By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

There is a good deal of interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones for the application of pesticides. In this context, a drone is a small, remotely controlled fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. 

A drone application might be appealing to individuals wanting to spray where it is not practical or desirable to use a traditional spray, or perhaps, for spot spraying. Applications are limited by the size of the payload the unmanned aircraft system is able to carry, and compliance and logistics for such applications can be challenging. 

If you are someone who is considering using a drone for applications, here is some basic information regarding licenses that you need to know before you apply any pesticides. 

You should comply with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) requirements, and pesticide label directions to operate a drone for pesticide spraying.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations All drone-based chemical applications must adhere to FAA regulations, most of which are described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 14 CFR Part 137, which governs the use of aircraft – including drones – to apply agricultural chemicals. In order to obtain a Part 137 UAS certification, an individual should apply for the necessary exemptions, submit necessary documentation, including drone registration information and the pilot’s agricultural aircraft operator certificate.

Drone registration costs $5 and is valid for three years. In addition, a drone operator must have a Remote Pilot Certification, which requires passing an exam and paying a fee. The certification must be renewed every 24 months by training and testing, which is available online at no cost. The testing and training include information about regulations, airspace, weather, and night operations.

Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) Requirements State level regulations require that proof of drone registration with the FAA be submitted to the KDA, evidence of certification, such as a Remote Pilot Certificate, and additional information. Moreover, the operator must be certified as a commercial pesticide applicator in the appropriate category, such as Agricultural Pest Control, through KDA.

The applicator needs to provide the KDA with the make, model, serial number (if applicable), and any other requested information related to the drone and submit a completed and signed application to apply pesticide products. 

If a drone-based pesticide spray is operated as a business, a Pesticide Business License from KDA is required. This license verifies that the business complies with state regulations regarding pesticide application. Moreover, such a business should complete an application to receive approval before completing such pesticide applications. 

More information about KDA policies and different applications can be found on the KDA website: <a href="https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems">https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems </a>

Information provided by Frannie Miller, Pesticide Safety and IPM Coordinator, fmiller@ksu.edu.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749552852985.jpeg" alt="Spray drone. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Spray drone. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThere is a good deal of interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones for the application of pesticides. In this context, a drone is a small, remotely controlled fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. A drone application might be appealing to individuals wanting to spray where it is not practical or desirable to use a traditional spray, or perhaps, for spot spraying. Applications are limited by the size of the payload the unmanned aircraft system is able to carry, and compliance and logistics for such applications can be challenging. If you are someone who is considering using a drone for applications, here is some basic information regarding licenses that you need to know before you apply any pesticides. You should comply with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) requirements, and pesticide label directions to operate a drone for pesticide spraying.Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations All drone-based chemical applications must adhere to FAA regulations, most of which are described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 14 CFR Part 137, which governs the use of aircraft – including drones – to apply agricultural chemicals. In order to obtain a Part 137 UAS certification, an individual should apply for the necessary exemptions, submit necessary documentation, including drone registration information and the pilot’s agricultural aircraft operator certificate. Drone registration costs $5 and is valid for three years. In addition, a drone operator must have a Remote Pilot Certification, which requires passing an exam and paying a fee. The certification must be renewed every 24 months by training and testing, which is available online at no cost. The testing and training include information about regulations, airspace, weather, and night operations.Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) Requirements State level regulations require that proof of drone registration with the FAA be submitted to the KDA, evidence of certification, such as a Remote Pilot Certificate, and additional information. Moreover, the operator must be certified as a commercial pesticide applicator in the appropriate category, such as Agricultural Pest Control, through KDA. The applicator needs to provide the KDA with the make, model, serial number (if applicable), and any other requested information related to the drone and submit a completed and signed application to apply pesticide products. If a drone-based pesticide spray is operated as a business, a Pesticide Business License from KDA is required. This license verifies that the business complies with state regulations regarding pesticide application. Moreover, such a business should complete an application to receive approval before completing such pesticide applications. More information about KDA policies and different applications can be found on the KDA website: <a href="https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems">https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems </a>Information provided by Frannie Miller, Pesticide Safety and IPM Coordinator, fmiller@ksu.edu.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Unmanned aerial vehicle pesticide applications 

By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension District

It might seem like a simple everyday movement, but the ability to get up and down off the floor is one of the strongest indicators of overall health, mobility, and longevity. As people age or become less active, this basic movement often becomes harder—but maintaining it can have powerful health benefits that extend far beyond convenience.

Getting on and off the floor requires a combination of strength, coordination, flexibility, and balance. It engages major muscle groups—especially in the legs, core and hips—while also testing joint mobility and motor control. Regularly performing this movement acts as a functional fitness test, revealing how well your body works as a unit.

According to a study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, researchers found that people who could sit and rise from the floor without using their hands had significantly lower risks of mortality. 

This movement is essentially a snapshot of physical capability and resilience. The easier and more confidently you can do it, the more likely your musculoskeletal system is functioning optimally.

One of the major health risks for older adults is falling. In fact, falls are a leading cause of injury-related death in people over 65. The ability to get up from the floor doesn’t just mean avoiding injury; it also means recovering quickly if a fall does occur. Being able to stand up without assistance reduces the fear and consequences of falling, promoting confidence and independence.

Incorporating floor-based movements into regular workouts can improve proprioception (the body’s ability to sense its position in space), which helps prevent instability and accidents. Simple exercises like Turkish gets-ups, deep squats, or even sitting cross-legged the floor and standing back up can improve this vital skill over time.

When you move from the floor to standing, your body uses a range of joints—ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, and the spine. Keeping these joints mobile and strong helps prevent stiffness, improves posture, and supports better functional movement patterns. Motion is lotion!

Additionally, core engagement is critical during the transition. Strengthening the core isn’t just about aesthetics—it plays a vital role in stabilizing the spine and supportin daily activities. Getting off the floor naturally trains these muscles in a way that mimics real-world needs.

Modern lifestyles often involve prolonged sitting in chairs, leading to poor posture and reduced mobility. Getting on the floor to play with kids, stretch, or simply read can reintroduce natural movement patterns that are often mission from daily routines. Even just sitting cross-legged or in a squat position periodically helps to maintain hip mobility and spine alignment.

Though it may seem basic, the act of getting gup and down off the floor is a full-body movement that offers significant health insights and benefits. It supports longevity, mobility, independence, and injury prevention. 

Making this movement a regular part of your life—either through exercise or everyday activities—can help you stay active, capable, and confident as you age.

Stay tuned, next week we will discuss another marker of health and longevity!

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictIt might seem like a simple everyday movement, but the ability to get up and down off the floor is one of the strongest indicators of overall health, mobility, and longevity. As people age or become less active, this basic movement often becomes harder—but maintaining it can have powerful health benefits that extend far beyond convenience.Getting on and off the floor requires a combination of strength, coordination, flexibility, and balance. It engages major muscle groups—especially in the legs, core and hips—while also testing joint mobility and motor control. Regularly performing this movement acts as a functional fitness test, revealing how well your body works as a unit.According to a study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, researchers found that people who could sit and rise from the floor without using their hands had significantly lower risks of mortality. This movement is essentially a snapshot of physical capability and resilience. The easier and more confidently you can do it, the more likely your musculoskeletal system is functioning optimally.One of the major health risks for older adults is falling. In fact, falls are a leading cause of injury-related death in people over 65. The ability to get up from the floor doesn’t just mean avoiding injury; it also means recovering quickly if a fall does occur. Being able to stand up without assistance reduces the fear and consequences of falling, promoting confidence and independence.Incorporating floor-based movements into regular workouts can improve proprioception (the body’s ability to sense its position in space), which helps prevent instability and accidents. Simple exercises like Turkish gets-ups, deep squats, or even sitting cross-legged the floor and standing back up can improve this vital skill over time.When you move from the floor to standing, your body uses a range of joints—ankles, knees, hips, shoulders, and the spine. Keeping these joints mobile and strong helps prevent stiffness, improves posture, and supports better functional movement patterns. Motion is lotion!Additionally, core engagement is critical during the transition. Strengthening the core isn’t just about aesthetics—it plays a vital role in stabilizing the spine and supportin daily activities. Getting off the floor naturally trains these muscles in a way that mimics real-world needs.Modern lifestyles often involve prolonged sitting in chairs, leading to poor posture and reduced mobility. Getting on the floor to play with kids, stretch, or simply read can reintroduce natural movement patterns that are often mission from daily routines. Even just sitting cross-legged or in a squat position periodically helps to maintain hip mobility and spine alignment.Though it may seem basic, the act of getting gup and down off the floor is a full-body movement that offers significant health insights and benefits. It supports longevity, mobility, independence, and injury prevention. Making this movement a regular part of your life—either through exercise or everyday activities—can help you stay active, capable, and confident as you age.Stay tuned, next week we will discuss another marker of health and longevity!Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu

KOERNER: Getting up, down off the floor indicator of overall health

Through the year’s agriculture, conservation and overall land management has gone through phases with each phase having its buzzwords, promoters, detractors, research objectives - well, you get the point. Some promoters will always feel like they’ve just unleashed the silver bullet to cure all the planet’s woes. Spoiler alert, none of them have! 

For the most part each phase has brought some improvements and certainly more tools for farmers, ranchers and land managers to consider and use. But no single one is the cure all panacea that will work for everyone.

Soil health has certainly risen to a prominent buzzword in our society. Soil health is a broad category for many different things that are actually quite important. In searching for a good definition of soil health, and there are many out there, I found some that were way out there. Others were restrictive and may work for certain soils in certain ecosystems; some were very vague. Many definitions were tailored for a very specific form of agriculture, i.e. no-till, organic, natural, etc.

One of the top choices came from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) at USDA. Quoting from their web site, “Soil health, also referred to as soil quality, is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans.” They go on to point out that soil isn’t just some sterile rooting medium but is rather a living functioning ecosystem of its’ own.

Many people don’t realize how alive soil is! There is so much life in the soil, much of it invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and many other organisms make up a valuable part of the soil mass and we often only see hints of it.

Defining soil health is fairly easy. Measuring it is another story however. There are many soil organisms that have not been discovered yet, that are important, or we know they are there but we don’t know what they do. We truly have so much we&nbsp;need to learn. 

Perhaps the best measure of soil health is by how well plants grow, by how productive the soil is, or by how sustainable the practices. Soil health is likely something we measure indirectly.

Soil health can, and does, change over time. How we farm, how we garden, how we tend our lawn, can all impact that soil health. We can compact soil with heavy equipment. We can tear it up and turn it over with construction or recreation. The plants we grow on it, the nutrients we add to it, the organic matter we allow to develop in it, even the rainfall or irrigation it receives, are all things that can improve or hurt soil health. 

If you haven’t yet heard about soil health, you eventually will. I doubt that we’ll come up with a simple way of measuring soil health in my life time. But we need to remember that soil health isn’t an end goal but an ongoing journey.

Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictThrough the year’s agriculture, conservation and overall land management has gone through phases with each phase having its buzzwords, promoters, detractors, research objectives - well, you get the point. Some promoters will always feel like they’ve just unleashed the silver bullet to cure all the planet’s woes. Spoiler alert, none of them have! For the most part each phase has brought some improvements and certainly more tools for farmers, ranchers and land managers to consider and use. But no single one is the cure all panacea that will work for everyone.Soil health has certainly risen to a prominent buzzword in our society. Soil health is a broad category for many different things that are actually quite important. In searching for a good definition of soil health, and there are many out there, I found some that were way out there. Others were restrictive and may work for certain soils in certain ecosystems; some were very vague. Many definitions were tailored for a very specific form of agriculture, i.e. no-till, organic, natural, etc.One of the top choices came from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) at USDA. Quoting from their web site, “Soil health, also referred to as soil quality, is defined as the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans.” They go on to point out that soil isn’t just some sterile rooting medium but is rather a living functioning ecosystem of its’ own.Many people don’t realize how alive soil is! There is so much life in the soil, much of it invisible to the naked eye. Bacteria, fungi, yeasts, and many other organisms make up a valuable part of the soil mass and we often only see hints of it.Defining soil health is fairly easy. Measuring it is another story however. There are many soil organisms that have not been discovered yet, that are important, or we know they are there but we don’t know what they do. We truly have so much we&nbsp;need to learn. Perhaps the best measure of soil health is by how well plants grow, by how productive the soil is, or by how sustainable the practices. Soil health is likely something we measure indirectly.Soil health can, and does, change over time. How we farm, how we garden, how we tend our lawn, can all impact that soil health. We can compact soil with heavy equipment. We can tear it up and turn it over with construction or recreation. The plants we grow on it, the nutrients we add to it, the organic matter we allow to develop in it, even the rainfall or irrigation it receives, are all things that can improve or hurt soil health. If you haven’t yet heard about soil health, you eventually will. I doubt that we’ll come up with a simple way of measuring soil health in my life time. But we need to remember that soil health isn’t an end goal but an ongoing journey.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at scampbel@ksu.edu or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Soil health

On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks with Karissa Frasier about her new position as Community Health Worker with the K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District in Ellis County.

<div><iframe title="Post Podcast: Meet the new Community Health Worker for the Cottonwood Extension District" allowtransparency="true" height="300" width="100%" style="border: none; min-width: min(100%, 430px);height:300px;" scrolling="no" data-name="pb-iframe-player" src="https://www.podbean.com/player-v2/?from=embed&i=c24cx-18d3283-pb&square=1&share=1&download=1&fonts=Arial&skin=3267a3&font-color=auto&rtl=0&logo_link=podcast_page&btn-skin=60a0c8&size=300" loading="lazy" allowfullscreen=""></iframe></div>On this episode of the Hays Post Podcast, news reporter Becky Kiser talks with Karissa Frasier about her new position as Community Health Worker with the K-State Research and Extension Cottonwood District in Ellis County.

🎙 Post Podcast: Meet new Community Health Worker for Cottonwood Extension District

By:&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/mchilson/">Morgan Chilson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/sherman-smith/">Sherman Smith</a>&nbsp; <a href="https://kansasreflector.com/2025/02/24/gov-laura-kelly-skeptical-kansas-houses-anti-tenure-legislation-will-reach-her-desk/">Kansas Reflector</a>

TOPEKA — Fifth-generation Kansan Christy Davis announced Saturday she is exploring a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, who she said is spending his time flattering the “tyrant in the White House” instead of standing up for Kansans.

Davis, a Democrat, made the announcement to the hundreds of people gathered for the No Kings rally at the state Capitol. She served as White House appointee for U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development during the Biden administration and previously lost in the Democratic primary in 2020 when she ran for the U.S. House in the 1st District against Kali Barnett. Republican Tracey Mann won that seat.

Davis and her family live in Cottonwood Falls.

“Unfortunately, the rights Kansans have fought for are being threatened by a tyrant and a Congress that is scared to hold him to account,” Davis said. “This isn’t the America that is the land of the free and the home of the brave. Nothing about this is our values. We didn’t vote for this. We need to stand together, regardless of political parties, and remember who we are — not just Americans, but we’re Kansans, and we deserve better.”

Davis criticized Marshall for failing to protect Kansas and its economy.

“The administration is clawing back funding for our public schools and dismantling the entire farm economy,” she said. “And what is Senator Marshall doing in response? He doesn’t even live here. Not what the Constitution says he’s supposed to. Instead of representing us and checking the power of the tyrant in the White House, he’s trying to flatter him.”

Davis’ words drew chants of “vote him out” from the crowd, which was gathered to protest the Trump administration.

On Saturday, Newsmax posted an interview with Marshall honoring the 250th birthday of the Army. He also sent birthday wishes to Trump.

“It’s been just the honor of a lifetime to work beside him to make America great again,” Marshall said.

In 2016, Marshall, who is a obstetrician and gynecologist, entered politics with a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Rep. Tim Huelskamp, defeating him in the primary and later winning the 1st District seat.&nbsp; In 2019, he announced he would run for the seat that U.S. Sen. Pat Roberts was vacating. He won the primary and eventually the seat, beating out Democrat Barbara Bollier.

Devon Welcher, of Topeka, also revealed her intent to run for office, telling the crowd she plans to run for governor as an independent candidate.

In an interview, Welcher said she is running because “Kansas is in trouble,” and that voters should know, “I’m the real deal.”

“I have enthusiasm, and grace, and I am charismatic,” Welcher said.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1750078200149.png" alt=" Christy Davis addresses the No Kings rally on June 14, 2025, from the south steps of the Statehouse in Topeka, where she announced she will explore a U.S. Senate run as a Democrat against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall. (Sherman Smith/Kansas Reflector)" />
 <figcaption> Christy Davis addresses the No Kings rally on June 14, 2025, from the south steps of the Statehouse in Topeka, where she announced she will explore a U.S. Senate run as a Democrat against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall. (Sherman Smith/Kansas Reflector)</figcaption>
 </figure>By:&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/mchilson/">Morgan Chilson</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://kansasreflector.com/author/sherman-smith/">Sherman Smith</a>&nbsp; <a href="https://kansasreflector.com/2025/02/24/gov-laura-kelly-skeptical-kansas-houses-anti-tenure-legislation-will-reach-her-desk/">Kansas Reflector</a>TOPEKA — Fifth-generation Kansan Christy Davis announced Saturday she is exploring a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, who she said is spending his time flattering the “tyrant in the White House” instead of standing up for Kansans.Davis, a Democrat, made the announcement to the hundreds of people gathered for the No Kings rally at the state Capitol. She served as White House appointee for U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Development during the Biden administration and previously lost in the Democratic primary in 2020 when she ran for the U.S. House in the 1st District against Kali Barnett. Republican Tracey Mann won that seat.Davis and her family live in Cottonwood Falls.“Unfortunately, the rights Kansans have fought for are being threatened by a tyrant and a Congress that is scared to hold him to account,” Davis said. “This isn’t the America that is the land of the free and the home of the brave. Nothing about this is our values. We didn’t vote for this. We need to stand together, regardless of political parties, and remember who we are — not just Americans, but we’re Kansans, and we deserve better.”Davis criticized Marshall for failing to protect Kansas and its economy.“The administration is clawing back funding for our public schools and dismantling the entire farm economy,” she said. “And what is Senator Marshall doing in response? He doesn’t even live here. Not what the Constitution says he’s supposed to. Instead of representing us and checking the power of the tyrant in the White House, he’s trying to flatter him.”Davis’ words drew chants of “vote him out” from the crowd, which was gathered to protest the Trump administration.On Saturday, Newsmax posted an interview with Marshall honoring the 250th birthday of the Army. He also sent birthday wishes to Trump.“It’s been just the honor of a lifetime to work beside him to make America great again,” Marshall said.In 2016, Marshall, who is a obstetrician and gynecologist, entered politics with a run against incumbent Republican U.S. Rep. Tim Huelskamp, defeating him in the primary and later winning the 1st District seat.&nbsp; In 2019, he announced he would run for the seat that U.S. Sen. Pat Roberts was vacating. He won the primary and eventually the seat, beating out Democrat Barbara Bollier.Devon Welcher, of Topeka, also revealed her intent to run for office, telling the crowd she plans to run for governor as an independent candidate.In an interview, Welcher said she is running because “Kansas is in trouble,” and that voters should know, “I’m the real deal.”“I have enthusiasm, and grace, and I am charismatic,” Welcher said.

Kansas Democrat exploring run against U.S. Sen. Roger Marshall, accuses him of ‘flattering’ Trump

There is nothing like the taste of fresh vegetables that come straight to the table from the garden, and often when there is a produce surplus folks turn to processing options such as freezing or canning to make it last throughout the year.

In anticipation of that summer season, I would like to offer tips on how to have a successful canning experience. Preparing now can help prevent problems in the middle of canning later on this summer.

First, make sure everything is working properly. 

Canning jars and rings should be free from cracks and no rust on the rings. Hand washing the lids and rings is recommended to keep them from rusting prematurely. Lids, however, cannot be used more than once. Now is a good time to go buy them. 

Next, make sure your canner is in good working order. Dial gauge canners need their valves and gauge checked. Your local extension office can test the gauge for Presto, National, Maid of Honor and Magic Seal canners. Check the seal between the pot and lid, looking for cracks or dried rubber. If the seal isn’t good then the canner will not get to the proper pressure. The rubber plug can also wear out and sometimes need replaced.

As far as preparing the food, it is recommended to remove the peels to prevent unintended bacteria growth.

After the jars have been processed, they should be placed on a towel on the counter in an isolated place, with no drafts and allowed to cool down naturally.

Finally, write the date the food was canned on the lid before putting them in storage. It is recommended that jars be used within one year and rotate them out for next year’s supply.

And just a reminder about canning recipes. 

Information about food comes at us from many directions. We might scroll through Facebook, Pinterest or another social media platform and be attracted by a new recipe. Most of the time, recipes for main courses or desserts will not pose food safety risks. Maybe a friend told you about a new canning method. Food preservation recipes that have not been tested for safety could be harmful, or even deadly if the canned food contains the toxin that causes botulism. 

These are some questions to ask yourself:

• Who is the author of the research or publication?

The U.S. Department of Agriculture and universities have conducted reputable food preservation research.

• Is the food preservation information based on current scientific research or opinion?

Outdated canning recipes should be retired. An exception: if ingredient amounts and processing times are exactly the same as current food preservation recipes, they could be used.

• Where did you find the information?

Examine the URL on the website. Does it end with “.edu” (indicating a university or other educational organization) or “.gov” (indicating a government site)? Universities and government sources are credible sources of food preservation information.

Please make sure your canning recipes are from credible sources before trying them. While home canning can be a safe and convenient way to store food, it must be done safely.

Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749557725355.png" alt="Photo by Unsplash" />
 <figcaption>Photo by Unsplash</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictThere is nothing like the taste of fresh vegetables that come straight to the table from the garden, and often when there is a produce surplus folks turn to processing options such as freezing or canning to make it last throughout the year.In anticipation of that summer season, I would like to offer tips on how to have a successful canning experience. Preparing now can help prevent problems in the middle of canning later on this summer.First, make sure everything is working properly. Canning jars and rings should be free from cracks and no rust on the rings. Hand washing the lids and rings is recommended to keep them from rusting prematurely. Lids, however, cannot be used more than once. Now is a good time to go buy them. Next, make sure your canner is in good working order. Dial gauge canners need their valves and gauge checked. Your local extension office can test the gauge for Presto, National, Maid of Honor and Magic Seal canners. Check the seal between the pot and lid, looking for cracks or dried rubber. If the seal isn’t good then the canner will not get to the proper pressure. The rubber plug can also wear out and sometimes need replaced.As far as preparing the food, it is recommended to remove the peels to prevent unintended bacteria growth.After the jars have been processed, they should be placed on a towel on the counter in an isolated place, with no drafts and allowed to cool down naturally.Finally, write the date the food was canned on the lid before putting them in storage. It is recommended that jars be used within one year and rotate them out for next year’s supply.And just a reminder about canning recipes. Information about food comes at us from many directions. We might scroll through Facebook, Pinterest or another social media platform and be attracted by a new recipe. Most of the time, recipes for main courses or desserts will not pose food safety risks. Maybe a friend told you about a new canning method. Food preservation recipes that have not been tested for safety could be harmful, or even deadly if the canned food contains the toxin that causes botulism. These are some questions to ask yourself:• Who is the author of the research or publication? The U.S. Department of Agriculture and universities have conducted reputable food preservation research.• Is the food preservation information based on current scientific research or opinion? Outdated canning recipes should be retired. An exception: if ingredient amounts and processing times are exactly the same as current food preservation recipes, they could be used.• Where did you find the information? Examine the URL on the website. Does it end with “.edu” (indicating a university or other educational organization) or “.gov” (indicating a government site)? Universities and government sources are credible sources of food preservation information.Please make sure your canning recipes are from credible sources before trying them. While home canning can be a safe and convenient way to store food, it must be done safely.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Tips for safe food canning

By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension District

A clean stock tank with high-quality water promotes healthy livestock. 

Nursing calves have a nine percent higher weight gain when drinking water from a trough rather than from a pond. Poor tasting water can influence forage intake. Drinking more water can mean more efficient forage consumption. 

Viruses, parasites, and bacteria thrive in tanks that are not properly cleaned.&nbsp;

Keeping your stock tank clean can be a challenge in the summer. Warm summer temperatures, abundant sunlight, and nutrients mix together to create ideal conditions for algae growth. Nutrients from slobber, excrement, leaves, or other debris can stimulate harmful algae growth. Algae changes the taste of water, and some types are even toxic, like blue-green algae, which is toxic to livestock. 

Using fencing or other barriers to limit livestock access to ponds can mitigate nutrient introduction. Barriers should be low enough that critters won’t slip underneath.

Most tanks should be drained and cleaned once or twice a year. 

Add one part of household chlorine bleach for 32 parts of water. Let the water sit for 15 minutes. Drain and scrub the tank well. Keep livestock away from the tank for at least 30 minutes after cleaning. Getting the tank empty can be difficult unless the tank has a built-in drain. In the case of no drain, turn the water off and let the livestock drink the water down to a point where it can be managed.

Once the tank is cleaned, there are a few ways to keep it clean. 

First, keep debris (leaves, dead plants) out of the tank. Two ounces of household chlorine bleach to fifty gallons of water weekly will help regulate algae growth. Or, use copper sulfate, an eighth of a teaspoon per hundred gallons.

Goldfish are also an option for algae control. Add four to six goldfish per 100 gallons of tank capacity. Goldfish survive best when the temperature is at least sixty degrees. They need bricks, rocks, or some structure to hide from predators like birds or raccoons. Fish kills are a concern if the water level gets too low and there is not enough oxygen or in the winter when it’s too cold.&nbsp;

Keeping the troughs out of direct sunlight can also help minimize algae growth. 

Freeze-proof troughs, such as floating ball top waterers, work well in cold weather and work to keep water cool in the summer.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo&nbsp;</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictA clean stock tank with high-quality water promotes healthy livestock. Nursing calves have a nine percent higher weight gain when drinking water from a trough rather than from a pond. Poor tasting water can influence forage intake. Drinking more water can mean more efficient forage consumption. Viruses, parasites, and bacteria thrive in tanks that are not properly cleaned.&nbsp;Keeping your stock tank clean can be a challenge in the summer. Warm summer temperatures, abundant sunlight, and nutrients mix together to create ideal conditions for algae growth. Nutrients from slobber, excrement, leaves, or other debris can stimulate harmful algae growth. Algae changes the taste of water, and some types are even toxic, like blue-green algae, which is toxic to livestock. Using fencing or other barriers to limit livestock access to ponds can mitigate nutrient introduction. Barriers should be low enough that critters won’t slip underneath.Most tanks should be drained and cleaned once or twice a year. Add one part of household chlorine bleach for 32 parts of water. Let the water sit for 15 minutes. Drain and scrub the tank well. Keep livestock away from the tank for at least 30 minutes after cleaning. Getting the tank empty can be difficult unless the tank has a built-in drain. In the case of no drain, turn the water off and let the livestock drink the water down to a point where it can be managed.Once the tank is cleaned, there are a few ways to keep it clean. First, keep debris (leaves, dead plants) out of the tank. Two ounces of household chlorine bleach to fifty gallons of water weekly will help regulate algae growth. Or, use copper sulfate, an eighth of a teaspoon per hundred gallons.Goldfish are also an option for algae control. Add four to six goldfish per 100 gallons of tank capacity. Goldfish survive best when the temperature is at least sixty degrees. They need bricks, rocks, or some structure to hide from predators like birds or raccoons. Fish kills are a concern if the water level gets too low and there is not enough oxygen or in the winter when it’s too cold.&nbsp;Keeping the troughs out of direct sunlight can also help minimize algae growth. Freeze-proof troughs, such as floating ball top waterers, work well in cold weather and work to keep water cool in the summer.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.

BOOR: Cleaning stock tanks 

By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District

Ellis County wheat growers don’t miss out on entering your best wheat into the Ellis County Fair – Open Class Market Wheat Show. Entries are fast and easy, fill up a provided bag of your best wheat while unloading at any elevator in Ellis County, or at your bins at home and return the crop data card after harvest to either the elevator or Cottonwood Extension District Office. Entry deadline is July 7th.

Cash and ribbons will be awarded to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners.

Your entries and ribbons can be picked up at the conclusion of the Fair on Sunday, July 20th between 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. at the Schenk building or after the Fair at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 601 Main Street, Hays.

If you have any questions call us at 785-628-9430, or email Theresa tam3@ksu.edu

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo." />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo.</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictEllis County wheat growers don’t miss out on entering your best wheat into the Ellis County Fair – Open Class Market Wheat Show. Entries are fast and easy, fill up a provided bag of your best wheat while unloading at any elevator in Ellis County, or at your bins at home and return the crop data card after harvest to either the elevator or Cottonwood Extension District Office. Entry deadline is July 7th.Cash and ribbons will be awarded to 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place winners.Your entries and ribbons can be picked up at the conclusion of the Fair on Sunday, July 20th between 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. at the Schenk building or after the Fair at the Cottonwood Extension Office, 601 Main Street, Hays.If you have any questions call us at 785-628-9430, or email Theresa tam3@ksu.edu

Market Wheat Show 2025

Unmanned aerial vehicle pesticide applications - What you need to know

There is a good deal of interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones for the application of pesticides. In this context, a drone is a small, remotely controlled fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. A drone application might be appealing to individuals wanting to spray where it is not practical or desirable to use a traditional spray, or perhaps, for spot spraying. Applications are limited by the size of the payload the unmanned aircraft system is able to carry, and compliance and logistics for such applications can be challenging. If you are someone who is considering using a drone for applications, here is some basic information regarding licenses that you need to know before you apply any pesticides. You should comply with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) requirements, and pesticide label directions to operate a drone for pesticide spraying.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations - all drone-based chemical applications must adhere to FAA regulations, most of which are described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 14 CFR Part 137, which governs the use of aircraft – including drones – to apply agricultural chemicals. In order to <a href="https://www.faa.gov/uas/advanced_operations/dispensing_chemicals">obtain a Part 137 UAS certification</a>, an individual should apply for the necessary exemptions, submit necessary documentation, including drone registration information and the pilot’s agricultural aircraft operator certificate. <a href="https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/register_drone">Drone registration</a> costs $5 and is valid for three years. In addition, a drone operator must have a Remote Pilot Certification, which requires passing an exam and paying a fee. The certification must be renewed every 24 months by training and testing, which is available <a href="https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/become_a_drone_pilot#keepCurrent">online </a>at no cost. The testing and training include information about regulations, airspace, weather, and night operations.

Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) Requirements - state-level regulations require that proof of drone registration with the FAA be submitted to the KDA, evidence of certification, such as a Remote Pilot Certificate, and additional information. Moreover, the operator must be certified as a commercial pesticide applicator in the appropriate category, such as Agricultural Pest Control, through KDA. The applicator needs to provide the KDA with the make, model, serial number (if applicable), and any other requested information related to the drone and submit a completed and signed application to apply pesticide products. If a drone-based pesticide spray is operated as a business, a Pesticide Business License from KDA is required. This license verifies that the business complies with state regulations regarding pesticide application. Moreover, such a business should complete an application to receive approval before completing such pesticide applications. More information about KDA policies and different applications can be found on the KDA website: <a href="https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems">https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems</a>

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo." />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo.</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension District<h2>Unmanned aerial vehicle pesticide applications - What you need to know</h2>There is a good deal of interest in using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones for the application of pesticides. In this context, a drone is a small, remotely controlled fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft. A drone application might be appealing to individuals wanting to spray where it is not practical or desirable to use a traditional spray, or perhaps, for spot spraying. Applications are limited by the size of the payload the unmanned aircraft system is able to carry, and compliance and logistics for such applications can be challenging. If you are someone who is considering using a drone for applications, here is some basic information regarding licenses that you need to know before you apply any pesticides. You should comply with Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations, Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) requirements, and pesticide label directions to operate a drone for pesticide spraying.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749483930071.jpeg" alt="Spray-drone. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Spray-drone. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Regulations - all drone-based chemical applications must adhere to FAA regulations, most of which are described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) under 14 CFR Part 137, which governs the use of aircraft – including drones – to apply agricultural chemicals. In order to <a href="https://www.faa.gov/uas/advanced_operations/dispensing_chemicals">obtain a Part 137 UAS certification</a>, an individual should apply for the necessary exemptions, submit necessary documentation, including drone registration information and the pilot’s agricultural aircraft operator certificate. <a href="https://www.faa.gov/uas/getting_started/register_drone">Drone registration</a> costs $5 and is valid for three years. In addition, a drone operator must have a Remote Pilot Certification, which requires passing an exam and paying a fee. The certification must be renewed every 24 months by training and testing, which is available <a href="https://www.faa.gov/uas/commercial_operators/become_a_drone_pilot#keepCurrent">online </a>at no cost. The testing and training include information about regulations, airspace, weather, and night operations.Kansas Department of Agriculture (KDA) Requirements - state-level regulations require that proof of drone registration with the FAA be submitted to the KDA, evidence of certification, such as a Remote Pilot Certificate, and additional information. Moreover, the operator must be certified as a commercial pesticide applicator in the appropriate category, such as Agricultural Pest Control, through KDA. The applicator needs to provide the KDA with the make, model, serial number (if applicable), and any other requested information related to the drone and submit a completed and signed application to apply pesticide products. If a drone-based pesticide spray is operated as a business, a Pesticide Business License from KDA is required. This license verifies that the business complies with state regulations regarding pesticide application. Moreover, such a business should complete an application to receive approval before completing such pesticide applications. More information about KDA policies and different applications can be found on the KDA website: <a href="https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems">https://www.agriculture.ks.gov/divisions-programs/pesticide-and-fertilizer/unmanned-aircraft-systems</a>

CAMPBELL: Drones requirements and licensing - what you need to know

By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension District

While I spent 20 years in banking in a previous career, I would never claim to be an expert on investing. Melissa Schrag, Family and Community Wellness agent from the Central Kansas District, focuses on Family Resource Management and shared some great information, including definitions, about navigating investment markets and, with her permission, I’d like to share it with you.

Navigating Bear Markets: Tips for Staying Composed During Downturns

Wall Street may be nearing a bear market, as concerns grow that tariffs on imported goods could impact global economic stability. But what exactly is a bear market, and how can investors stay steady when markets dip?

A bear market is a period when the prices of securities, like stocks, fall by 20% or more from recent highs. It’s marked by widespread pessimism, negative investor sentiment, and selling pressure.

The term comes from the bear’s behavior—hibernation—symbolizing a market retreat. Conversely, a rising market is called a bull market, because bulls charge forward, representing upward momentum.

1. Keep Emotions in Check - Bear markets can be nerve-wracking. Fear and negative headlines can overwhelm you, but reacting emotionally often leads to poor decisions.

2. Don’t Try to Outrun the Bear - Avoid jumping in and out of the market. Selling during declines may cause you to miss the recovery. Remember: time in the market beats timing the market.

3. Stick to Your Long-Term Strategy - Focus on your long-term goals. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure it aligns with your objectives but avoid drastic changes based on short-term market swings.

4. Use the Downturn to Your Advantage - Bear markets offer opportunities to buy quality investments at lower prices. Consider rebalancing your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.

5. Adjust If You’re Taking Income - If you rely on investment income, consider reducing withdrawals temporarily. This helps your portfolio recover when markets rebound.

6. Stay Calm and Ignore the Noise - Bear markets come with plenty of doom-and-gloom headlines. Staying calm and sticking to your strategy usually leads to better outcomes.

If you found this article useful, Melissa would appreciate your follow up so take a moment and provide feedback at <a href="https://pears.io/engage/programs/responses/358797/?access_key=wS9Iut9">https://bit.ly/49SMXra</a>.

Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!

Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668179445671.jpeg" alt="Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MICHELLE BERAN Cottonwood Extension DistrictWhile I spent 20 years in banking in a previous career, I would never claim to be an expert on investing. Melissa Schrag, Family and Community Wellness agent from the Central Kansas District, focuses on Family Resource Management and shared some great information, including definitions, about navigating investment markets and, with her permission, I’d like to share it with you.Navigating Bear Markets: Tips for Staying Composed During DownturnsWall Street may be nearing a bear market, as concerns grow that tariffs on imported goods could impact global economic stability. But what exactly is a bear market, and how can investors stay steady when markets dip?What is a Bear Market?A bear market is a period when the prices of securities, like stocks, fall by 20% or more from recent highs. It’s marked by widespread pessimism, negative investor sentiment, and selling pressure.Why the name “bear market?”The term comes from the bear’s behavior—hibernation—symbolizing a market retreat. Conversely, a rising market is called a bull market, because bulls charge forward, representing upward momentum.6 Tips to Navigate Bear Markets1. Keep Emotions in Check - Bear markets can be nerve-wracking. Fear and negative headlines can overwhelm you, but reacting emotionally often leads to poor decisions.2. Don’t Try to Outrun the Bear - Avoid jumping in and out of the market. Selling during declines may cause you to miss the recovery. Remember: time in the market beats timing the market.3. Stick to Your Long-Term Strategy - Focus on your long-term goals. Review your portfolio regularly to ensure it aligns with your objectives but avoid drastic changes based on short-term market swings.4. Use the Downturn to Your Advantage - Bear markets offer opportunities to buy quality investments at lower prices. Consider rebalancing your portfolio to maintain your target asset allocation.5. Adjust If You’re Taking Income - If you rely on investment income, consider reducing withdrawals temporarily. This helps your portfolio recover when markets rebound.6. Stay Calm and Ignore the Noise - Bear markets come with plenty of doom-and-gloom headlines. Staying calm and sticking to your strategy usually leads to better outcomes.If you found this article useful, Melissa would appreciate your follow up so take a moment and provide feedback at <a href="https://pears.io/engage/programs/responses/358797/?access_key=wS9Iut9">https://bit.ly/49SMXra</a>.Keep learning. Keep showing grace and kindness!Michelle Beran is the Family and Community Wellness agent in the Cottonwood Extension District. For more information on this article or other 4-H Youth Development resources, email Michelle at mberan@ksu.edu or call Cottonwood Extension District – Barton Office at 620-793-1910.

BERAN: Navigating bear markets, staying composed during downturns

Changes to your eyesight are normal with age.

 You may be less able to see up close without reading glasses. It may take your eyes longer to adjust to changing light levels. These problems can usually be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or improved lighting.

 But some changes can be a sign of disease.

A condition called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the U.S. It’s caused by light-sensing tissue in the back of your eye, or retina, deteriorating. The deterioration happens in the center of the retina, called the macula. In advanced stages, AMD can make it hard to see things clearly when you look straight ahead. You may not be able to recognize faces, read, drive, or do certain household tasks independently.

You’re more likely to have AMD at age 55 and older. Smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure increase your risk for AMD. So does having a family history of the disease.

Dry AMD, also called atrophic AMD, is more common. This condition progresses through several stages. Early AMD has no symptoms. In intermediate AMD, you might notice mild blurriness or have trouble seeing in low light. Late AMD usually causes a blurry area or blank spots in or near the center of your vision. Colors may appear faded.

The other type is called neovascular, or wet, AMD. It can cause fast vision loss if not treated promptly. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. These can bleed and leak fluid that damages the macula. A telltale sign is when straight lines appear wavy or crooked. Dry AMD can also turn into wet AMD.

It can take years for AMD to progress. When you detect it early, you can take steps to delay its progress.

An eye doctor can detect AMD using a dilated eye exam. In the exam, they dilate (or widen) your pupils using special eye drops. This allows them to see inside your eyes. They may also take pictures of the inside of your eye using a technique called optical coherence tomography.

If you are diagnosed with AMD, there are several things you can do to slow its progression. “For those early and intermediate stages, it’s all about a healthy lifestyle,” says Dr. Tiarnán Keenan, an ophthalmologist at NIH. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough physical activity,&nbsp;and not smoking. A healthy lifestyle may also lower your chances of getting AMD in the first place.

· Eat a healthy diet, including fruits and vegetables (especially dark leafy greens like spinach or kale) and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon or tuna).

· Get regular physical activity. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.

· Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

· Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. Get free help to quit smoking at smokefree.gov, 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669), or by texting QUIT to 47848.

· Get regular eye exams. Your eye doctor can tell you how often you need an exam based on your age and other risk factors.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2022/11/1668522152076.jpeg" alt="Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension, Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By MONIQUE KOERNER Cottonwood Extension DistrictChanges to your eyesight are normal with age. You may be less able to see up close without reading glasses. It may take your eyes longer to adjust to changing light levels. These problems can usually be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or improved lighting. But some changes can be a sign of disease.A condition called age-related macular degeneration, or AMD, is the leading cause of vision loss in older adults in the U.S. It’s caused by light-sensing tissue in the back of your eye, or retina, deteriorating. The deterioration happens in the center of the retina, called the macula. In advanced stages, AMD can make it hard to see things clearly when you look straight ahead. You may not be able to recognize faces, read, drive, or do certain household tasks independently.You’re more likely to have AMD at age 55 and older. Smoking, high cholesterol, and high blood pressure increase your risk for AMD. So does having a family history of the disease.There are two types of AMD. Dry AMD, also called atrophic AMD, is more common. This condition progresses through several stages. Early AMD has no symptoms. In intermediate AMD, you might notice mild blurriness or have trouble seeing in low light. Late AMD usually causes a blurry area or blank spots in or near the center of your vision. Colors may appear faded.The other type is called neovascular, or wet, AMD. It can cause fast vision loss if not treated promptly. In wet AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow in the back of the eye. These can bleed and leak fluid that damages the macula. A telltale sign is when straight lines appear wavy or crooked. Dry AMD can also turn into wet AMD.It can take years for AMD to progress. When you detect it early, you can take steps to delay its progress.An eye doctor can detect AMD using a dilated eye exam. In the exam, they dilate (or widen) your pupils using special eye drops. This allows them to see inside your eyes. They may also take pictures of the inside of your eye using a technique called optical coherence tomography.If you are diagnosed with AMD, there are several things you can do to slow its progression. “For those early and intermediate stages, it’s all about a healthy lifestyle,” says Dr. Tiarnán Keenan, an ophthalmologist at NIH. This includes eating a healthy diet, getting enough physical activity,&nbsp;and not smoking. A healthy lifestyle may also lower your chances of getting AMD in the first place.Lower Your Risk of AMD· Eat a healthy diet, including fruits and vegetables (especially dark leafy greens like spinach or kale) and fish high in omega-3 fatty acids (like salmon or tuna).· Get regular physical activity. Experts recommend getting at least 150 minutes of moderate activity a week.· Maintain healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels.· Don’t smoke, or quit if you do. Get free help to quit smoking at smokefree.gov, 1-800-QUIT-NOW (1-800-784-8669), or by texting QUIT to 47848.· Get regular eye exams. Your eye doctor can tell you how often you need an exam based on your age and other risk factors.Monique Koerner is the Family and Community Wellness Agent with K-State Research and Extension – Cottonwood District. You may reach her at: 785-628-9430 or moniquek@ksu.edu.

KOERNER: Healthy lifestyle can protect eye health

Cattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.

“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, that capability gets overwhelmed. They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”&nbsp;

Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.

“They're trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counter-productive,” Tarpoff said.

High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.

“When we're comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”

Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">K-State Mesonet</a>.

Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.

“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.

Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.“

Whenever it comes to heat stress, it's back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said. “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”

Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr/vol9/iss1/3/">study</a>&nbsp;conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.

“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”

Additionally, bedding pens with straw can reduce the pen floor temperature by 25 degrees and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool if used in the overnight hours, according to Tarpoff.

Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/10/1698682262753.jpeg" alt="Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District. Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>By ALICIA BOOR Cottonwood Extension DistrictCattle incapable of relieving themselves of high temperatures experience heat stress. Humans alleviate overheating through sweating, but Kansas State University beef extension veterinarian A.J. Tarpoff said cattle do not have that option.“Heat stress coping behaviors is what we see when cattle are adapting to warmer temperatures,” he said. “Whenever we get hot, we sweat to maintain homeostasis. For livestock species, and especially cattle, that capability gets overwhelmed. They dissipate heat in other ways like increasing their respiratory rate (breathing) by panting.”&nbsp;Besides panting, producers identify heat stress by their increased standing, large groups of animals bunching up close to water tanks and crowding in shaded areas.“They're trying to get increased airflow by standing, but they actually end up using each other as shade which is counter-productive,” Tarpoff said.High temperatures and humidity, slow wind speeds and increased solar radiation comprise the four weather conditions contributing to heat stress.“When we're comfortable, cattle might not be and vice versa. We really need to consider those four key parameters,” Tarpoff said. “We have an animal comfort index that uses the four of them to get a feel on how cattle are experiencing their environment.”Monitor the animal comfort index in Kansas through the&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://mesonet.k-state.edu/agriculture/animal/">K-State Mesonet</a>.Correctly managing heat stress has proven to be essential for maximizing animal wellbeing and performance, according to Tarpoff.“It is one of those critical chores just as important as feeding or making sure the animals have water. Whether we are asking them to be good cows or an animal to produce beef in a feedlot, we need to put them in scenarios where they’re more comfortable because then they are more productive,” he said.Tarpoff urges operations housing their cattle in dry lots to keep it simple when developing a plan to lessen the consequences of heat stress.“Whenever it comes to heat stress, it's back to the basics: feed and water. Water intake can nearly double as temperatures rise from 70 to 90 degrees (Fahrenheit). We need more water access, flow and availability for those animals,” he said. “We might be able to modify our feeding times to alleviate some of these stressors. Whenever we feed cattle, we feed the rumen microbes, and that comes at a cost called the heat of fermentation. We can feed later in the evening, so the digestion happens during the cooler nighttime hours.”Producers often construct shades to cool off cattle in times of unrelenting heat. A recent&nbsp;<a target="_blank" href="https://newprairiepress.org/kaesrr/vol9/iss1/3/">study</a>&nbsp;conducted by K-State researchers looking at effects of shade on heat stress revealed that shade structures can impact more than just animal temperature.“They are a piece of infrastructure,” Tarpoff said. “That two-year trial showed added benefits of investing in shades. We saw increased feed efficiency, increased growth rate and increased average daily gain. We also saw reduced panting rates and water consumption needs by over a gallon per head per day.”Additionally, bedding pens with straw can reduce the pen floor temperature by 25 degrees and fence-line sprinklers help lower ground temperatures and keep cattle cool if used in the overnight hours, according to Tarpoff.Alicia Boor is an Agriculture and Natural Resources agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact her by e-mail at aboor@ksu.edu or calling 620-793-1910.&nbsp;

BOOR: Heat stress in cattle

Chinch bug activity has been elevated in Kansas over the last couple of seasons. Now would be a good time to discuss the differences between chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus) and false chinch bugs (Nysius sp.). To make proper management decisions, knowing how to correctly identify these insects is critical.

Adult chinch bugs are less than ¼ inch long bugs with black bodies and white wings that are kept folded over their backs. Two dark, triangular markings are present near the center of the wings, creating a distinctive “X” mark (Figure 1).

Adult false chinch bugs are very similar in appearance, but smaller. Instead of having black bodies, false chinch bugs are brownish-gray with clear wings that lack a distinct “X” mark (Figure 2).

Immature chinch bugs are bright red after hatching, darkening to black as they go through a series of five molts. A distinct white band will be visible across the nymphs’ bodies until the wing buds become large enough to obscure it.

Immature false chinch bugs are grayish-brown, never bright red, and lack the white band across their bodies.

Chinch bugs and false chinch bugs are true bugs in the order Hemiptera, which means they both have piercing-sucking mouthparts that they use to puncture plant tissue to feed on plant juices. 

However, the symptoms of feeding appear differently for these two bugs. 

When chinch bugs feed, digestive enzymes are injected into the plant tissue, causing it to break down and discolor. Reddish spots are often present at chinch bug feeding sites. Heavy chinch bug feeding can also cause stunting, wilting, and necrotic lesions on plants. 

False chinch bug feeding, on the other hand, usually has little effect on plants, but extreme numbers of the bugs on a plant can cause wilting and death.

Be proactive about chinch bug management - think about chinch bug management before wheat is harvested. Simply relying on rescue treatments for young sorghum fields is not recommended. If possible, avoid planting sorghum adjacent to wheat, particularly if the wheat stand is thin and stressed out. 

Wheat fields should be scouted for the presence of chinch bugs before harvest to provide an estimate of risk to newly planted sorghum fields. One adult chinch bug or five nymphs per foot of row will be a hazard to the borders of sorghum planted nearby. If chinch bug problems are expected, an early planted trap crop of sorghum can be utilized between&nbsp;the wheat and sorghum fields, and this trap crop can be sprayed if migrating chinch bugs become numerous.

&nbsp;Follow-up sprays will likely be needed if the local chinch bug population is high; five chinch bugs per seedling would warrant action. Planting time insecticides and seed treatments can provide some early protection for young sorghum, but their effectiveness deteriorates beyond a few weeks. 

Additionally, scouting should be done weekly during the growing season. Plants that are a foot tall and all the way through flowering can be damaged by 50 chinch bugs per plant.

Additional details on life history and management recommendations for these two pests can be found in the following Kansas Crop Pest publications:

· Chinch Bug: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/chinch-bug-kansas-crop-pests_MF3107.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3107.pdf</a> · False Chinch bug: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/false-chinch-bug-kansas-crop-pests_MF3047.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3047.pdf</a>

Information provided by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomologist.

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2023/4/1681266655144.jpeg" alt="Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo." />
 <figcaption>Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District for K-State Research and Extension. Courtesy photo.</figcaption>
 </figure>By STACY CAMPBELL Cottonwood Extension DistrictChinch bug activity has been elevated in Kansas over the last couple of seasons. Now would be a good time to discuss the differences between chinch bugs (Blissus leucopterus) and false chinch bugs (Nysius sp.). To make proper management decisions, knowing how to correctly identify these insects is critical.<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749044121354.png" alt="Fig. 1. Adult chinch bug. Photo by K-State Entomology" />
 <figcaption>Fig. 1. Adult chinch bug. Photo by K-State Entomology</figcaption>
 </figure><figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/6/1749044669704.png" alt="Fig. 2. Adult false chinch bug. Note the lack of a dark “X.” Courtesy photo" />
 <figcaption>Fig. 2. Adult false chinch bug. Note the lack of a dark “X.” Courtesy photo</figcaption>
 </figure>Adult chinch bugs are less than ¼ inch long bugs with black bodies and white wings that are kept folded over their backs. Two dark, triangular markings are present near the center of the wings, creating a distinctive “X” mark (Figure 1).Adult false chinch bugs are very similar in appearance, but smaller. Instead of having black bodies, false chinch bugs are brownish-gray with clear wings that lack a distinct “X” mark (Figure 2).Immature chinch bugs are bright red after hatching, darkening to black as they go through a series of five molts. A distinct white band will be visible across the nymphs’ bodies until the wing buds become large enough to obscure it.Immature false chinch bugs are grayish-brown, never bright red, and lack the white band across their bodies.Chinch bugs and false chinch bugs are true bugs in the order Hemiptera, which means they both have piercing-sucking mouthparts that they use to puncture plant tissue to feed on plant juices. However, the symptoms of feeding appear differently for these two bugs. When chinch bugs feed, digestive enzymes are injected into the plant tissue, causing it to break down and discolor. Reddish spots are often present at chinch bug feeding sites. Heavy chinch bug feeding can also cause stunting, wilting, and necrotic lesions on plants. False chinch bug feeding, on the other hand, usually has little effect on plants, but extreme numbers of the bugs on a plant can cause wilting and death.Be proactive about chinch bug management - think about chinch bug management before wheat is harvested. Simply relying on rescue treatments for young sorghum fields is not recommended. If possible, avoid planting sorghum adjacent to wheat, particularly if the wheat stand is thin and stressed out. Wheat fields should be scouted for the presence of chinch bugs before harvest to provide an estimate of risk to newly planted sorghum fields. One adult chinch bug or five nymphs per foot of row will be a hazard to the borders of sorghum planted nearby. If chinch bug problems are expected, an early planted trap crop of sorghum can be utilized between&nbsp;the wheat and sorghum fields, and this trap crop can be sprayed if migrating chinch bugs become numerous.&nbsp;Follow-up sprays will likely be needed if the local chinch bug population is high; five chinch bugs per seedling would warrant action. Planting time insecticides and seed treatments can provide some early protection for young sorghum, but their effectiveness deteriorates beyond a few weeks. Additionally, scouting should be done weekly during the growing season. Plants that are a foot tall and all the way through flowering can be damaged by 50 chinch bugs per plant.Additional details on life history and management recommendations for these two pests can be found in the following Kansas Crop Pest publications:· Chinch Bug: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/chinch-bug-kansas-crop-pests_MF3107.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3107.pdf</a> · False Chinch bug: <a href="https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/false-chinch-bug-kansas-crop-pests_MF3047.pdf">https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/MF3047.pdf</a>Information provided by Jeff Whitworth, K-State Extension Entomologist.Stacy Campbell is a Crop Production Extension agent in the Cottonwood District (which includes Barton and Ellis counties) for K-State Research and Extension. You can contact him by e-mail at&nbsp;scampbel@ksu.edu&nbsp;or by calling 785-628-9430.

CAMPBELL: Identifying chinch bugs, false chinch bugs for better pest management

Cottonwood Extension District<figure>
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Babysitting clinic for youth 10 and older offered July 30

Cottonwood Extension District<figure>
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Prenatal education series 'Becoming a Mom' offered in Hays this summer

Cottonwood Extension District<figure>
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Stay Strong, Stay Healthy program offered by Cottonwood Extension District 

By JONATHAN ZWEYGARDT Hays Post

The deadline for candidates to file for the 2025 city and
school board elections has passed, and while there are several contested races,
there aren’t enough candidates vying for each position to hold a preliminary
election. 

Instead, all races will be decided in the November general
election.

Nine candidates are vying for two four-year and one two-year
term on the Hays City Commission. 

Those candidates are incumbents Reese Barrick, Shaun Musil
and Sandy Jacobs. Other candidates include David Vilaysing, Candace (CJ)
Hathaway, Samuel Allen, Justin Choitz, Kelly Ancar and David Koshiol.

There are three at-large seats open on the Ellis City
Council. Incumbent John A. Walz and Mayor David R. McDaniel will be on the
ballot along with Kevin LaBarge.

Just one person filed for the Schoenchen City Council: Jim
Mowry. There are five positions up for election.

Ryan Lichter and Matthew L Sander filed for two of the three
open seats on the Victoria City Council.

Other contested races include the contest for three seats on
the Hays USD 489 School Board. 

Ken Brooks, Curt C. Vajnar, Craig Pallister, Meagan
Zampieri-Lillpopp and Kelly Ancar all filed to run for those three seats. 

Five Victoria residents will be facing off for three spots
on the USD 432 Victoria School Board. 

Those five candidates are Shanna Dinkel, Jacob Hunter, Connie
Braun, Jeanna Wellbrock and Jennifer Berens. 

There are also four Russell residents vying for three seats
on the Russell School Board. They are Joyce Ellis, Nancy M. Schmitt, Shari
Pittenger and Many K. Troug.

There are also contested races for the Big Creek, Munjor,
Prairie Acres and Suburban Estates Improvement Districts, as well as Cottonwood
Extension District #17. 

<figure>
 <img src="https://media.eaglewebservices.com/public/2025/5/1747840530130.jpg" alt="" />
 <figcaption></figcaption>
 </figure>By JONATHAN ZWEYGARDT Hays PostThe deadline for candidates to file for the 2025 city and
school board elections has passed, and while there are several contested races,
there aren’t enough candidates vying for each position to hold a preliminary
election. Instead, all races will be decided in the November general
election.Nine candidates are vying for two four-year and one two-year
term on the Hays City Commission. Those candidates are incumbents Reese Barrick, Shaun Musil
and Sandy Jacobs. Other candidates include David Vilaysing, Candace (CJ)
Hathaway, Samuel Allen, Justin Choitz, Kelly Ancar and David Koshiol.There are three at-large seats open on the Ellis City
Council. Incumbent John A. Walz and Mayor David R. McDaniel will be on the
ballot along with Kevin LaBarge.Just one person filed for the Schoenchen City Council: Jim
Mowry. There are five positions up for election.Ryan Lichter and Matthew L Sander filed for two of the three
open seats on the Victoria City Council.Other contested races include the contest for three seats on
the Hays USD 489 School Board. Ken Brooks, Curt C. Vajnar, Craig Pallister, Meagan
Zampieri-Lillpopp and Kelly Ancar all filed to run for those three seats. Five Victoria residents will be facing off for three spots
on the USD 432 Victoria School Board. Those five candidates are Shanna Dinkel, Jacob Hunter, Connie
Braun, Jeanna Wellbrock and Jennifer Berens. There are also four Russell residents vying for three seats
on the Russell School Board. They are Joyce Ellis, Nancy M. Schmitt, Shari
Pittenger and Many K. Troug.There are also contested races for the Big Creek, Munjor,
Prairie Acres and Suburban Estates Improvement Districts, as well as Cottonwood
Extension District #17. You can find the complete list of candidates below.<figure>
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