parents need support, so find a group of strong parents who will support you in this very important job. Encourage each other and build each other up so you are prepared for your parenting challenges.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/4/1588274071306.jpeg" alt="Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Berny Unruh is Family and Community Wellness agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>During one of our training zooms we were asked “What do our young people need from adults?” The list to choose from included: structure, empathy, rules and consequences, curiosity/learning, someone to listen and a couple of other answers? The presenter reminded us there was no incorrect answer. The majority of the participants on the zoom responded that young people need curiosity/learning and someone to listen. Over the last ten months I have heard many discussions of what is needed to help our kids build resiliency skills and it is difficult to pinpoint just one thing.One source that I encourage parents to search for is “Family Engagement 4H1749F” a publication from Michigan State University. The first activity in the booklet is “Building Encouragement”. The author shares “Social emotional health is a critical component of health development for young children. Social emotional development includes the ability to identify and label or name emotions, and find appropriate ways to express or manage those emotions.”There are many things that your child does well each day. Recognize the good things that they do and point out what exactly they did right. For example: “I noticed that you hung up your coat and put your boots away!” Look the child in the eye and talk to them on their level. Compliment them often and encourage them often. Be careful about trying to teach them a lesson. “I noticed you helped your brother but you did not put your shoes away like I asked”. Avoid the “but”! The author of “Building Encouragement” suggests, “You helped your brother find his shoes. Let’s see if we can find yours together.”&nbsp;Parenting is one of the most difficult jobs I ever got myself into! I feel like I am still learning and my youngest is now 25 years old. I know that our children still need encouragement. Start when they are young and build a relationship with them so they know they can come to you no matter what the situation is. Every child has their strengths. Work to build on those strengths and over time they will build the resilience to face what the world throws at them.&nbsp;This sounds easy and I realize it is not so simple. Parents need support, so find a group of strong parents who will support you in this very important job. Encourage each other and build each other up so you are prepared for your parenting challenges.&nbsp;	Berny Unruh is the Family and Community Wellness Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.&nbsp; She can be reached at 785-628-9430 or at <a href="mailto:bunruh@ksu.edu">bunruh@ksu.edu</a>

UNRUH: Be an encourager

NC and NW Extension Districts and counties of K-State Research and Extension are hosting an ONLINE agronomy series, “Crop Talk”, slated to begin Tuesday, February 2 through Tuesday, March 9, which will highlight several topics important to crop producers.&nbsp; These will be on Tuesdays with some Wednesdays as well, and each session will be held from 10:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. CST.

Planned topics of discussion include soil fertility for the 2021 growing season, weed management, corn and sorghum insects along with dryland corn dynamics and alfalfa management. There will also be time for questions between Kansas crop producers and extension specialists.

Register ONLINE at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> or call the Cottonwood Extension District at 785-628-9430. Once you register, a link to the ONLINE sessions will be emailed to you.

The ONLINE or virtual meetings include the following schedule:

For more information about the ONLINE KSU Extension NW and NC Agronomy Series, contact your local Extension Office or Cottonwood District 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2019/11/1574181994278.png" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictNC and NW Extension Districts and counties of K-State Research and Extension are hosting an ONLINE agronomy series, “Crop Talk”, slated to begin Tuesday, February 2 through Tuesday, March 9, which will highlight several topics important to crop producers.&nbsp; These will be on Tuesdays with some Wednesdays as well, and each session will be held from 10:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. CST.Planned topics of discussion include soil fertility for the 2021 growing season, weed management, corn and sorghum insects along with dryland corn dynamics and alfalfa management. There will also be time for questions between Kansas crop producers and extension specialists.Register ONLINE at <a href="http://www.cottonwood.ksu.edu">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> or call the Cottonwood Extension District at 785-628-9430. Once you register, a link to the ONLINE sessions will be emailed to you.Optional to use:The ONLINE or virtual meetings include the following schedule:<ol>
 <li>Soil Fertility question from Growers for the 2021 season</li>
 </ol>-February 2: NW focus-February 3: NC focus<ol>
 <li>Weed Management and that pesky Palmer Amaranth (pigweed)</li>
 </ol>-February 9: NW focus-February 10: NC focus<ol>
 <li>Corn Insect Resistance: Rootworm and Western Bean Cutworm</li>
 </ol>-February 16<ol>
 <li>Grain Sorghum Weed Control: Start clean…..Stay clean!</li>
 </ol>-February 23<ol>
 <li>Sorghum Insects: Aphids, Headworms and Chinch bugs…..Oh my!</li>
 </ol>-February 24<ol>
 <li>Alfalfa Management for Insects and Adverse weather</li>
 </ol>-March 2<ol>
 <li>Dryland Corn Dynamics</li>
 </ol>-March 9For more information about the ONLINE KSU Extension NW and NC Agronomy Series, contact your local Extension Office or Cottonwood District 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: New Extension series 'Crop Talk' begins in February

Severe winter weather is not only hard on people but can be a life and death struggle for birds. Though birds also require water and shelter, food is often the resource most lacking during cold weather. Many different bird food mixes are available because various species often prefer different grains. However, there is one seed that has more universal appeal than any other: black oil sunflower. If you are new to the bird-feeding game, make sure there is a high percentage of this seed in your mix. White proso millet is second in popularity and is the favorite of dark-eyed juncos and other sparrows as well as the red-winged blackbird. As you become more interested in bird feeding, you may want to use more than one feeder to attract specific species of birds. Following is a list of bird species with the grains they prefer.&nbsp;

• Cardinal, evening grosbeak, and most finch species – sunflower seeds, all types. • Rufous-sided towhee – white proso millet. • Dark-eyed junco – white and red proso millet, canary seed, finely cracked corn. • Many sparrow species – white and red proso millet. • Bluejay – peanut kernels and sunflower seeds of all types. • Chickadee and tufted titmouse – peanut kernels, oil (black), and black-striped sunflower seeds. • Red-breasted nuthatch – oil (black) and black-striped sunflower seeds. • Brown thrasher – hulled and black-striped sunflower seeds. • Red-winged blackbird – white and red proso millet plus German (golden) millet. • Mourning dove – oil (black) sunflower seeds, white and red proso plus German (golden)millet.

Extended cold periods can also make water unavailable. A heated birdbath can be a tremendous draw for birds during times when all other water is frozen. Energy use is usually less than what most people expect IF the heater has a built-in thermostat. If you would like more information, Chuck Otte, Agriculture Extension Agent for Geary County has a series of backyard birding guides at<a href="http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm">http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm</a>

Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/2/1580750915301.jpeg" alt="Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District." />
 <figcaption>Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District.</figcaption>
 </figure>Severe winter weather is not only hard on people but can be a life and death struggle for birds. Though birds also require water and shelter, food is often the resource most lacking during cold weather. Many different bird food mixes are available because various species often prefer different grains. However, there is one seed that has more universal appeal than any other: black oil sunflower. If you are new to the bird-feeding game, make sure there is a high percentage of this seed in your mix. White proso millet is second in popularity and is the favorite of dark-eyed juncos and other sparrows as well as the red-winged blackbird. As you become more interested in bird feeding, you may want to use more than one feeder to attract specific species of birds. Following is a list of bird species with the grains they prefer.&nbsp;• Cardinal, evening grosbeak, and most finch species – sunflower seeds, all types. • Rufous-sided towhee – white proso millet. • Dark-eyed junco – white and red proso millet, canary seed, finely cracked corn. • Many sparrow species – white and red proso millet. • Bluejay – peanut kernels and sunflower seeds of all types. • Chickadee and tufted titmouse – peanut kernels, oil (black), and black-striped sunflower seeds. • Red-breasted nuthatch – oil (black) and black-striped sunflower seeds. • Brown thrasher – hulled and black-striped sunflower seeds. • Red-winged blackbird – white and red proso millet plus German (golden) millet. • Mourning dove – oil (black) sunflower seeds, white and red proso plus German (golden)millet.Extended cold periods can also make water unavailable. A heated birdbath can be a tremendous draw for birds during times when all other water is frozen. Energy use is usually less than what most people expect IF the heater has a built-in thermostat. If you would like more information, Chuck Otte, Agriculture Extension Agent for Geary County has a series of backyard birding guides at<a href="http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm">http://gearycountyextension.com/NRMW.htm</a> Lauren Fick is the Horticulture Extension Agent for the Cottonwood Extension District. If you have questions, she can be contacted by e-mail at&nbsp;<a href="mailto:lfick@k-state.edu">lfick@k-state.edu</a>&nbsp;or by phone at 785-628-9430 or 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

FICK: Bird feeding

Northcentral and northwest extension districts and counties of K-State Research and Extension (KSRE) are hosting an ONLINE agronomy series, “Crop Talk,” slated to begin Tuesday, February 2 through Tuesday, March 9, which will highlight several topics important to crop producers. 

These will be on Tuesdays, with some Wednesdays, and each session will be held from 10:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. CST.

Planned topics of discussion include soil fertility for the 2021 growing season, weed management, corn and sorghum insects along with dryland corn dynamics and alfalfa management. There will also be time for questions between Kansas crop producers and extension specialists. 

Register online at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> or call the Cottonwood Extension District in Hays at 785-628-9430. Once you register, a link to the online sessions will be emailed to you.

1. Soil Fertility question from Growers for the 2021 season -February 2: NW focus -February 3: NC focus

2. Weed Management and that pesky Palmer Amaranth (pigweed) -February 9: NW focus -February 10: NC focus

3. Corn Insect Resistance: Rootworm and Western Bean Cutworm -February 16

4. Grain Sorghum Weed Control: Start clean…..Stay clean! -February 23

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2020/1/1579146636611.jpeg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>Northcentral and northwest extension districts and counties of K-State Research and Extension (KSRE) are hosting an ONLINE agronomy series, “Crop Talk,” slated to begin Tuesday, February 2 through Tuesday, March 9, which will highlight several topics important to crop producers. These will be on Tuesdays, with some Wednesdays, and each session will be held from 10:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. CST.Planned topics of discussion include soil fertility for the 2021 growing season, weed management, corn and sorghum insects along with dryland corn dynamics and alfalfa management. There will also be time for questions between Kansas crop producers and extension specialists. Register online at <a href="https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/">www.cottonwood.ksu.edu</a> or call the Cottonwood Extension District in Hays at 785-628-9430. Once you register, a link to the online sessions will be emailed to you.The ONLINE or virtual meetings include the following schedule:1. Soil Fertility question from Growers for the 2021 season -February 2: NW focus -February 3: NC focus2. Weed Management and that pesky Palmer Amaranth (pigweed) -February 9: NW focus -February 10: NC focus3. Corn Insect Resistance: Rootworm and Western Bean Cutworm -February 164. Grain Sorghum Weed Control: Start clean…..Stay clean! -February 235. Sorghum Insects: Aphids, Headworms and Chinch bugs…..Oh my! -February 246. Alfalfa Management for Insects and Adverse weather -March 27. Dryland Corn Dynamics -March 9For more information about this agronomy series, contact your local Extension Office or Cottonwood District 785-628-9430.